scholarly journals Greywater Sources, Characteristics, Utilization and Management Guidelines: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Chemical Pollution ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
The Government

Greywater is defined as a domestic wastewater that is uncontaminated by direct contact with human excreta. Sources of grey water include kitchen sinks, showers, baths, washing machines and dishwashers. Most greywater streams produce effluents high in dissolved contaminants and low in turbidity and suspended solids. As global water resource supplies are worsening and water shortages will affect 2.7 billion people by 2025, resulting in poverty and famine. Reusing greywater is a good way to solve this water shortage problem. As greywater contains fewer pathogens than domestic wastewater (black water), it is safer to handle, easier to treat and reuse onsite for toilet flushing and landscape or for crop irrigation and other non-potable uses. Greywater use in gardens or toilet systems helps to achieve some of the goals of ecologically sustainable development including: (a) reduced freshwater extraction from rivers and aquifers, (b) less impact from septic tank and treatment plant infrastructure, (c) reduced energy use and chemical pollution from treatment plants, (d) groundwater recharge and (e) reclamation of nutrients. However, the biological oxygen demand (BOD), surfactants, oil and grease, detergent residues (nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfate, ammonium, sodium, and chloride) must be considered when handling greywater streams. Several countries have developed guidelines for the reuse of treated greywater to flush toilets and irrigation systems for ornamental garden and lawn watering, depending on the type of grey water and treatment level. Many developed and developing countries have established regulations and guidelines for greywater treatment and reuse. However, some countries have strict rules compared to others. Egypt appears to be a world leader in the treatment and reuse of wastewater and has several laws in place for treatment options and selection of crops to be irrigated with treated wastewater. Given the water shortage in Egypt and the growing population, the government of Egypt imparked on several mega projects of 4-level wastewater treatment throughout the country for use in agricultural production.

scholarly journals Perencanaan Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah Desa Siulak Gedang Kecamatan Siulak Kabupaten Kerinci

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Fajar Arsyadani ◽  
Monik Kasman ◽  
Ira Galih Prabasari
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
The Public ◽  
Black Water ◽  
Domestic Wastewater Treatment

Siulak Gedang, a village lies on Siulak District, Kabupaten Kerinci which has old common treatment system for its domestic wastewater system. Black water is treated in impermeable septic tank so that the wastewater directly seeps into the ground is discharged into public drains. Meanwhile, grey water is channeled directly into the public drainage. Thus, domestic wastewater treatment is needed for Siulak Gedang Village to avoid water pollution due to the direct discharge of wastewater. The design for domestic wastewater system is divided into 2 parts of wastewater treatment plant (Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah = IPAL) that operates simultaneously using anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) which combined with constructed wetland. Based on the calculation, the peak discharge of population services is 2198,4 m3/day. The IPAL consists of a grease trap as a separator for oil and grease, a collection tank, a distribution tank, an ABR tank as the main processing unit for wastewater and further processing with a constructed wetland in sanitary pool.

Contamination of Groundwater by Septic tank Percolation Systems

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 1275-1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Ebers ◽  
W. Bischofsberger
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Silty Sand ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Good Efficiency ◽  
Household Wastewater ◽  
Soil Filtration ◽  
Kjeldahl Nitrogen ◽  
Fine Gravel

In the Federal Republic of Germany, the barely treated wastewater of about 7 million people is percolated into the soil. Groundwater quality has now become a major concern, and investigations into soil filtration as a means of eliminating pollution from household wastewater have been started. Experiments with six laboratory lysimeters (diameter = 0.4 m, height = 1.8 m) are described. Three lysimeters were filled with slightly silty sand, the other three with fine gravel sand. All lysimeters have been in operation for about two years. Initially they were loaded with mechanically treated wastewater from a municipal treatment plant and later with effluent from a septic tank. Hydraulic loading varied from 0.5 to 31 cm/d. Results showed good efficiency for fine gravel sand (aerobic conditions) in removal of BOD 5 (98.0 to 99.2%), COD (88.0 to 92.8%) and Kjeldahl nitrogen (90.0 to 91.3%). Elimination of phosphate ranged from 5.7 to 86.0%. Slightly silty sand (anaerobic conditions) showed the best results in elimination of phosphate (86.0 to 99.3%) and relatively good elimination rates were achieved for BOD5 (65.0 to 98.2%) and COD (about 76%). Elimination of Kjeldahl nitrogen ranged from 39.6 to 68.4%.

scholarly journals Decentralized wastewater treatment performance evaluation based on chemical and physical parameters at Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta

2019 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
pp. 03006
Author(s):  
Suphia Rahmawati ◽  
Andik Yulianto ◽  
Ahmad Traju Pangentas Wijayaningrat
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
Physical And Chemical Parameters ◽  
Simple Technology ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Communal wastewater treatment plant (CWWTP) has been chosen as one system to treat domestic wastewater due to simple technology, flexible management, and cost-effectiveness. There are 376 CWWTP have been recorded by Environmental Agency of Yogyakarta (DLH DIY) that spread in five regencies. Monitoring results on CWWTP effluent showed that some physical and chemical parameters did not meet the domestic wastewater standard. Therefore, evaluation of removal efficiency in terms physical and chemical parameters are necessary. The samples were collected from nine CWWTP in Banguntapan, Bantul and Gamping sub-districts. The physical and chemicals parameters (pH, TSS, BOD, COD, Ammonia, oil, and grease) of influent and effluent from CWWTP are analyzed based on National Standard of Indonesia (SNI) for domestic wastewater. The results show that BOD (>70%) and TSS (>50%) have better removal effectiveness compare with COD, ammonia, oil, and grease (40%). Overall, CWWTP in Banguntapan subdistrict has better performance compare with CWWTP in Bantul subdistrict.

Wastewater treatment in tsunami affected areas of Thailand by constructed wetlands

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Brix ◽  
T. Koottatep ◽  
C.H. Laugesen
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
System Capacity ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Septic Tanks ◽  
Wetland System

The tsunami of December 2004 destroyed infrastructure in many coastal areas in South-East Asia. In January 2005, the Danish Government gave a tsunami relief grant to Thailand to re-establish the wastewater management services in some of the areas affected by the tsunami. This paper describes the systems which have been built at three locations: (a) Baan Pru Teau: A newly-built township for tsunami victims which was constructed with the contribution of the Thai Red Cross. Conventional septic tanks were installed for the treatment of blackwater from each household and its effluent and grey water (40 m3/day) are collected and treated at a 220 m2 subsurface flow constructed wetland. (b) Koh Phi Phi Don island: A wastewater collection system for the main business and hotel area of the island, a pumping station and a pressure pipe to the treatment facility, a multi-stage constructed wetland system and a system for reuse of treated wastewater. The constructed wetland system (capacity 400 m3/day) consists of vertical flow, horizontal subsurface flow, free water surface flow and pond units. Because the treatment plant is surrounded by resorts, restaurants and shops, the constructed wetland systems are designed with terrains as scenic landscaping. (c) Patong: A 5,000 m2 constructed wetland system has been established to treat polluted water from drainage canals which collect overflow from septic tanks and grey water from residential areas. It is envisaged that these three systems will serve as prototype demonstration systems for appropriate wastewater management in Thailand and other tropical countries.

scholarly journals Feasibility Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Plant System: A Case Study of Domestic Wastewater System in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 309
Author(s):  
Sri Puji Saraswati ◽  
Gregorius Henry Diavid ◽  
Sophia An Nisa ◽  
Nilna Amal ◽  
Visi Asriningtyas
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Precast Concrete ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Treatment Quality ◽  
Oil And Grease

Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant (DWWTP) type 1 and DWWTP type 2 were being evaluated. DWWTP type 1 is located in Sembir area while DWWTP type 2 is located in Tambakrejo area which are both in Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta (Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta or DIY), Indonesia. The emphasis of this research is to choose the manhole material which has the least leakage to the soil, influent discharge performance and wastewater treatment quality effluent. The method used to measure the discharge was by averaging daily discharge for twelve hours, while the E. Coli bacteria under the manhole was also being analyzed. Pollution Index method was also used to evaluate the pollution levels of the wastewater treatment effluent. Results of the study indicated that DWWTP type 1 performance was not optimal because the number of users was greater than that of the design. The impacts were excessive capacity, improper detention time and several parameters of the effluent did not meet the Indonesian legal regulation, including Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), with efficiency of 34.43%. Wastewater treatment quality effluent parameters which met the Indonesian legal regulation were pH, TSS, TDS, Oil and Grease and Chlorine for DWWTP type 1. Pollution Index (PI) of DWWTP type 1 was 7.02 and PI of DWWTP type 2 was 6.96 which were relatively categorized as moderately polluted. DWWTP type 2 performance was optimal with mean discharge lower than the design discharge. Parameters of the effluent which met the Indonesian legal regulation were pH, TSS, TDS, Oil and Grease, Detergent and COD for DWWTP type 2. The COD of DWWTP type 2 met the Indonesian legal regulation with high efficiency of 73.24%. The E. Coli bacteria was not found in soils under the ring type precast concrete manholes. Hence ring type precast concrete base manhole is recommended.

scholarly journals AN ANAEROBIC-AEROBIC BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER AT THE LOW-PRODUCTIVITY PLANT

2020 ◽  
pp. 122-131
Author(s):  
L.A. Fesik ◽  
◽  
N.V. Sorokina ◽  
E.А. Geraskina ◽  
T.S. Airapetian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Local Treatment ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Trophic Chain ◽  
Biological Purification ◽  
The Law

Abstract. The urgency of the problem of local biological treatment of domestic wastewater from housing in non-canalized areas with improving the quality of treated wastewater to the level of requirements for discharge into fishery bodies of water is considered. The analysis of the state of local wastewater treatment is given. Existing technological schemes and methods of local sewage, which are used for sewage treatment, are considered. The results of theoretical and experimental studies of a complex of a local anaerobic-aerobic biological treatment of domestic wastewater from housing in non-canalized areas at the low-productivity plants are presented. The results of theoretical and experimental researches of complex of local anaerobic-aerobic biological purification of domestic wastewater of habitation in non-canalized areas at the low-productivity plants are given. On the basis of the analysis of work and embodiment of low-productivity plants, used in home and foreign practice of local treatment of domestic wastewater the expediency of application flowing multistage anaerobic-aerobic biological purification of domestic wastewater with use of communities of attached and free-swimming microorganisms is shown. The proposed low-productivity plant, which includes a three-stage aerobic biological treatment of anaerobically treated wastewater is described. The use of ruff fillers for the retention of hydrobionts gives the opportunity to clear salvo discharge, rapid restoration of the activity of the ruff fillers (for example, in power outages). The ruff fillers make it possible to organize an appropriate trophic chain of hydrobionts, which dramatically reduces the amount of excess biomass and the removal of suspensions in treated wastewater. Using the experiments in laboratory conditions and at real industrial treatment plant of a new design there were received parameters of work of stages of anaerobic and aerobic biological purification, the law of nitrification and denitrification processes, the law of specific speed of oxidation of organic pollution in specific conditions of anaerobic-aerobic technology; the opportunity of reception of quality of treated wastewater at the level of the requirements of the specifications for dump of drains in fishing reservoirs is proved.

scholarly journals Effluent Water Reuse Possibilities in Northern Cyprus

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Gozen Elkiran ◽  
Fidan Aslanova ◽  
Salim Hiziroglu
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Effluent Water ◽  
Tertiary Treatment ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Northern Cyprus

Northern Cyprus (NC) is suffering from limited water resources and reiterated drought condition experiences due to global warming effects. Previous studies revealed that the water management policy in the country is not sustainable from the perspective of demand and balance. Apparently, the reuse of recycled water will be an alternative resource and can be utilized for some specific purposes to reduce water extraction from the ground. It is expected that treated wastewater will reach 20 million cubic meters (MCM) per year after the completion of the new sewage system for Lefkosa. Today, 20,000 m3 of wastewater is treated at the Lefkosa Central Treatment Plant up to the secondary treatment level, in which the degree of treatment varies from 60% to 95% owing to the weather conditions in the country during the year. Effluent water reuse in NC was not accepted due to cultural belief. However, water scarcity was experienced in the country during the last decade, forcing the farmers to benefit from the recycled water. There is no regulatory framework available in the country for effluent water reuse. However, preparation studies are almost finalized after discussions among government and European Union (EU) agencies. Cyprus, as an EU country, has an obligation to treat the wastewater up to the secondary level before releasing it in an environmentally friendly nature, following the Directive 91/271/EEC. This paper analyzes the effluent water reuse possibilities as a component of integrated water resource management in Northern Cyprus considering laboratory experiment results. It appears that applying tertiary treatment in Northern Cyprus will allow 20 MCM of water contribution to the water budget and it will help protect the vulnerable environment. Also, since the cost of tertiary treatment will be 0.2 United States dollars (USD)/m3, it would be reasonable to prefer this process to the desalination of water, which costs of 1 USD/m3.

Deep-bed filtration of SBR effluent for agricultural reuse: pilot plant screening of advanced secondary and tertiary treatment for domestic wastewater

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 219-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asher Brenner ◽  
Semen Shandalov ◽  
Gideon Oron ◽  
Menahem Rebhun
Keyword(s):  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Tertiary Treatment ◽  
Granular Filtration ◽  
Single Medium

A wastewater reclamation program has been proposed as a means of supplying a major part of agricultural water demand in Israel. This program may solve the two fold problem of a national water shortage combined with continuous contamination of groundwater resources by inadequately treated wastewater. A pilot-scale investigation of an advanced treatment scheme incorporating a sequencing batch activated sludge system, followed by deep-bed granular filtration, has been started. It is aimed at the development of design and operation guidelines for such systems to be applied on a full scale. Preliminary results presented herein indicate that the sequencing batch reactor system is capable of producing high-quality, low-suspended-solids effluent to be further polished by granular filtration. A single medium quartz sand filter operated under a high variety of filtration velocities and inflow turbidities with no chemicals added, demonstrated good performance and supplied basic design information to be applied in further investigation.

Evaluation of Regional Domestic Waste Water Treatment Plant Performance in Cimahi City

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-152
Author(s):  
Mila Dirgawati ◽  
Mohamad Rangga Sururi ◽  
Wili Wiliana ◽  
Nining Widiawati
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Waste Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
Detention Time

Domestic wastewater treatment plant performance (WWTP) currently refers to stringent wastewater quality standards (Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. 68 of 2016) considering potential environmental degradation because of pollutants in the wastewater. This study evaluated the performance of the Regional Domestic WWTP in Cimahi City. Cimahi has 10 WWTPs which were operated by an Anaerobic Baffled Reactor system. Periodic monitoring only measured the wastewater characteristics after treatment with parameters: total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia, chemical oxygen demand(COD), biological oxygen demand(BOD), and oil and grease. Therefore, wastewater characteristics were measured before and after treatment at selected WWTP during peak and non-peak hours, with TSS, ammonia, and COD. Important hydraulic factors were also measured: flow velocity at peak and non-peak hours, hydraulic detention time, and sludge height. Effluent from all WWTPs did not meet the standard. However, WWTPs with detention time >2 days produced parameter concentrations closed to the maximum value. The selected WWTP has a 5.7days detention time with removal efficiency for COD 57.52%, and TSS 42.56%, during peak period and COD 60.19% and TSS 34.84% for a non-peak period, but ammonia concentration did not decrease. Overall, WWTP has not been able to meet quality standards and the quality.

scholarly journals MULTI-CRITERIA ASSESSMENT MODEL TO IDENTIFY SUITABLE AREAS FOR TREATED WASTEWATER REUSE IN AGRICULTURE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Laura Gatto D'Andrea ◽  
Martín Alejandro Iribarnegaray ◽  
Walter Alfredo Tejerina ◽  
Ariela Griselda Judith Salas Barboza ◽  
Juan José Correa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Suitability Analysis ◽  
Treated Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Local Actors

A model of land suitability analysis for irrigation with treated domestic wastewater is presented. The model integrates tools of Multi-Criteria Evaluation with Geographical Information Systems. Several criteria were selected to adapt the model to the conditions and characteristics of the case study. The adaptation process included field visits, a bibliographical review, and personal interviews with local actors and experts. Six constraints and 10 factors were selected and 3158 hectares suitable for the activity were identified. The areas were classified into three categories of aptitude, representing high fitness sites close to the current wastewater treatment plant. The developed tool allowed us to integrate different criteria to assess site suitability for wastewater reuse, with the advantage that the tool can be adapted to other regions and/or objectives.

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