scholarly journals Socio-ecological and medical problems of iodine deficiency among the population of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-33
Author(s):  
IT Matasar ◽  
VI Kravchenko ◽  
LM Petryschenko ◽  
VI Vodopianov
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Chernobyl Accident ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Iodine Prophylaxis ◽  
Iodine Supply ◽  
Mass Group

Aim. Study of iodine supply in different segments of the population throughout Ukraine, establishment of the morbidity level caused by iodine deficiency, analysis of preventive measures and their effectiveness and development of adequate ways of mass, group and individual prophylaxis of iodine deficiency in the body, which will reduce morbidity in areas of endemic iodine deficiency. The article considers the most important results of long-term epidemiological studies of iodine supply in different categories of the population of almost all regions of Ukraine. Significant volume of work was performed with the support of the Ministry of Healthcare of Ukraine, UNICEF Ukrainian office, and the CDC in Atlanta (USA), which for more than 19 years has provided external quality control of the study of iodine status of the population of Ukraine. The data on iodine content in food and biological fluids of the population affected by the Chernobyl accident are given and the dependence of the irradiation dose of the thyroid on the body supply with stable iodine and on the optimization of the latter after the adoption of the State Programme for Iodine Deficiency Prevention for 2002–2005 is shown. The effectiveness of mass iodine prophylaxis by using universally iodized table salt is emphasized. The article presents data on suggested and implemented ways of mass, group and individual iodine prophylaxis, studies of their effectiveness and shows the positive dynamics of changes in providing the population with dietary iodine. The need for constant consumption of food products with sufficient iodine content, including iodized salt, is proven. Significant changes in the prevalence and incidence of thyroid pathology, socio-ecological and medical benefits of prevention of iodine-dependent disorders are described. The article was prepared as a scientific information material for family doctors, endocrinologists, obstetricians and gynaecologists, hygienists, the public, the Ministry of Healthcare of Ukraine in connection with the need for a legislative solution to the prevention of iodine-dependent disorders in Ukraine. Materials and Methods. To study the problem and assess the state of iodine deficiency in Ukraine the criteria recommended by the WHO and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) were applied for the first time, a method for determining the iodine content in the body was developed and implemented, which allowed to join the international “Equip” system of iodine supply control in the world and in Ukraine. This made it possible to move from indirect to direct methods of determining the intake of iodine in the body. Conclusions. A detailed study of iodine supply in different segments of the population of Ukraine proved the negative effects of iodine deficiency on health; in particular, it was found that the overall decrease in productivity of the generation of children in iodine deficiency populations is 5%. Measures to eliminate iodine-dependent disorder among the population of Ukraine have been developed and implemented. The development and production of iodized food salt, adequate to the needs of the population, has been carried out. The result of these measures, developed and implemented to eliminate iodine-dependent disorders and to improve the nation’s intelligence, is, according to the official data, the improvement of iodine supply of the population, significant reduction in the number of thyroid disorders, especially among those affected with 131I, which, even just because of this indicator, has significant social-economic effect. Key Words: Chernobyl accident, iodine deficiency, iodized salt, population, prevention, regions.

scholarly journals Iodine Content of Salt Use after Years of Universal Iodization Policy and Knowledge on Iodized Salt among Households in the Sissala East Municipality in Upper West Region of Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Prince Kubi Appiah ◽  
Clement Tiimim Yanbom ◽  
Martin Amogre Ayanore ◽  
Alex Bapula
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Good Knowledge ◽  
Salt Iodization

Background. Iodine deficiency is a global public health concern as it leads to inadequate production of thyroid hormone in the body, causing too many destructive consequences on the roles and functions of different human organs and muscles including brain growth and can manifest into many damaging effects such as intestinal cerebral impedance, cancer of intestine, breast disorders, and physical deformities like goitre and cretinism to one’s body. Despite all these negative effects, there are several important public health programs including universal salt iodization (USI) to improve on households’ iodine intake, notwithstanding this, countless families are still eating foods containing less iodine or no iodine at all. Hence, this study examined the intake of iodized salt after years of universal salt iodization and the knowledge on iodized salt among households in the Sissala East Municipality. Method. A descriptive cross-sectional study was adopted to collect data for the study. Data were collected from women in charge of household meal preparation using a semistructured questionnaire and rapid field iodine test kits. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used for the data analysis and presented in tables and graphs. p value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Findings. Only 41.4% of the households have good knowledge on benefits of iodized salt and dangers associated with iodine deficiency. It was realized that the health workers (46.6%) and television were the main sources of information on iodized salt. Household salt usage with adequate (>15 ppm) levels of iodine was 44.0%; however 85.9% of the salts were stored in covered containers. The study showed significant associations between knowledge on iodized salt and educational level (p≤0.001), occupation (p=0.043), religion (p=0.027), and ethnic lineage (p=0.046). Also, the use of iodized salt showed associations with the educational level (p≤0.001), occupation (p=0.003), religion (p=0.042), and knowledge on iodized salt (p≤0.001). Conclusions. Only about 4 in 10 households were consuming salt with adequate iodine, and this coverage is very low compared with the 90% or more coverage recommended by WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD. Having secondary and tertiary education and having good knowledge of iodized salt has a great influence on the use of iodized salt; however, with this low level of knowledge of importance of iodized salt among women responsible for house food preparations, there is the need for health professionals to intensify education and promotion on iodized salt in the area and to monitor and verify iodine content of salts produced and sold in the market all times, as the source of the salt might have contributed to the low levels of iodine in the household salt.

A „silent” jódprofilaxis csak részben korrigálja a jódhiányt: a magyar történet (1970–2020)

2020 ◽  
Vol 161 (50) ◽  
pp. 2107-2116
Author(s):  
Ferenc Péter
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Information Campaigns ◽  
Iodine Supply

Összefoglaló. A szerző a bevezetőben emlékeztet a több mint 50 évvel korábbi publikációjára (Orv Hetil. 1968; 109: 360–363) és annak utóéletére: az 1970-es években megállt a jódprevenció fejlődése. Ezt követően ismerteti az utóbbi 50 év jódellátottságra vonatkozó fontosabb hazai eredményeit. A számszerű adatok szerint az iskolás gyermekek, várandós anyák, idősek és újszülöttek jódellátottságára, valamint az anyatej jódtartalmára vonatkozó sorozatvizsgálatok az ezredforduló előtt egybehangzóan enyhe, illetve mérsékelt jódhiányra utaltak. Az utóbbi két évtizedben egyre többször váltak adekváttá az ugyanezen kategóriák jódellátottságát jelző eredmények. A szabályozatlan jódozottsó-forgalom (fakultatív jódprevenció) ellenére, valószínűleg a sikeres felvilágosítási kampányok miatt, a lakosság jódellátottsága határozottan javult. Ezt a szituációt nevezik „silent” profilaxisnak. Ezzel a módszerrel nem lehet a jódhiányt teljesen felszámolni. A legnagyobb kockázatot a várandós anyák (közel felének!) hiányos jódpótlása jelenti az utódok agyfejlődésének veszélyeztetése miatt. A befejezésben az EUthyroid Consortium „Krakkói kiáltvány”-ának (2018) rövid ismertetése tartalmazza a teendőket. A kötelező jódprevencióhoz a nem jódozott sót ki kell váltani jódozott sóval szinte minden élelmiszerben. A graviditás alatt megnövekedett igényt az élelmiszerekben lévő jód gyakran nem fedezi, ilyenkor több jódpótlásra van szükség. Az egészségügyi szerveknek meg kell valósítaniuk a jóddúsító program összehangolt, rendszeres monitorozását és kiértékelését a lakosság optimális jódellátottságának biztosításához. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(50): 2107–2116. Summary. In the introduction, the author reminds the readers of his publication presented more than 50 years ago in the same journal („Data to the present state of the goiter problem in Hungary”, 1968) and of its afterlife: the development of iodine prevention stopped in the 1970s. Then the major Hungarian results are reviewed related to the iodine supply gained in the latter 50 years. Numerical data are presented showing mild or moderate iodine deficiency according to the results of a range of screening studies among schoolchildren, pregnant women, elderly people and newborns as well as by iodine content of breast milk before the millennium. In the same categories, the data indicating the level of iodine supply became increasingly adequate in the recent two decades. The iodine supply of the people improved markedly, in spite of unregulated iodized salt trade (facultative prevention), presumably because of the successful public-information campaigns. This situation is called “silent” prophylaxis. The total eradication of iodine deficiency is impossible with this method. The highest risk is the deficient iodine supply of pregnant women (almost the half!) due to the endangerment of the offspring’s brain development. In the end, a brief review of the Krakow Declaration on Iodine of the EUthyroid Consortium comprises the round of the duties. To the mandatory iodine prevention, iodized salt should replace non-iodized salt in nearly all food productions. During pregnancy, the increased need for iodine is frequently not covered by food sources, more iodine supplement is needed. Health authorities should perform harmonized monitoring and evaluation of fortification programs at regular intervals to ensure optimal iodine supply to the population. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(50): 2107–2116.

scholarly journals Prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders and effectiveness of iodine prophylaxis among the population of reproductive age living in Saint Petersburg

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-55
Author(s):  
D. E. Soboleva ◽  
S. V. Dora ◽  
A. R. Volkova ◽  
E. A. Ter-Oganesyants
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Iodine Prophylaxis ◽  
The Russian Federation

The purpose of the study is the assessment of iodine status and effectiveness of iodine prophylaxis among the population of reproductive age. In this regard, we examined 200 individuals from 18 up to 44 years old living in Saint Petersburg for more than 3 years permanently. Most of the examined individuals had mild iodine deficiency, less than half of people of reproductive age (46 %) used iodized salt at home. Goiter was found by palpation in 8 % of participants. More than half of the surveyed individuals are women of reproductive age who are at risk for the development of iodine deficiency disorders. Our data reflect an unfavorable situation in fight against iodine deficiency disorders in Saint Petersburg. Probably, the voluntary model of using iodized salt as the prevention of iodine deficiency in the Russian Federation is not effective enough.

scholarly journals Iodine Content of Packaged Salt and Related Knowledge and Storage Practices at Household Level in Dhaka City, Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
Md Sujan Hossen ◽  
Md Nazrul Islam Khan
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level ◽  
And Storage

Aims: Iodine deficiency disorders are one of the major public health concerns in Bangladesh. Regular consumption of iodized salt can help combat these disorders. The aims of this study were to determine the content of iodine in edible packaged salt and to assess iodized salt related knowledge and storage practices in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Study Design: The study was an experimental cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: The present study was conducted from June 2019 to July 2019 in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. A total of 120 households were selected for interview and packaged salt sample collection. The chemical analysis was done in the Food Analysis Laboratory of Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka. Methodology: A closed-ended questionnaire was used for collection of information. Iodometric titration method was used to determine the content of iodine in packaged salt samples. Results: The mean (±SD) iodine content in the salt samples was 31.469 (±10.196) ppm. More than 90% salt samples were adequately iodized. Twenty five percent of the respondents know that consumption of iodized salt helps prevent goiter. Only 10.8% of the respondents know that iodine content decreases if iodized salt is stored close to fire. About 87% of them store salt away from fire. Conclusion: Along with consuming packaged iodized salt, householders should be educated about iodized salt related knowledge and storage practices to control iodine deficiency disorders.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the effectiveness of long-term prevention of iodine deficiency by biological monitoring

2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-45
Author(s):  
A. V. Dreval ◽  
O. A. Nechaev ◽  
T. S. Kamynin ◽  
G. A. Gerasimov ◽  
N. Yu. Sviridenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Monitoring ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Lower Incidence ◽  
Who Classification ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Prophylaxis ◽  
Combination Of Methods

Regular (for 5 years) addition of salt iodinated with potassium iodinate to diets of children living in a region with moderate iodine deficiency normalized iodine content in the organism, decreased the incidence of goiter from 22.6 to 7.3% (according to ultrasonic data), and prevented an increase in the incidence of goiter during the prepubertal period. Evaluation of the size of goiter in screening examinations by palpation using О. V. Nikolaev’s classification leads to hyperdiagnosis (67%>), while palpation in combination with WHO classification results in hypodiagnosis of goiter (47%). Palpation of the thyroid with WHO classification is recommended as the main screening method; such a combination of methods results in a lower incidence of erroneous diagnoses (22%) than with Nikolaev's classification (56%). The level of serum TTH did not depend on iodine prophylaxis and was normal.

Current Status of Iodine Deficiency in Mongolia in 1998-1999

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Yamada ◽  
D. Oyunchimeg ◽  
P. Enkhtuya ◽  
A. Erdenbat ◽  
A. Buttumur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Elimination Programme ◽  
Iodine Excretion

In 1992, the Mongolian government conducted a nationwide palpation study of the thyroid glands, and the study showed an overall goiter rate of 30%. As a result of this, the Mongolian Government launched its Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) Elimination Programme in 1996 and its primary strategy was salt iodization. In 1998 and 1999, we carried out programme monitoring studies in 11 provinces. The results showed: among schoolchildren, a goiter rate was 22.8% (n=6,535), median values of urinary iodine excretion ranged from 11 μg/l to 256 μg/l (n=1,930), and usage rates of iodized salt (>20 PPM iodine content) in their households ranged from 3% to 82%. We concluded that severe iodine deficiency in 1992 was improved from moderate to mild severity a few years later by salt iodization. However, stronger official commitments and community participation are needed to improve the programme so that iodized salt will be made more widely available. Asia Pac JPublic Health 2000;12(2): 79-84

scholarly journals Randomized clinical trial comparing different iodine interventions in school children

1999 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinkou Zhao ◽  
Fujie Xu ◽  
Qinlan Zhang ◽  
Li Shang ◽  
Aixiang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
World Health ◽  
Iodized Oil ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this trial was to compare three different iodine interventions.DesignSchool children aged 8–10 years were randomized into one of three groups: group A was provided with iodized salt by researchers with an iodine concentration of 25 ppm; group B purchased iodized salt from the market; and group C was similar to group B with the exception that they were given iodized oil capsules containing 400 mg iodine at the beginning of the study. Salt iodine content was measured bimonthly for 18 months and indicators of iodine deficiency were measured at baseline and 6, 9, 12 and 18 months after randomization.ResultsThe prevalence of abnormal thyroid volumes, based on the World Health Organization (WHO) body surface area reference > 97th percentile, was 18% at baseline and declined to less than 5% by 12 months in groups A and C, and to 9% after 18 months in group B. Results for goitre by palpation were similar. The median urinary iodine was 94 μgl−1 at baseline and increased in all groups to > 200 μgl−1 at the 6-month follow-up.ConclusionsIn this population of school children with initially a low to moderate level of iodine deficiency, the group receiving salt with 25 ppm (group A) was not iodine deficient on all indicators after 18 months of study. When the iodine content of the salt varied, such as in group B, by 18 months thyroid sizes had not yet achieved normal status.

scholarly journals Community monitoring of the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme in the National Capital Region of Delhi

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 754-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhi Agarwal ◽  
Chandrakant S Pandav ◽  
Madhukar G Karmarkar ◽  
Sirimavo Nair
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
National Capital Region ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Capital Region ◽  
Community Monitoring ◽  
National Capital

AbstractObjectiveThe present study was conducted to assess the current status of iodine-deficiency disorders (IDD) in the National Capital Region of Delhi (NCR Delhi) and evaluate the implementation and impact of the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP).DesignCross-sectional study.SettingSchool-going children (n1230) in the age group of 6–12 years were enrolled from thirty primary schools in the Municipal Corporation of Delhi. Thirty schools were selected using the probability-proportional-to-size cluster sampling methodology. In each identified school forty-one children were surveyed. Urine and salt samples were collected and studied for iodine concentration. A total of sixty salt samples from retail level were also collected.SubjectsSchoolchildren aged 6–12 years.ResultsThe median urinary iodine excretion (UIE) was found to be 198·4 μg/l. The percentage of children with UIE levels of <20·0, 20·0–49·9, 50·0–99·9 and ≥100·0 μg/l was 1·9, 4·3, 9·5 and 84·2 %, respectively. The proportion of households consuming adequately iodized salt (salt with iodine levels of at least 15 ppm at consumption level) was 88·8 %. The assessment of iodine content of salt revealed that only 6·1 % of the families were consuming salt with iodine content less than 7 ppm. At retail level 88·3 % of salt samples had >15 ppm iodine.ConclusionsSignificant progress has been achieved towards elimination of IDD from NCR Delhi. There is a need for further strengthening of the system to monitor the quality of iodized salt provided to the beneficiaries under the universal salt iodization programme and so eliminate IDD from NCR Delhi.

scholarly journals Social and hygienic characteristics of children from the iodine deficiency region

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-97
Author(s):  
T.V. Sorokman ◽  
M.I. Bachu
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Consumer Market ◽  
Additional Risk ◽  
The Social ◽  
Inorganic Iodine

Background. Determining the social and hygienic patterns of children’s health is an important scientific and methodological task of pediatrics, the solution of which makes it possible to manage health processes. Natural factors that affect health include iodine deficiency in environmental components. Nowadays in 19 countries, including Ukraine, the issue of iodine deficiency remains relevant. The purpose was to analyze social and hygienic factors in schoolchildren from the iodine deficiency region. Materials and methods. A survey of schoolchildren (n = 1,973) and their parents (n = 655) was conducted, we have examined 397 children aged 10–12 years from 7 districts of the Chernivtsi region. The concentration of inorganic iodine in a single urine portion was determined in 197 children, salt samples were tested using a rapid test. Results. In 2017, 56.1 % of parents-respondents did not know about the problem of iodine deficiency, and in 2019 — 28.2 %. Out of 397 salt samples taken from households, the presence of iodine was found in 133 (33.5 %) and 45 (41.3 %) of 109 samples taken from trade establishments. Of 509 samples labeled as iodized salt, only 35 % contained iodine and 65 % did not meet the requirements. The hygienic assessment of the balance of children’s diet revealed significant violations that may contribute to the development of iodine deficiency. Of 1,973 respondents, 15.7 % eat natural products. A disharmonious style of family upbringing dominated, which changes the emotional and mental state of a child. The median ioduria in the examined population is in general 58.1 ± 3.2 μg/l, the frequency of goiter among prepubertal children of Bukovinian region is 17.2 %. Two or more concomitant diseases, asthenic, neurotic and affective disorders were detected in 75.5 % of schoolchildren. Conclusions. Low public awareness, sale of iodized salt on the consumer market, which does not meet hygienic standards for iodine content, low motivation to use iodized salt on the background of iodine deficiency, even mild, are additional risk factors for iodine deficiency in schoolchildren of Chernivtsi region.

scholarly journals Assessment of Iodine in Salt Samples from North Delhi Schools

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (03) ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
Navin Verma ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Titration Method ◽  
Normal Thyroid ◽  
Normal Thyroid Function ◽  
Awareness Programme

Iodine is an essential micronutrient required for normal thyroid function, growth, and development. Iodine deficiency can lead to a variety of health and developmental consequences known as Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDDs). Realizing the magnitude of the problem and to ensure its prevention by 100% consumption of adequately iodized salt (≥15ppm), National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP) is being implemented in India. However, periodic assessment of the salt used is needed to ensure the same. Hence, with the objective of assessment of iodine, household salt samples were collected from students of four schools in North Delhi in October 2019. Awareness programme was also planned among the school children in view of Global Iodine Deficiency Disorders Prevention Day. The iodine content of the salt was estimated by standard iodometric titration method. 10 (10.4 %) salt samples were found to have iodine content < 15 ppm. Reasons for low iodine content in the 10 samples need to be assessed along with the information regarding the type of salt used. Measures need to be taken to ensure 100 % consumption of adequately iodized salt (≥ 15 ppm). Also, such periodic assessment should be undertaken to find out the situation in different schools.

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