scholarly journals Profiling of the bacterial pathogens associated with hospital acquired infections in hospitals within makurdi metropolis, middle belt, nigeria.

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-378
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Olumuyiwa Onifade ◽  
Innocent Okonkwo Ogbonna ◽  
Joseph Ikwebe ◽  
Stephen Olaide Aremu
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
High Level ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Background: Nosocomial bacteria are bacteria that cause diseases acquired from the hospital environments. Aim: This study looked into profile of bacterial pathogens associated with nosocomial infections in hospitals within Makurdi metropolis. Result: A total of 71 bacterial pathogens were encountered from 240 samples analysed from three hospitals in Makurdi metropolis. Of the 71 isolates, 46(64.8%) were Gram positive and 25(35.2%) were Gram negative. The Gram positive constituting S. aureus (50.70%) and staphylococcus spp (14.08%) while the Gram negative constituting E. coli (15.50%), klebsiella spp (7.04%) and P. aeruginosa (12.68%). Out of 21(29.58%) isolates cultured from hand swabs, the bacterial pathogens from hand swab at F M C was the highest 12(57.14%) followed by C H M 5(23.81%) while B M M C has the least profile of 4(19.05%). With regards to hospital air, the highest profile of nosocomial bacteria was also from F M C 8(61.54%), followed by B M M C 4(30.77%) while C H M had just only one isolate 1(7.69%). Of 21(29.58%) isolates from B M M C; 10(47.62%) S. aureus, 4(19.05%) Staphylococcus spp, 2(9.52%) P. aeruginosa and 5(23.81%) Escherichia coli were obtained. In C H M, out of 18(25.35%) bacterial pathogens evolved constituting 12(66.67%) S. aureus, 2(11.11%) Staphylococcus spp, 1(5.56%) P. aeruginosa and 3(16.67%) E. coli. Whereas, the profile of 32(45.07) isolates in Federal Medical Centre Makurdi constituting 14(43.75%) S. aureus, 4(12.50%) Staphylococcus spp, 6(18.75%) P. aeruginosa, 3(9.38%) E. coli and 5(15.63%) Klebsiella spp were obtained. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern to Staphylococcus spp reveals that the highest level of sensitivity were demonstrated by Cloxacillin and Ofloxacin with 50%, followed by Augumentin and Cefuroxime with 40%, Gentamicin (30%), Erythromycin (20%) and least sensitivity with Ceftriazone (10%) while Ceftazidime has the highest resistance recorded 0% sensitivity. E. coli has the highest sensitivity on Ceftazidime having 81.8% and Gentamicin 63.6%, Ofloxacin also displayed a high level of sensitivity to isolates tested with 63.6% sensitive, follow by Cefuroxime (45.5%). Conclusion: This study showed that nosocomial bacterial pathogens particularly, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, Staphylococcus spp and enteric bacteria, E. coli and Klebsiella spp are the predominant pathogens associated with infections acquired in hospital environment.So, information on resistance patterns of isolates encountered in this study will assist the clinicians in making improvement in management of nosocomial infections. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.18(2) 2019 p.368-378

scholarly journals Microbial Profile of Various Catheter Tips among Hospitalized Patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Pushpa Man Shrestha ◽  
Nisha Thapa ◽  
Navraj Dahal ◽  
Nabaraj Adhikari ◽  
Upendra Thapa Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the microbiological profile of various catheter tips, and multidrug resistance pattern of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates. Methods: A descriptive analysis of 263 catheter tip specimens processed for culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out in B&B Hospital, Lalitpur. Five different types of catheter tips were analyzed for microbiological growth and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Results: Among catheter tips, the highest percentage of microbial growth was observed in tracheostomy tip. Monomicrobial growth was recorded in 82.9% catheter tips and polymicrobial growth was observed in 17.1% tip samples. Of 180 isolates, gram negative rods (76.6%) followed by yeast (19.4%) and gram-positive cocci (3.9%) were isolated. Gram negative Acinetobacter spp. (25%) and Pseudomonas spp. (23.3%) and gram-positive Enterococcus spp. (2.2%) were the most frequently isolated bacteria. However, carbapenam was the most effective antibiotic for both groups. Conclusion: Of the total isolates tested, 61.4% were found to be multidrug resistant (MDR). Among gram negative rods, 22.2% E. coli and 27.3% Klebsiella spp. were confirmed as ESBL producer. It is recommended to apply standard protocol during insertion and removal of catheter which may help in managing nosocomial infection associated with catheters.

Pivmecillinam in the Treatment of Childhood Pyelonephritis

1983 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingemar Helin
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Upper Urinary Tract ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

In a prospective study, twenty children with a mean age of 4 years were treated with pivmecillinam, 25 mg to 40 mg per kilogram body-weight and day, for acute pyelonephritis. Urine cultures yielded growth of E. coli in sixteen instances, Klebsiella spp. in two, S. saprophyticus in one and a mixed Gram-positive flora in one patient. All children fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for upper urinary tract infection. In all cases where Gram-negative pathogens were responsible, the infections were eradicated. One reinfection was registered in a child with a concomitantly discovered congenital urological malformation. Pivmecillinam also cured one patient infected with S. saprophyticus but was ineffective in the case of mixed Gram-positive flora. It is concluded that pivmecillinam is a valuable new drug for the management of pyelonephritis in children, as most of these infections are caused by Gram-negative organisms.

scholarly journals Conjugative Mobilization of the Rolling-Circle Plasmid pIP823 from Listeria monocytogenes BM4293 among Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria

1999 ◽  
Vol 181 (11) ◽  
pp. 3368-3374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Charpentier ◽  
Guy Gerbaud ◽  
Patrice Courvalin
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Amino Acid Identity ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Rolling Circle ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Rolling Circle Mechanism ◽  
High Level ◽  
High Degree

ABSTRACT We determined the sequence and genetic organization of plasmid pIP823, which contains the dfrD gene; dfrDconfers high-level trimethoprim resistance to Listeria monocytogenes BM4293 by synthesis of dihydrofolate reductase type S2. pIP823 possessed all the features of the pUB110/pC194 plasmid family, whose members replicate by the rolling-circle mechanism. Therep gene encoded a protein identical to RepU, the protein required for initiation of the replication of plasmids pTB913 from a thermophilic Bacillus sp. and pUB110 fromStaphylococcus aureus. The mob gene encoded a protein with a high degree of amino acid identity with the Mob proteins involved in conjugative mobilization and interplasmidic recombination of pTB913 and pUB110. The host range of pIP823 was broad and includedL. monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis,S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, andEscherichia coli. In all these species, pIP823 replicated by generating single-stranded DNA and was stable. Conjugative mobilization of pIP823 was obtained by self-transferable plasmids between L. monocytogenes and E. faecalis, between L. monocytogenes and E. coli, and between strains of E. coli, and by the streptococcal conjugative transposon Tn1545 from L. monocytogenes to E. faecalis, and from L. monocytogenes and E. faecalis to E. coli. These data indicate that the gene flux observed in nature from gram-positive to gram-negative bacteria can occur by conjugative mobilization. Our results suggest that dissemination of trimethoprim resistance in Listeria spp. and acquisition of other antibiotic resistance determinants in this species can be anticipated.

scholarly journals In-vitro activity of tigecycline and comparator agents against common pathogens: Indian experience

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (03) ◽  
pp. 245-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balaji Veeraraghavan ◽  
Aruna Poojary ◽  
Chaitra Shankar ◽  
Anurag Kumar Bari ◽  
Seema Kukreja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Test Study ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms ◽  
Potential Reserve ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Introduction: Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trail (TEST) study is an on-going global surveillance. The study was performed to determine the susceptibility of common pathogens to tigecycline and comparator antibiotics by broth microdilution (BMD) at two tertiary care centres in India from 2015 to 2017. Methodology: Total of 989 isolates collected from various clinical specimens between January 2015 and September 2017 from two centres in India were included. BMD was performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for tigecycline and comparator antibiotics. Results: Among Gram-negative bacteria, susceptibility to tigecycline was lowest among Klebsiella spp. being 84% while others such as E. coli, Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp. and H. influenzae showed susceptibility of 98%, 95%, 98% and 100% respectively. Overall, 99 isolates among Enterobacteriaceae (E. coli, Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp.) were ESBL producers, susceptible to tigecycline. Among the 101 meropenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae, 85 were susceptible to tigecycline (84%). Among the Gram-positive bacteria, S. aureus and Enterococcus spp. were 99% and 98% susceptible to tigecycline respectively. Among 68 MRSA isolates in the study, 66 (97%) were susceptible to tigecycline. Seven vancomycin resistant E. faecalis were isolated and all were susceptible to tigecycline. Conclusion: Tigecycline has retained activity over both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms with MIC values comparable to global reports. About 98% of the MDR Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in the study are susceptible to tigecycline. With increased incidence of extensively drug resistant organisms, tigecycline is a potential reserve drug.

scholarly journals Study of aerobic and anaerobic bacterial profile of nosocomial infections and their antibiotic resistance in a referral center, Southwest Iran: A three year cross-sectional study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259512
Author(s):  
Nazanin Ahmadkhosravi ◽  
Azar Dokht Khosravi ◽  
Aram Asareh Zadegan Dezfuli ◽  
Mohammad Hashemzadeh ◽  
Morteza Saki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
High Level ◽  
Southwest Iran ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Background The drug resistance is expected to be the most important challenge in infection control in Iran, where there is no local report or standard drug resistance monitoring system. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the aerobic and anaerobic bacterial profile of nosocomial infections and their antibiotic resistance in Ahvaz, southwest Iran. Methodology The gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were identified on the basis of conventional culture and biochemical tests. The antibiotic resistance of the bacterial isolates against antibiotics was determined by the disk diffusion method. Results Among total 1156 collected positive samples, E. coli and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were the most frequent pathogenic gram negative bacteria (GNB) and gram positive bacteria (GPB) respectively. Drug susceptibility testing revealed that among GNB, P. aeruginosa was 100% resistant to amikacin, cefepime, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. In the case of E. coli, the resistance rate was (98%) for trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole and cefepime. For GPB, S. aureus showed the highest resistance rates to amikacin (100%) and clindamycin (100%). In addition, CoNS strains showed a high level of resistance to doxycycline (100%), erythromycin (100%) and cefoxitin (97%). In Bacteroeides fragilis isolates, the highest resistance rate belonged to clindamycin (72%), and Clostridium perfringens strains showed high level of resistance to penicillin (46%). Conclusion The results highlighted that there are distinct factors leading to antimicrobial resistance in Ahvaz, southwest Iran. The primary contributors to the resistance development, include poor surveillance of drug-resistant infections, poor quality of available antibiotics, clinical misuse, and the ease of access to antibiotics. Moreover, similar factors such as self-medication and the lack of regulation on medication imports play a role in antibiotic resistance in the region.

scholarly journals Sepsis in cancer patients residing in Zimbabwe: Spectrum of bacterial and fungal aetiologies and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Chinowaita ◽  
Wendy Chaka ◽  
Tinashe K Nyazika ◽  
Tendai C Maboreke ◽  
Emmanuel Tizauone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Abstract Background: Cancer and sepsis comorbidity is a major public health problem in most parts of the world including Zimbabwe. The microbial aetiologies of sepsis and their antibiograms vary with time and locations. Knowledge on local microbial aetiologies of sepsis and their susceptibility patterns is critical in guiding empirical antimicrobial treatment choices. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study which determined the microbial aetiologies of sepsis from blood cultures of paediatric and adult cancer patients obtained between July 2016 and June 2017. The TDR-X120 blood culture system and TDR 300B auto identification machine were used for incubation of blood culture bottles and identification plus antimicrobial susceptibility testing, respectively. Results: A total of 142 participants were enrolled; 50 (35.2%) had a positive blood culture, with 56.0% Gram positive, 42.0% Gram-negative bacteria and 2.0% yeast isolated. Common species isolated included coagulase negative Staphylococcus spp. (CoNS) (22.0%), E. coli (16.0%), K. pneumoniae (14.0%), E. faecalis (14.0%) and S. aureus (8.0%). Gram-negative isolates exhibited high resistance to gentamicin (61.9%) and ceftriaxone (71.4%) which are the empiric antimicrobial agents used in our setting. Amikacin and meropenem showed 85.7% and 95.2% activity respectively against all Gram-negative isolates, whilst vancomycin and linezolid were effective against 96.2% and 100.0% of all Gram-positive isolates respectively. We isolated 10 (66.7%) extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) amongst the E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates. Ten (66.7%) of the Staphylococcus spp. were methicillin resistant. Conclusions: CoNS, E. coli , K. pneumoniae , E. faecalis and S. aureus were the major microbial drivers of sepsis amongst cancer patients in Zimbabwe. Most isolates were found to be resistant to commonly used empirical antibiotics, with isolates exhibiting high levels of ESBL and methicillin resistance carriage. A nationwide survey on microbial aetiologies of sepsis and their susceptibility patterns would assist in the guidance of effective sepsis empiric antimicrobial treatment among patients with cancer.

The Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance of Bacterial Isolates from Intensive Care Unit Patient Samples in a University Affiliated Hospital in Romania

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 1778-1783
Author(s):  
Andreea-Loredana Golli ◽  
Floarea Mimi Nitu ◽  
Maria Balasoiu ◽  
Marina Alina Lungu ◽  
Cristiana Cerasella Dragomirescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Acinetobacter Spp ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

To determine the resistance pattern of bacterial pathogens involved in infections of the patients aged between 18-64 years, admitted in a ICU from a 1518-bed university-affiliated hospital. A retrospective study of bacterial pathogens was carried out on 351 patients aged between 18-64 years admitted to the ICU, from January to December 2017. In this study there were analysed 469 samples from 351 patients (18-64 years). A total of 566 bacterial isolates were obtained, of which 120 strains of Klebsiella spp. (35.39%%), followed by Nonfermenting Gram negative bacilli, other than Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter (NFB) (75- 22.12%), Acinetobacter spp. (53 - 15.63%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus (51 - 15.04%), and Escherichia coli (49 - 14.45%). The most common isolates were from respiratory tract (394 isolates � 69.61%). High rates of MDR were found for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (64.70%), MRSA (62.65%) and Klebsiella spp. (53.33%), while almost all of the isolated NFB strains were MDR (97.33%). There was statistic difference between the drug resistance rate of Klebsiella and E. coli strains to ceftazidime and ceftriaxone (p[0.001), cefuroxime (p[0.01) and to cefepime (p[0.01). The study revealed an alarming pattern of antibiotic resistance in the majority of ICU isolates.

Structure-Activity Relationship and Antimicrobial Evaluation of N-Phenylpyrazole Curcumin Derivatives

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-488
Author(s):  
Heli Sanghvi ◽  
Satyendra Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Pyrazole Derivatives ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Curcumin Derivatives ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Electron Donating Groups ◽  
Derivatives Of

Background: Curcumin, one of the most important pharmacologically significant natural products, has gained significant consideration among scientists for decades since its multipharmacological activities. 1, 3-Dicarbonyl moiety of curcumin was found to be accountable for the rapid degradation of curcumin molecule. The aim of present work is to replace 1, 3-dicarbonyl moiety of curcumin by pyrazole and phenylpyrazole derivatives with a view to improving its stability and to investigate the role of substitution in N-phenylpyrazole curcumin on its antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative bacteria. Methods: Pyrazole derivatives of curcumin were prepared by heating curcumin with phenyhydrazine/ substituted phenyhydrazine derivatives in AcOH. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography. Structures of purified compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR and Mass spectroscopy. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activity by the microdilution broth susceptibility test method against gram positive (S. aureus) and gram negative (E. coli). Results: Effects of substitution in N-phenylpyrazole curcumin derivatives against S. aureus and E. coli were studied. The most active N-(3-Nitrophenylpyrazole) curcumin (12) exhibits twenty-fold more potency against S. aureus (MIC: 10μg/mL)) and N-(2-Fluoroophenylpyrazole) curcumin (5) fivefold more potency against E. coli (MIC; 50 μg/mL) than N-phenylpyrazole curcumin (4). Whereas, a remarkable decline in anti-bacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli was observed when electron donating groups were incorporated in N-phenylpyrazole curcumin (4). Comparative studies of synthesized compounds suggest the effects of electron withdrawing and electron donating groups on unsubstituted phenylpyrazole curcumin (4). Conclusion: The structure-activity relationship (SAR) results indicated that the electron withdrawing and electron donating at N-phenylpyrazole curcumin played key roles for their bacterial inhibitory effects. The results of the antibacterial evaluation showed that the synthesized pyrazole derivatives of curcumin displayed moderate to very high activity in S. aureus. In conclusion, the series of novel curcumin derivatives were designed, synthesized and tested for their antibacterial activities against S. aureus and E. coli. Among them, N-(3-Nitrophenylpyrazole curcumin; 12) was most active against S. aureus (Gram-positive) and N-(2-Fluoroophenylpyrazole) curcumin (5) against E. coli (Gram-negative) bacteria.

scholarly journals Asymptomatic Bacteriuria among Pregnant Women Attending Tertiary Care Hospital in Lucknow, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Naimshree Sonkar ◽  
Malay Banerjee ◽  
Suman Gupta ◽  
Absar Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Haemoglobin Level ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli

Introduction: Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is the presence of actively multiplying bacteria within the urinary tract with absence of any symptoms, resulting in adverse pregnancy outcomes. This research study was done in order to review prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility profile, and factors associated with ASB occurring in female patients who are pregnant and being treated at a tertiary care hospital in Lucknow, India. Method and Materials: This is a cross-sectional study done among 216 pregnant women attending a hospital for antenatal check-ups. Clean catch midstream urine samples were collected and examined microscopically, and semi-quantitative culture was done on blood agar and MacConkey agar. Isolates were identified by colony morphology and biochemical tests, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by using the Kirby-Bauer method. Results: Of the 216 pregnant women, 36 (16.7%) tested positive for ASB. The female gestational period, haemoglobin level, and BMI were significantly associated with ASB. Logistic regression also showed that higher haemoglobin level was less likely to ASB (AOR = 0.42, 95% confidence interval: 0.202–0.88, p = 0.021). The predominant and usual isolates were E. coli (n = 22, 61.1%), followed by Cons (n = 6, 16.7%), and S. aureus (3, 8.3%). All Gram-negative isolates were mostly sensitive to most of the drugs like piperacillin-tazobactam, cefepime, nitrofurantoin, and meropenem but were 100% resistant to ampicillin. Similarly, Gram-positive isolates were sensitive to ampicillin, vancomycin, linezolid, and nitrofurantoin but 100% resistant to co-trimoxazole. Conclusion: The present study shows the existence of ASB was 16.7% among women who are pregnant. Pregnancy duration, haemoglobin level, and BMI were significantly associated with ASB. The isolates identified more frequently were E. coli (61.16%), Cons (16.7%), and S. aureus (8.3%). All isolates which were Gram-negative were mostly sensitive to most of the drugs but were 100% resistant to ampicillin. Similarly, Gram-positive isolates were sensitive to most of the drugs but 100% resistant to co-trimoxazole.

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