scholarly journals Surface Analysis, Mechanical and Corrosion Behavior of Welded Steel in 1M HCl Corrosive Media with Epoxy/Alumina Coating

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 3559-3571
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Alumina Coating ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Corrosive Media ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Drying Temperature ◽  
Color Characteristics ◽  
Drying Conditions

Asparagus roots were dried in four selected driers vacuum, fluidized bed, tray, and solar dryer at temperatures starting from 40 to 70 °C. The drying kinetics of asparagus roots was studied with the analysis of the influence of all stated drying conditions on the drying rate, dehydration ratio, rehydration characteristic, color characteristics, and energy consumption. With an increase in the temperature required for drying asparagus, there is an increasing trend of dehydration ratio (DR) and decreasing trend of drying time. The rehydration characteristics are found to be increases with a decrease in drying temperature from 70-60 °C but decrease with a further decrease in drying temperature from 60-40 °C. The energy consumption based on the drying conditions showed great thermal sensitivity and was found higher for low-temperature drying. The results of color characteristics (Chroma, hue angle, and ΔE) showed that the cream color of roots was relatively unaffected by drying. However, the brightness of roots was observed to be increased. Eleven thin-layered drying mathematical models were applied to experimental data of different drying conditions, and the model best describing its behavior was selected based on the coefficient of determination (R2), sum square error (SSE), and root mean square error (RMSE). All selected models give good fitting results (R2 > 0.96) and found the cubic model as the most suitable model for all treatments (R2 > 0.99).

scholarly journals Effects of Infrared-Assisted Refractance Window™ Drying on the Drying Kinetics, Microstructure, and Color of Physalis Fruit Purée

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 343
Author(s):  
Luis Puente-Díaz ◽  
Oliver Spolmann ◽  
Diego Nocetti ◽  
Liliana Zura-Bravo ◽  
Roberto Lemus-Mondaca
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Ir Radiation ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Drying Curves ◽  
Effective Diffusivities ◽  
Drying Conditions ◽  
Fruit Purée

The objective of this work was to study the influence of the drying temperature, infrared (IR) radiation assistance, and the Mylar™ film thickness during Physalis fruit purée drying by the Refractance Window™ (RW™) method. For this, a RW™ dryer layout with a regulated bath at working temperatures of 60, 75, and 90 °C, Mylar™ thicknesses of 0.19, 0.25, 0.30 mm and IR radiation of 250 W for assisting RW™ drying process was used. Experimental curves data were expressed in moisture ratio (MR) in order to obtain moisture effective diffusivities (non-assisted RW™: Deff = 2.7–10.1 × 10−10 m2/s and IR-assisted RW™: Deff = 4.2–13.4 × 10−10 m2/s) and further drying curves modeling (Page, Henderson–Pabis, Modified Henderson–Pabis, Two-Term, and Midilli–Kucuk models). The Midilli–Kucuk model obtained the best-fit quality on experimental curves regarding statistical tests applied (Coefficient of Determination (R2), Chi-Square (χ2) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). Microscopical observations were carried out to study the RW™ drying conditions effect on microstructural changes of Physalis fruit purée. The main findings of this work indicated that the use of IR-assisted RW™ drying effectively accelerates the drying process, which achieved a decrease drying time around 60%. Thus, this combined RW™ process is strongly influenced by the working temperature and IR-power applied, and slightly by Mylar™ thickness.

scholarly journals Microwave drying of corn seeds: Effect of Temperature on Drying Time, Energy Consuption and Germination Rate

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ángel Hernández Moreno ◽  
Rafael Hernández-Maqueda ◽  
Isabel Ballesterios ◽  
Carlos Torres-Miño
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Microwave Drying ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Drying Temperature

Previous studies on the microwave drying of corn seeds have shown that the process parameters employed play a very important role in determining the properties and quality of this grain (Gürsoy et al, 2013). Among these parameters, the drying temperature has a fundamental role (Nair et al, 2011). The main objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of temperature on drying time, energy consumption and germination rate of corn seeds after they have been dried with microwave energy. To achieve the proposed objective, the drying process of these seeds was carried out in a rotating turntable domestic microwave oven (LACOR Model 69330), with a capacity of 30 liters and a total output power of 900 W, fitted with a PID temperature controller Eurotherm 3216 L. In this oven, 100 g of corn seeds, with an initial humidity of approximately 20%, was heated up to 3 drying temperatures (35, 55 and 75 °C). The seeds were weighed every 30 minutes and the drying process was considered completed when a humidity of 12 % was obtained. For each drying temperature studied, the experiments were carried out in duplicate. In each experiment, the electrical energy consumption was measured using a FLUKE 1735 energy analyzer. A sample of the dried seeds was subject to germination tests in a petri dish using filter paper and a volume of distillate water of 20mL to achieve sufficient humidity for them to sprout. Table 1 shows the average values obtained from the variables evaluated for each drying temperature.   Table 1. Results of the microwave drying experiments of the corn seeds at different temperatures and their germination tests. Drying temperature (ºC) Drying time to reach a humidity of 12% (min) Energy consumption (Wh) Germination rate (%) 35 345,0 880,3 90,0 55 118,5 330,0 81,3 75 73,5 183,9 12,0   As can be seen in Table 1, the temperature exerts a significant influence on the drying process and the germination rate of the corn seeds. An increase in the drying temperature causes a simultaneous decrease in drying time (∿ 78%) and in energy consumption (∿ 79%), which are very positive aspects. However, there is also an unacceptable decrease (∿ 87%) in the germination rate of the corn seeds.   References Gürsoy, S., Choudhary, R., Watson, D.G. Int. J Agric. & Biol. Eng., 2013, 6, 1, 90–99.Nair, G.R., Li, Z., Gariepy, Y., Raghavan, V. Drying Technology, 2011, 29, 11, 1291-1296.

scholarly journals Evaluation of different drying processes by energy consumption in an insulated and not insulated laboratory convection dryer

Food Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (S6) ◽  
pp. 107-111
Author(s):  
M.A. Maysami ◽  
R. Sedighi ◽  
H. Ghaffari
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Dried Fruits ◽  
Food Engineering ◽  
Energy Consuming ◽  
Convection Dryer ◽  
Drying Conditions

Drying is a process to increase the shelf-life of fruits by decreasing their water content. It is one of the energy consuming processes in food engineering. In many studies, the drying time duration and quality of dried fruits were investigated. In this study, the energy consumption in different drying conditions was investigated for the apple in a laboratory convection dryer. The drying conditions were the application of the temperatures of 40, 50, and 60°C and the speeds of 0.5 and 1 ms-1 for the drying air using the insulated and non-insulated drying chambers. Independent from drying duration, the highest energy consumption was recorded as 11.2 kWh for the non-insulated dryer under the drying air condition of 40°C and 0.5 ms-1 . While the lowest energy consumption was only 5.8 kWh for the insulated dryer with the drying air condition of 40 and 50°C and the same 0.5 ms-1 . The drying duration for these conditions was 537, 313, and 233 mins. To achieve the shortest drying time (153 mins), the condition of 60°C and 1 ms-1 in the insulated dryer was used which caused the energy consumption of 7.2 kWh.

scholarly journals Drying and essential oil extraction of Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) fruits

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 637-643
Author(s):  
Julia L. Governici ◽  
Naiara C. Z. Sperotto ◽  
Evandro de C. Melo ◽  
Diego A. Gonzaga ◽  
Antônio P. S. Carneiro
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Schinus Terebinthifolius ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Essential Oil Yield

ABSTRACT The objectives of this work were to determine the effect of the drying air temperature and fruit fragmentation on the essential oil yield of Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolius) fruits, to model drying curves, and evaluate the energy consumption of the drying process. The study was conducted in Viçosa, MG, Brazil, in May 2018. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design, in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement (3 drying air temperatures and 2 fruit fragmentation types), with three replications. Whole fruits (350 g) were dried at 50, 60, and 70 °C until the water content reached a water content of 0.11 on dry basis; 90 g of these fruits where kept in the dryer until reaching an equilibrium water content for the modeling. The data of drying were fitted to 12 mathematical models, whose performances were evaluated by the coefficient of determination, mean relative error, mean estimated error, and residue distribution. The essential oil was extracted by hydro-distillation using whole or fragmented fruits. Fruits dried at 50 °C and fragmented before extraction had higher essential oil yield. The use of air temperature of 70 °C resulted in lower drying time and energy consumption. The data fitted to the Midilli model satisfactorily, regardless of the drying air temperature.

scholarly journals Sıcaklık Kontrollü Mikrodalga Kurutma Yönteminin Alıç (Crataegusspp. L.) Meyvesinin Kuruma Karakteristikleri ve Renk Değerleri Üzerine Etkisi

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hakan Polatcı ◽  
Muhammed Taşova
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Quality Criterion ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Drying Temperature ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hawthorn Fruit ◽  
Fresh Products ◽  
Drying Curves ◽  
Drying Conditions ◽  
Microwave Dryer

In this study, the hawthorn fruit was dried in a controlled temperature microwave dryer and determined the mathematical model that best predicts the drying time, color value and product drying curves. Since the horticultural fruit contains important nutritional values, when it is desired to be dried and consumed, optimum drying conditions should be determined. Productions were dried in a temperature controlled microwave dryer under at temperatures of 50, 60 and 70ºC. Drying times lasted 129, 66, and 45 minutes for drying temperatures of 50, 60 and 70ºC, respectively. The shortest drying time was at a drying temperature of 70ºC, while the longest drying is at a drying temperature of 50ºC. The Yağcıoğlu, Midilli-Küçük and Page’s mathematical model were used to predict the drying curves, and Midilli- Küçük model was determined as the best model to predict the drying curves. In addition, the color values of fresh and dried hawthorn fruit as a quality criterion were investigated. In terms of L brightness and a red color values, there was a statistically significant difference between dried and fresh products at all three drying temperatures, while there was no statistically significant difference between fresh and dried products at temperatures of 50 and 70ºC in terms of b yellowness value. The chroma, hue angle and brown values of the fresh products and chroma and brown values of the dried products are not differentiating from each other numerically. However, the values closest to the fresh product’s chromium and brown values were determined at a drying temperature of 70ºC.

scholarly journals Microwave drying behaviour of tomato slices

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 132-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Çelen ◽  
K. Kahveci
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Microwave Power ◽  
Internal Heat ◽  
Internal Heat Source ◽  
Microwave Drying ◽  
Drying Rate ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Drying Behaviour ◽  
Drying Conditions

The microwave drying behaviour of tomato slices was investigated experimentally to determine the effects of microwave power on the drying rate, energy consumption, and dried product quality in terms of colour, and a theoretical model was proposed to define the drying curves of tomato slices. The experiments performed with the microwave power of 90, 180, 360, and 600 W indicate that the drying time and the energy consumption decreased considerably with an increase in microwave power. The experiments also revealed that the drying rate shows first an increase and then a decrease during drying, and that the colour quality of the product deteriorates significantly with the increase of the microwave power. A theoretical model was developed using the solution of energy equation considering the microwave power as an internal heat source. The electric field strength inside the material was assumed to be dependent on the moisture content and the constants emerging from this assumption were obtained by minimising the sum of squared differences between the theoretical results and experimental data obtained for various drying conditions. The results show that the values proposed for the constants provide a good agreement between the theoretical and experimental drying behaviour.  

scholarly journals Modelling the Thin-Layer Drying Kinetics of Untreated and Blanch-Osmotic Pre-treated Tomato Slices

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Enahoro Agarry
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Drying Kinetics ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Drying Rate ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Drying Temperature ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Thin Layer Drying ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Air Dryer

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of pre-treatment and drying temperature on the drying kinetics and nutritional quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculantum L.) under hot air drying. Tomato samples were blanched at 80oC and osmotically dehydrated using 20% w/w sodium chloride solutions at 30oC for 20 min. The blanch-osmotic pre-treated and untreated tomato slices were dried at temperature of 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80oC, respectively in a hot air-dryer. The results showed that blanch-osmotic pre-treatment offered a higher drying rate and lower or faster drying time than untreated condition. The tomato drying regime was characteristically in the constant and falling rate period. The tomato drying rate curve showed characteristics of porous hygroscopic solids. The optimum drying temperature for tomato was found to be 60oC. Four semi-empirical drying models of Newton, Page, Henderson and Pabis, and Logarithmic were fitted to the drying data using non-linear regression analysis. The most appropriate model was selected using the coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE). The Page model has shown a better fit to the drying kinetics data of tomato in comparison with other tested models. Transport of moisture during drying was described by Fick’s diffusion model application and the effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) thus estimated. The Deff at 60oC was 4.43 × 10-11m2/s and 6.33 × 10-11m2/s for blanch-osmotic pre-treated and untreated tomato slices, respectively.

scholarly journals The Effect of Pre-Drying Treatment and Drying Conditions on Quality and Energy Consumption of Hot Air-Dried Celeriac Slices: Optimisation

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1758
Author(s):  
Tina Nurkhoeriyati ◽  
Boris Kulig ◽  
Barbara Sturm ◽  
Oliver Hensel
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Sample Thickness ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Drying Treatment ◽  
Drying Conditions

Celeriac is a good source of fibre, trace minerals, and phenolic compounds; it has a pleasant aroma but is a perishable material, prone to discolouration. This research investigated the optimisation of the quality and energy demand in hot-air dried celeriac slices. The experiment utilised the I-optimal design of response surface methodology with 30 experiment runs. Pre-drying treatments (blanching at 85 °C, three minutes; dipping in 1% citric acid solution, three minutes; no pre-drying treatment), drying temperatures (50, 60, and 70 °C), air velocities (1.5, 2.2, and 2.9 m/s), and thickness (three-, five, and seven-mm) were applied. The drying conditions affected drying time significantly (p < 0.0001). The model by Midilli and others and the logarithmic model fitted best with celeriac slices drying kinetics. Blanched samples had a higher ΔE*ab (total colour difference) and BI (browning index) but lower WI (whiteness index) than samples with other pre-drying treatments. The rehydration ratio decreased with the increase of sample thickness and blanching (p < 0.0001). A quadratic model described the specific energy consumption (Es) best. The dried samples compared with fresh samples had increased antioxidant activity but decreased total phenolic compound value. The optimisation solution chosen was 58 °C drying temperature, 2.9 m/s air velocity, and 4.6 mm sample thickness with acid pre-drying treatment.

Foam-Mat Drying Process of Duck Egg White

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 54-82
Author(s):  
E. Rodrigues Mangueira ◽  
J. de Assis Cavalcante ◽  
N. Alves Costa ◽  
A.G. Barbosa de Lima
Keyword(s):  
Computational Simulation ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Egg White ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Process Time ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Drying Temperature ◽  
Stirring Rate ◽  
Duck Egg ◽  
High Level

The foam-mat dryingprocessof egg white, developed in the food industry, promotes a porous product, brittle and easy to grind. The powderedegg white has a good rehydration properties, safer consumption and storage conditions than fresh product, keeping the high level of proteins and vitamins contained in the egg. In this way, the objective of this work is to study, through numerical computational simulation, the physical aspects of the duck egg white foam-matdrying process. For this, the foam was characterized by its density, percentage of expansion, air over run, stability and moisture. Temperature (50, 60 and 70°C), stirring rate (levels 6, 7 and 8) and stirring time (4, 5 and 6 minutes) are taken as input conditions and the product final moisture and drying time are the output variables. Drying was performed based on the complete factorial 23 + 3 central point experimental design in this procedure. It has been observed that the time and stirring rate significantly influence the product final moisture and that the drying temperature is predominant for the total process time. From the foam moisturedata, adjustments of empirical mathematical models were made; evidencing that theModifiedPage and the Page models provided the best results, with a standard deviation lower than 0.01 and the coefficient of determination above 0.99. For this analysis, the case where the drying temperature, time and the stirring rate were, respectively, 70 °C, 6 minutes and 8 level, presented the best results.

scholarly journals Efficient Production of Dried Whole Peanut Fruits Based on Infrared Assisted Spouted Bed Drying

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2383
Author(s):  
Kaiyang Zhu ◽  
Linlin Li ◽  
Guangyue Ren ◽  
Xu Duan ◽  
Weiwei Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Spouted Bed ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Peanut Shells ◽  
Drying Conditions

The present study is designed to evaluate the effect of infrared assisted spouted bed drying (IR-SBD) on the product quality and energy consumption of whole peanut fruits (including peanut kernels and shells). The dehydration of whole peanuts by means of hot-air drying (HD) and infrared drying (ID) were used as the control groups, and the drying characteristics, energy consumption, microstructure, porosity, hardness and fatty acid content were compared. The results showed that, compared to HD and ID, IR-SBD could reduce the drying time by 40% and 33%, respectively, and reduced energy consumption by 66% and 32%, respectively. During the drying process, the structures of both the peanut shells and peanut kernels underwent significant deformation; specifically, the porosity gradually increased gradually. The maximum porosity value was obtained by the samples dried by means of IR-SBD. Under the three drying conditions, the hardness of the peanut shells first decreased and then increased, while the hardness of the peanut kernels showed a trend of first increasing, then decreasing and finally increasing. Compared to the fresh whole peanuts, the IR-SBD dried samples exhibited a 4.07% decrease in fatty acid. This study shows that IR-SBD is a suitable application for the dehydration process of whole peanuts for the purposes of achieving high-efficiency and -quality production in the industrial sector.

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