scholarly journals INDIRECT WITNESSES OF TERRORIST ACTS: PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF INTIMIDATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Sergii Boltivets ◽  
Olga Okhremenko
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Meaning Of Life ◽  
Optimal Algorithms ◽  
Information Component ◽  
Psychological Measures ◽  
The Media ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
Terrorist Acts

The victimhood of indirect witnesses of terrorist acts, which includes both the audience of the media and the population as a whole, is a complex socio-psychological phenomenon. The reasons victimizations are changes in the system of internal regulation of behavior, namely contradictions between the basic beliefs of people and the real consequences of terrorist acts, which are subjectively perceived as an unexpected, uncertain threat to existence (both objective and subjective), the irreparability of what can happen. Among the indirect witnesses were singled three response styles: slightly negative assessment, partial justification of the perpetrators of a terrorist act, negative emotional assessment with expressed anxiety. The most significant consequences of the psychological impact of terrorist acts on the media audience and the general population should be considered: the contradiction between the basic ideas of people and the reality demonstrated by the media: the subjective and objective unexpectedness of a terrorist act; incorrigibility of the offense. Shown, that psychological countermeasures should be based on the information component aimed at preventing inappropriate reactions, especially in the first days after the terrorist act, development and demonstration of optimal algorithms of behavior, prevent recourse to unconscious or subconscious impulses that violate basic illusions existence. With the presence of drivers that trigger patterns of victim-induced behavior, the media can provoke in the general population a massive loss of social and personal identity, meaning of life, prospects, to form a complex of inferiority, to induce certain adverse behaviors. The most significant consequences of the psychological impact of terrorist acts on the audience of the media and the general population should be considered the contradiction between the basic ideas of people (activate the images of death, destruction, horror of nothingness, which subconsciously everyone has. These "forms of the unspoken" violate three basic illusions of existence: the illusion of one's own immortality, the illusion of justice, the illusion of the hidden meaning of life) and the reality published by the media, which is subjectively perceived as a threat to existence; subjective and objective unexpectedness of a terrorist act; incorrigibility of the committed. Psychological measures to combat victimization should be based on the dominance of the information component of counteraction aimed at preventing dangerous reactions, especially in the first hours after the commission of a terrorist act, the development and demonstration of optimal behavioral algorithms. Keywords: indirect witnesses, terrorist attack, psychological measures, induced behavior, optimal algorithms

The Psychological Impact of September 11 Terrorism on Australian Inpatients

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Taylor ◽  
Kym Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Media Coverage ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
September 11 ◽  
Psychotic Illness ◽  
Hospital Patients ◽  
The Media ◽  
Hospital Inpatients ◽  
Australian Hospital

Objective: To investigate the psychological impact on Australian hospital patients of the media coverage of the September 11 (9/11) terrorist attack. Methods: Thirty psychiatry and 26 matched medical and surgical inpatients were assessed. Results: Both reported and observed distress was common. Women reported significantly more distress than men. Individuals with psychiatric illness were significantly more varied in their attribution of cause for 9/11. Seven patients (29%) with pre-existing psychosis became delusional surrounding the events, but there were no significant differences between the psychiatry and the medical and surgical inpatients. Conclusions: Clinical impressions were confirmed, namely, that a large proportion of hospital inpatients were adversely affected by TV footage of the 9/11 terrorist attack. Most vulnerable were those already with a mental disorder, particularly those with a pre-existing psychotic illness.

scholarly journals Media as a Transmitter of Information Provided by Armed Forces, the State and Terrorist Organisations in Armed Conflicts and Terrorist Attacks

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Tomasz Bąk
Keyword(s):  
Media Coverage ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
Television News ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The State ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
The Media ◽  
Terrorist Acts

Abstract The article deals with issues related to the media as a relay of information provided by the armed forces, the state and terrorist organizations, in armed conflicts and terrorist acts. It contains two main subchapters, namely: the first on the role of the media in armed conflicts and terrorist acts, and the second describing the use of media by terrorists. There is no doubt that almost every ongoing armed conflict or terrorist attack can count on a broad media coverage. It is an event that neither news agencies, broadcasters of television news services, nor print media publishers can miss. The text mentions the basic models of behavior of state authorities in this matter of informing the public about events such as warfare or terrorist attack. Forms of providing information from conflict regions or terrorist activities by contemporary journalism have also been described. There was also information about the role of the Internet in the process of reporting the course of the war. An important part of the article is to describe the media strategy in relation to this type of event. The summary concludes on the role of mass media in contemporary armed conflict and the terrorist attack.

scholarly journals Who Is Concerned about Terrorist Attacks? A Religious Profile

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 316
Author(s):  
Ângela Leite ◽  
Ana Ramires ◽  
Maria Alzira Pimenta Dinis ◽  
Hélder Fernando Pedrosa e Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Religious Identity ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
The World ◽  
Terrorist Acts

As part of the study on the psychological impact of terrorist acts on ordinary people, the objective of this study is to understand if religious identity protects individuals from feeling concerned about the possibility of terrorist attacks. The study was based on a sample from the World Values Survey, wave 6 (2010–2014), of 30,446 citizens of countries whose dominant religion is Christianity. According to the concern felt regarding the possibility of becoming the target of a terrorist attack, a religious profile was identified. Most of the sample reported high levels of worry about terrorist attacks. The most religious respondents, more faithful and more devoted to religious practices, are more worried about the occurrence of terrorist attacks. Opposite to what is mostly found in the literature, religion does not act as a protective barrier to the primary objective of terrorism, which consists in the use of violence to create fear. People worried about the probability of becoming a target in terrorist attacks are also victims of terrorism.

Intensity of information exposure as a psycho-traumatic factor in a viral threat situation

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 37-48
Author(s):  
Yu. Bykhovets ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
The Media ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Terrorist Acts ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
The Impact

A review of research into psychological impact of the viral threat COVID-19 is presented. It is proposed that a pandemic should be seen as a traumatic stressor. A comparison of different types of "invisible" threats is given: the threat of radiation contamination, the threat of terrorist acts to indirect victims and the viral threat. The main distinguishing features of the viral threat are the multifactorial nature of the impact, the totality of dissemination and the control/prevention of contamination. The key role of the media in shaping psychopathological signs in populations in epidemic situations is identified. Studies examining the psychological consequences of experiencing a viral threat (anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, somatization, post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep disorders) during a pandemic are reviewed. A comparative analysis of the severity of psychopathological symptoms in different population groups during and before the pandemic was performed.

scholarly journals FORMATION OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’SAFE BEHAVIOUR WHILE TERRORIST ATTACKS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 732-741
Author(s):  
Tetiana Veretenko ◽  
Anton Trebe ◽  
Olena Bieloliptseva
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
School Students ◽  
Terrorist Threat ◽  
Experimental Implementation ◽  
Terrorist Acts

The attention is drawn to the possibility of terrorist attacks in Ukraine. The essence of safe behaviour during a terrorist attack is revealed in the article. The purpose of the article is to determine the rules of behaviour for high school students in the case of a terrorist attack, the action algorithm of high school students on receiving information about a terrorist threat; rules of safe behaviour in social networks, which are actively used by terrorists, who attack high school students to participate in their groups and terrorist acts; to present a formation program of high school students’safe behaviour while terrorist attacks and show its effectiveness.The results of the experimental implementation of the program for formation of high school students’safe behaviour during terrorist attacks and emergencies are analyzed after asurvey carried out. According to the results summarised a conclusion is made to activate social and pedagogical work in the field of forming students’safe behaviour while terrorist attacks and emergencies.

scholarly journals A CTC(M−1) Model for Different Types of Raters

Methodology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 88-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fridtjof W. Nussbeck ◽  
Michael Eid ◽  
Christian Geiser ◽  
Delphine S. Courvoisier ◽  
Tanja Lischetzke
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Common Method ◽  
Psychological Measures ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Unique Method ◽  
Method Effects ◽  
Basic Ideas

Many psychologists collect multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) data to assess the convergent and discriminant validity of psychological measures. In order to choose the most appropriate model, the types of methods applied have to be considered. It is shown how the combination of interchangeable and structurally different raters can be analyzed with an extension of the correlated trait-correlated method minus one [CTC(M−1)] model. This extension allows for disentangling individual rater biases (unique method effects) from shared rater biases (common method effects). The basic ideas of this model are presented and illustrated by an empirical example.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among the General Population in Saudi Arabia during Covid-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (24) ◽  
pp. 9183
Author(s):  
Hasan Saeed Alamri ◽  
Abdullah Algarni ◽  
Shehata F. Shehata ◽  
Ali Al Bshabshe ◽  
Nada N. Alshehri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
General Population ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Public Mental Health ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant impact on public mental health. Our objective was to assess prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among the general population in Saudi Arabia during this pandemic. A descriptive cross-sectional approach was used targeting all accessible populations in Saudi Arabia. Data were collected from participants using an electronic pre-structured questionnaire. Psychological impact was assessed using the Arabic version of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). A total of 1597 participants completed the survey. In total, 17.1% reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms; 10% reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms; and 12% reported moderate to severe stress levels. Depression, anxiety, and stress were significantly higher among females, younger respondents, and health care providers. Depression was higher among smokers, singles, and non-working respondents. Anxiety was higher among those reporting contacts with COVID-19 positive cases, previously quarantined and those with chronic health problems. Our findings reaffirm the importance of providing appropriate knowledge and specialized interventions to promote the mental well-being of the Saudi population, paying particular attention to high-risk groups.

Psychological Impact of Disasters and Terrorism on Children and Adolescents: Experiences from Australia

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Wooding ◽  
Beverley Raphael
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factors ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Community Support ◽  
Public Health Approach ◽  
Grief And Loss ◽  
Developmental Approach ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Impact

AbstractRecent acts of terrorism have emphasised the need for research to further establish not only the nature of the impact of disaster and terrorism on the population, but also further define methods of effective intervention. Those affected, and often overlooked, include children and adolescents, yet, our knowledge of the impact upon the younger members of our community limited. The literature is evolving, and there are a small number of valuable studies that can inform a response to the mental health needs of this younger population.This article reviews some of the psychological impacts of disaster and terrorism upon children and adolescents, and considers both risk and protective factors. The importance of a developmental approach to children's understanding of disaster, particularly death and the nature of grief and loss are discussed as is the distinction between the phenomenology of bereavement and trauma. Family and community support are highlighted as protective factors, and a number of recent, valuable recommendations for intervention including psychological first aid and cognitive-behavioral therapy are described. Finally, the complex role of the media and the degree that children should exposed to images of violence and disaster is considered. Disasters, whether they are natural or human-made always will be with us. It is necessary that a public-health approach that not only prepares for such scenarios, but responds by maximising the use of existing systems and agency linkages, taken.

International Media Coverage of the Pakistan Super League

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
David Cassilo ◽  
Danielle Sarver Coombs
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
International Media ◽  
News Sources ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Media ◽  
Super League

The Pakistan Super League launched in 2016 with massive enthusiasm in its “cricket-mad” nation. However, safety concerns stemming from a 2009 terrorist attack in Lahore, Pakistan, meant all matches were played in the United Arab Emirates until the tournament’s final game in 2017—the ultimate test in seeing if top-level cricket could return to Pakistan. In this study, the authors examine framing of the creation in 2013 and first 2 years of the Pakistan Super League from news sources in Pakistan, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom. This study offers an opportunity to understand how Middle Eastern sport and the sport’s connection to national identity are framed in the media across multiple countries during a pivotal time for cricket in Pakistan.

Civil War and Terrorism: A Call for Further Theory Building

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charity Butcher
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
International System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
The Media ◽  
September 11 Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Terrorist Acts ◽  
External Actors

Since the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, terrorism has gained increased prominence in both scholarship and the media. While international terrorist acts are quite visible and highly publicized, such attacks represent only one type of terrorism within the international system. In fact, a very large number of acts of terrorism take place within the context of civil wars. Given the great disparity in power in most civil wars, it is not surprising that terrorism might be seen as a tactic that is often used by insurgent groups, who may have few resources at their disposal to fight a much stronger opponent. There is a clear linkage between the concepts of terrorism and civil war, yet until recently scholars have largely approached civil war and terrorism separately. Recent literature has attempted to specifically map the intersection of terrorism and civil war, recognizing the extent to which the two overlap. As expected, the findings suggest that civil war and terrorism are highly linked. Other scholars have endeavoured to explain why rebel groups in some civil wars use terrorism, while others do not. Further research focuses on how governments respond to terrorism during civil war or on how the decisions of external actors to intervene in civil wars are affected by the use of terrorism by insurgent groups. These studies show that there is too little theorizing on the relationship between civil war and terrorism; while scholars are finally considering these concepts collectively, the full nature of their relationship remains unexplored. Additional research is needed to better understand the various ways that terrorism and civil war overlap, interact, and mutually affect other important international and domestic political processes.

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