JOINT REGIONAL MILITARY ACT TO CURB CORONA VIRUS PANDEMIC

<div><p class="Els-history-head">Threats to the security of the Republic of Indonesia are classified as military and non-military threats. One of the non-military threats is the danger of an epidemic, which includes a threat with a public safety dimension. The growth of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) cases has been very fast. As of August 4, 2020, globally 18.14 million cases were confirmed worldwide with 691,013 deaths or a Case Fatality Ratio (CFR) of 3.8%. The 2019-nCoV Outbreak became a COVID-19 pandemic which has an impact on public health and the world economy. ASEAN Plus member countries are deploying militaries to help contain the spread and control the effects of this pandemic. The military is deployed because it is considered a trained resource and is better prepared to deal with emergencies. The purpose of this study is to analyse the joint action of the regional military in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study uses an explanative qualitative method using NVivo as a data processing tool and data analysis using Soft System Methodology (SSM). The results of this study found that the joint regional military actions that have been carried out to stem the spread of COVID-19 are dominated by activities carried out by the ASEAN Center of Military Medicine (ACMM) as the leading sector, activities that have been carried out are the exchange of information and sharing practical activities in managing COVID-19, holding a Tabletop Exercise (TTX) for public health emergency response, joint research and sharing health materials among ASEAN Plus member countries. Meanwhile, the ASEAN Plus network of biological and radiological defense experts has yet to show specific activities to curb the COVID-19 pandemic.</p></div>

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COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology and Public Health System Response in Nordic Region

International Journal of Health Services ◽

10.1177/0020731421994840 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 002073142199484

Author(s):

Mehak Nanda ◽

Rajesh Sharma ◽

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Case Fatality ◽

System Response ◽

Public Health Response ◽

Mass Gatherings ◽

Nordic Region ◽

Health Response ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

And Control ◽

Epidemiology And Public Health

This paper investigates the epidemiology and public health response of novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in the Nordic region. The data on cases and deaths due to COVID-19 were drawn from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. The data on age- and sex-wise cases, deaths and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, and public health interventions in the Nordic region through November 10, 2020, were obtained from respective countries’ health ministries. Sweden accounted for 60.59% of cases (162 240 of 267 768 cases) and 81% of deaths (6057 of 7477 cases) in the Nordic region. The incidence rate for the Nordic region was 989.59 per 100 000, varying from 327.30 per 100 000 in Finland to 1616.51 per 100 000 in Sweden, and the mortality rate for the region was 27.63 per 100 000, ranging from 5.3 per 100 000 in Norway to 60.35 per 100 000 in Sweden. The case–fatality ratio of the Nordic region was 2.79%. Females were more susceptible to COVID-19 infection than males (52.30% vs 47.66%), while males had a greater proportion of deaths (54.7%) and ICU need (71.99%) than females. It is imperative to continue with social distancing, mandatory masks, testing, prohibition of mass gatherings, isolation of confirmed cases, and preventing the importation of cases from other countries to avoid the further resurgence of cases.

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Communicable disease surveillance, prevention and control in Slovenia

Weekly releases (1997–2007) ◽

10.2807/esw.08.25.02488-en ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 8 (25) ◽

Author(s):

I Klavs ◽

A Hocevar-Grom ◽

M Socan ◽

M Grgic-Vitek ◽

L Pahor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Disease Surveillance ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Communicable Disease ◽

Communicable Diseases ◽

The Republic ◽

And Control

National communicable disease surveillance, prevention and control in Slovenia is coordinated by the Communicable Diseases Centre of the Institute of Public Health of the Republic of Slovenia

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Early surveillance and public health emergency disposal measures between novel coronavirus disease 2019 and avian influenza in China: a case-comparison study

10.1101/2020.03.29.20046490 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tiantian Zhang ◽

Wenming Shi ◽

Ying Wang ◽

Ge Bai ◽

Ruiming Dai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Public Health Emergency ◽

Comparison Study ◽

Health Crisis ◽

Case Comparison ◽

The Government ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

And Control

AbstractBackgroundThe novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is spreading rapidly throughout China and the world. Hence, early surveillance and public health emergency disposal are considered crucial to curb this emerging infectious disease. However, studies that investigated the early surveillance and public health emergency disposal for the prevention and control of the COVID-19 outbreak in China are relatively few. We aimed to compare the strengths and weaknesses of early surveillance and public health emergency disposal for prevention and control between COVID-19 and H7N9 avian influenza, which was commended by the international community, in China.MethodsA case-comparison study was conducted using a set of six key time nodes to form a reference framework for evaluating early surveillance and public health emergency disposal between H7N9 avian influenza (2013) in Shanghai, China and COVID-19 in Wuhan, China.FindingsA report to the local Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China, for the first hospitalized patient was sent after 6 and 20 days for H7N9 avian influenza and COVID-19, respectively. In contrast, the pathogen was identified faster in the case of COVID-19 than in the case of H7N9 avian influenza (12 days vs. 31 days). The government response regarding COVID-19 was 10 days later than that regarding avian influenza. The entire process of early surveillance and public health emergency disposal lasted 5 days longer in COVID-19 than in H7N9 avian influenza (46 days vs. 41 days).ConclusionsThe identification of the unknown pathogen improved in China between the outbreaks of avian influenza and COVID-19. The longer emergency disposal period in the case of COVID-19 could be attributed to the government’s slower response to the epidemic. Improving public health emergency management could lessen the adverse social effects of emerging infectious diseases and public health crisis in the future.ContributorsTZ, WS, and LL designed the project, processed and analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. YW, GB, RD, and QW edited the manuscript. All authors revised the draft.

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Preventive measures against 2019 Coronavirus infection in healthcare personnel: experience of a healthcare structure dedicated to covid 19 in Morocco

Journal of Anesthesia & Pain Medicine ◽

10.33140/japm.06.01.01 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Keyword(s):

Care Staff ◽

World Health ◽

Healthcare Personnel ◽

Continuous Training ◽

Field Hospital ◽

Response Strategies ◽

The Face ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization ◽

The Military

In March 2, 2020, the novel coronavirus disease 19 pandemic, declared in China at the end of 2019, made 88,948 confirmed cases worldwide, including 80,174 cases and 2,915 deaths in China, on this date Morocco recorded the first confirmed case. Given the magnitude of this pandemic, the World Health Organization has highlighted growing problems in the supply of personal protective equipment (PPE). Front-line health personnel are dangerously under-equipped to treat patients suffering from COVID-19. Morocco has learned from the evolution of the pandemic across various countries and has developed a National vigilance and Response Plan for covid 2019 aimed at upgrading hospital structures and supplying equipment for prevention and diagnosis In Morocco, deaths from covid 19 are few, At the level of the military field hospital where the study is being carried out, no case of infection has occurred. This observation shows the need for vigilance in the face of health epidemics and emergencies. The role of national institutions is devoted to the implementation of monitoring and response strategies that allow the management of human and logistical resources. Regarding care staff, continuous training and the provision of protection equipement and support is a fundamental point for proper functioning and better performance.

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Viewpoint: Prospect of Military Educational Roles during Public Health Crises - Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Africa

Southern African Journal of Environmental Education ◽

10.4314/sajee.v36i1.15 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 ◽

Author(s):

Adesuwa Vanessa Agbedahin ◽

Komlan Agbedahin

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

South Africa ◽

Environmental Education ◽

Public Space ◽

Civil Military Relations ◽

Educational Role ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Military Relations ◽

Peacekeeping Missions ◽

The Military

This viewpoint paper examines the prospect of an effective educational role for the military during public health crises. Reflecting a broad understanding of environmental education as education to protect the public space, the authors argue that the military could provide this during times of crises. The response to the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa included the South African National Defence Force (SANDF), thus offering a unique opportunity to inquire into this contentious possibility. At the outset of the outbreak, some scholars deemed the SANDF unfit to make any meaningful contribution to the fight against the novel coronavirus. Leadership and coordination hurdles, a longstanding legitimacy crisis and inadequate training, may justify this pessimistic view. Based on available literature and document analysis, the authors propose the viewpoint that the military can play a progressive environmental educational role during crises if (1) its educational programmes such as green soldiering are intensified, widened and adequately informed by training; (2) if more is made of the experience, cultural insights and personnel gain during peacekeeping missions; (3) if healthy civil-military relations are prioritised, along with (4) military professionalism, supported by a deeper understanding in society of the diversity of roles and skills the military could offer. The military itself needs to recognise this and not train all personnel as if they are about to enter combat with an enemy. Should these elements be present, the security forces could indeed be a force for good during times of public health crises.Keywords: COVID-19, civil-military relations, environmental education, pandemics, SANDF

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Busca por modelos de organização do trabalho nos atendimentos primários de saúde do Brasil e de países internacionais no enfrentamento da Covid-19

Revista de Saúde Pública do Paraná ◽

10.32811/25954482-2020v3n2p134 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 134-145

Author(s):

Wellington Pereira Lopes ◽

Ludmila Ichioka ◽

Viviane Micheli Amaral ◽

Glilciane Morceli ◽

Marselle Nobre Carvalho

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Infection Prevention ◽

Hospital Setting ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Infection Prevention And Control ◽

Transmission Characteristics ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

And Control

No dia 11 de março de 2020 a Organização Mundial da Saúde declarou oficialmente a pandemia da Covid-19. Essa declaração se deu não pela gravidade da patologia, mas pelo grande poder de contágio do vírus causador da doença. Por esse motivo, todos os países se viram frente um novo desafio de saúde mundial tendo a necessidade de se organizar para enfrentar essa nova demanda por meio da criação de novos fluxos, monitoramento interno dos profissionais e pacientes, e monitoramento externo dos mesmos. Além disso, por se tratar de um vírus com novas características, diversas pesquisas foram publicadas em tempo real a pandemia trazendo novas informações uteis para o trabalho, por esse motivo, o projeto Safety foi criado com intuito de captar essas novas publicações, avaliar e posteriormente, inserir essas informações no trabalho proporcionando novas ferramentas de enfrentamento de acordo com a aplicabilidade no Brasil. REZENDE, JM. À sombra do plátano: crônicas de história da medicina [online]. São Paulo: EditorUnifesp, 2009. As grandes epidemias da história. pp. 73-82. ISBN 978-85-61673-63-5. Available from SciELO Books http://books.scielo.org. ZHU, D et al. Um novo coronavírus de paciente com pneumonia na China em 2019. The New England Journal of medicine. Disponível em: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa2001017, acessado dia 04/06/2020. Organização Mundial da Saúde . Coronavírus Novel - China . Genebra, Suíça : Organização Mundial de Saúde , 12 de Janeiro de , 2020 . Https://www.who.int/csr/don/12-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-china/en/. FREITAS, AR; NAPIMOGA, M; DONALISIO, MR. Análise da gravidade da pandemia de Covid-19.Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde, Brasília , v. 29, n. 2, e2020119, 2020 . Available from <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S223796222020000200900&lng=en&nrm=iso>. access on 04 June 2020. Epub Apr 06, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5123/s1679-49742020000200008. FILHO, JMJ et al . A saúde do trabalhador e o enfrentamento da COVID-19. Rev. bras. saúde ocup., São Paulo , v. 45, e14, 2020 . Available from <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S030376572020000100100&lng=en&nrm=iso>. access on 04 June 2020. Epub Apr 17, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-6369ed0000120. BRASIL. Ministério da saúde. Secretária de Vigilância em Saúde. Covid 19. 2020. https://covid.saude.gov.br/. 7.COFEN. Conselho Federal de Enfermagem. Registra 10 mil casos de Covid 19 entre profissionais de enfermagem. 2020. http://www.cofen.gov.br/cofen-registra-10-mil-casos-de-covid-19-entre-profissionais-de-enfermagem_79551.html. CDC. Centro de Controle de Doenças Infecciosas. Divisão de Doenças Virais dos EUA. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/ambulatory-care-settings.html. 9.BRASIL Ministério da Saúde. Protocolo de Manejo Clínico do Coronavírus (Covid 19) Na Atenção Primária a Saúde Versão 8. Disponível em Abril 2020. http://189.28.128.100/dab/docs/portaldab/documentos/20200422_ProtocoloManejo_ver08.pdf. PORTUGAL Direção Geral da Saúde. Abordagem do Doente com Suspeita ou Infeção por SARS-CoV-2. Norma nº 004/2020 de 23/03/2020 atualizada a 25/04/2020https://www.dgs.pt/directrizes-da-dgs/normas-e-circulares normativas/norma-n-0042020-de-23032020-pdf.aspx ESPANHA Ministerio de Sanidad. Procedimiento de Actuación para los Servicios de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales frente a la Exposición AL SARS‐cov‐2. Junho, 2020.https://www.mscbs.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/ccayes/alertasActual/nCov-China/documentos/PrevencionRRLL_COVID-19.pdf 12.UK. Guidance Transmission Characteristics and Principles of Infection Prevention and Control. Public Health England. July 2020. https://w ww.gov.uk/government/publications/wuhan-novel-coronavirus-infection prevention-and-control/transmission-characteristics-and-principles-of-infection-prevention-and-control. 13. UK. Reducing the risk of transmission of COVID-19 in the hospital setting. Public Health England. July 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/wuhan-novel-coronavirus-infection-prevention-and-control/reducing-the-risk-of-transmission-of-covid-19-in-the-hospital-setting

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Unique Features and Intensity of COVID-19 Spread in Large Economies

Voprosy statistiki ◽

10.34023/2313-6383-2020-27-6-86-104 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 86-104

Author(s):

V. M. Chetverikov

Keyword(s):

Case Fatality ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Daily Growth ◽

Health Security ◽

Emerging Trends ◽

The World ◽

The Face ◽

The Republic ◽

One Year ◽

Restrictive Measures

The article focuses on determining the unique features and intensity of Covid-19 spread in large economies, using mathematical and statistical tools. According to international statistics and using the example of 24 countries, each producing more than 1% of the world GDP at least one year between 1980 and 2019, the author carried out a preliminary analysis of geographical distribution and spread of the viral pandemic, that in 2020 overtook almost the whole world. It is suggested the data for these countries be grouped into three types of scenarios, dividing them into several options. The work uses time series for three indicators, calculated per 1 million of the country’s population. Two of these indicators reflect, respectively, the levels of infection and incidence of coronavirus cases, and the third - daily growth of COVID-19 cases. Such a system of indicators allows, according to the author, to adequately determine emerging trends and is convenient for comparing the unique features and intensity pandemic spread in different countries. The article presents a hypothesis about the possible reasons for the synchronization of trends for different countries in which the same type of scenario came true. It is demonstrated that the often-used case-fatality rate is not very informative in conditions when the pandemic is far from ending. A more illustrative indicator of healthcare system mobilization capacity as a whole in the face of global challenges is the infection fatality rate per 1 million of the country’s population. The ranking of all 24 countries by this indicator significantly differs from the Global Health Security Index ranking, published in 2019. After the conclusion, in the appendix to the article, the author provides illustrations in the form of graphs tracking the pandemic spread in the countries under review, as well as brief information on particular aspects of the Republic of Korea response to managing and combatting the most dangerous infection, which is different from both temporary but harsh restrictive measures for the population in the PRC and relatively mild measures implemented in many countries of the world.

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Analysis of the Transmissibility Change of 2019-Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia and Its Potential Factors in China from 2019 to 2020

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2020/3842470 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Yu Zhao ◽

Ruonan Wang ◽

Jiangping Li ◽

Yuhong Zhang ◽

Huifang Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Basic Reproduction Number ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Reproduction Number ◽

Public Awareness ◽

Negative Association ◽

Epidemic Area ◽

Potential Factors ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

And Control

Background. Recently, a large-scale novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) outbreak swept China. As of Feb. 9, 2020, a total of 40,260 patients have been diagnosed with NCP, and 23,589 patients were suspected to have infected by the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19), which puts forward a great challenge for public health and clinical treatment in China. Until now, we are in the high-incidence season of NCP. Thus, the analysis of the transmissibility change of NCP and its potential factors may provide a reliable reference for establishing effective prevention and control strategies. Method. By means of the method of calculating the instantaneous basic reproduction number R0t proposed by Cori et al. (2013), we use R0t to describe the transmissibility change of COVID-19 in China, 2019-2020. In addition, the Baidu Index (BDI) and Baidu Migration Scale (BMS) were selected to measure the public awareness and the effect of Wuhan lockdown (restricted persons in Wuhan outflow from the epidemic area) strategy, respectively. The Granger causality test (GCT) was carried out to explore the association between public awareness, the effect of the Wuhan lockdown strategy, and the transmissibility of COVID-19. Results. The estimated averaged basic reproduction number of NCP in China was 3.44 with 95% CI (2.87, 4.0) during Dec. 8, 2019, to Feb. 9, 2020. The instantaneous basic reproduction numbers (R0t) have two waves and reaching peaks on Jan. 8 and Jan. 27, respectively. After reaching a peak on Jan. 27, R0t showed a continuous decline trend. On Feb. 9, R0t has fallen to 1.68 (95% CI: 1.66, 1.7), but it is still larger than 1. We find a significantly negative association between public awareness and the transmissibility change of COVID-19, with one unit increase in cumulative BDI leading to a decrease of 0.0295% (95% CI: 0.0077, 0.051) R0t. We also find a significantly negative association between the effect of the Wuhan lockdown strategy and the transmissibility change of COVID-19, and a one unit decrease in BMS may lead to a drop of 2.7% (95% CI: 0.382, 4.97) R0t. Conclusion. The current prevention and control measures have effectively reduced the transmissibility of COVID-19; however, R0t is still larger than the threshold 1. The results show that the government adopting the Wuhan lockdown strategy plays an important role in restricting the potential infected persons in Wuhan outflow from the epidemic area and avoiding a nationwide spread by quickly controlling the potential infection in Wuhan. Meanwhile, since Jan. 18, 2020, the people successively accessed COVID-19-related information via the Internet, which may help to effectively implement the government’s prevention and control strategy and contribute to reducing the transmissibility of NCP. Therefore, ongoing travel restriction and public health awareness remain essential to provide a foundation for controlling the outbreak of COVID-19.

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Collaborative Leadership, Collective Action, and Community Governance against Public Health Crises under Uncertainty: A Case Study of the Quanjingwan Community in China

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18020598 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 598

Author(s):

Qaunfeng Shu ◽

Yahua Wang

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Collective Action ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Collaborative Leadership ◽

Social Self ◽

Community Governance ◽

Health Crisis ◽

Modern Information Technology ◽

The Face ◽

And Control

In the face of a public health crisis full of uncertainty, how should the community respond in order to effectively reduce the negative impact of the epidemic on public health? This article takes a Chinese rural community located near Wuhan City as an example to explore the mechanism of how collaborative leadership enhanced collective action in community governance against the COVID-19 pandemic. Early blockading to prevent transmission into the community, strict maintenance of social distance to prevent internal diffusion, timely elimination of public panic, and efficient guarantees of household supplies have proven effective in preventing the spread of the epidemic. Our research shows that collaborative leadership can achieve these goals mainly by effectively integrated local knowledge, modern information technology, and social self-organization, and then promoting the realization of collective action of community epidemic prevention and control. The lessons and implications for public health are discussed.

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COVID 19 pandemic: Lesson learned by South Korea and its application with India’s perspective

Indian Journal of Community Health ◽

10.47203/ijch.2020.v32i03.028 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 608-609

Author(s):

Smita Sinha ◽

Rishita Chandra

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

South Korea ◽

Public Health Emergency ◽

Contact Tracing ◽

Success Story ◽

Wuhan City ◽

Time Period ◽

The World ◽

The Republic ◽

Novel Coronavirus

A novel coronavirus named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in December 2019, in Wuhan city of Hubei province of China, which got transmitted throughout the nation and even world. It was declared as a Public Health Emergency by WHO on January 30th 2020, due to the increase in the number of cases reported from various regions of WHO with the evidence of human to human transmission. (1) Spread of COVID-19 across the globe: China reported first COVID-19 death on January 11th 2020. After a few weeks, 830 cases were diagnosed in China along with 26 reported deaths. By January 20, Wuhan was placed under lockdown and China alerted other nations about its spread in various provinces. (2) This contagious disease had spread to 24 nations outside China-Hong Kong-Macau, by 2nd February. About 172 countries and regions were engulfed by this virus by March 25, 2020. (3) Globally over 3,308,643 cases have been confirmed, over 234,123 deaths have been reported, and around 1,042,981 have recovered as on 30th April 2020. (4) Controlling the Pandemic COVID 19: success story of the Republic of Korea: Initially, one country which successfully stood out from the rest of the world was South Korea. The country confirmed its first few cases in late January and then reported a surge in the cases a few weeks later. The country was exploded with cases in dozens to hundreds to thousands during late February and early March and launched drive-through testing centers and massive contact tracing. Almost 909 new cases were identified in a single day of February 29th 2020 and was reported at peak. This data brought the country with 50 million population on the verge of a deluge. But the number of new cases was halved within a time period of just a week. The number of cases reduced to half within four days, and it halved, again the following day. (5)

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