scholarly journals Comparison of Determinants of Clinical Recovery from Acute Watery Diarrhea of Well-nourished and Malnourished Children in an Urban Hospital

2013 ◽  
pp. 83-92
Author(s):  
Farzana Haque ◽  
Meghnad Bhowmick
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Family Member ◽  
Family Income ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complementary Food ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Clinical Recovery ◽  
Malnourished Children ◽  
Other Hand

A hospital based cross sectional study was carried out among the under-five children admitted to the longer stay wards (LSU) of the hospital of ICDDR,B to investigate the relationship between children’s nutritional status and clinical recovery as well as sock, economic condition. Nutritional status was determined by anthropometric measurements. The study conducted on 94 children of 6-59 months, of whom 49 were malnourished and 49 were well nourished 64 of them were male and 35 were female. (It means that boy’s are more sufferers in diarrhea than girls.) (Children’s age come within a range of 6-59) month. Mother’s education level was lower, 32.6% mothers were illiterate and 40% mothers of malnourished children were illiterate where, 25% mothers having well nourished child were illiterate. Most of the malnourished children’s Family income was below TK. 5,000 per month for majority of the parents whereas, most of the well nourished children’s family income was 8,000tk. It shows that, children having low family income are more likely malnourished than well nourished children. Family member was within 4 persons for majority of the well nourished children’s households’. On the other hand family member was more than 5 in out of the malnourished households. Within their limited income; it was difficult to maintain a medium size family properly. Our study reveals that knowledge, attitude and practices of dietary pattern, health, sanitation and immunization of the malnourished children’s family were lower than well-nourished children’s family. Their nutritional knowledge was too low, compared with well nourished children’s parents. In our study, Most of the parents of well-nourished children used to feed colostrums (80.6%) but Parents having malnourished children discarded colostrums (93.6%). Our study reveals that 64.4% malnourished children’s mother has started complementary food in <2 months of age ,on the other hand majority of well-nourished children’s mother gave their child complementary food at the age of 6-9 months. It has been seen that, the majority of well nourished children (62%) were immunized by taking all doses of vaccines. where as most of the malnourished children (49%) has not taken all doses as a result there immunity was lesser than well-nourished children. Most of the caregivers of well-nourished children (43.5%) knows that diarrhea causes by not giving immunization, on the other hand majority of caregiver of malnourished patients (31.9%) knows that main cause of diarrhea is infection by germs. The immunization status of well nourished children was quite satisfactory. 62% well nourished children and only 40% Mal nourished children was completely immunized. It has been seen that, ORS intake was higher in well-nourished children (172.2lml-on the 1st day of hospitalization, compare to malnourished children. Stool output was higher in malnourished children 235.48 ml-on the 1st day after admission. It shows that there is a co-relation between ORS intake, stool output and recovery period. It has been seen that, mean duration of diarrhea before hospitalization was lower in well-nourished children group, but duration of fever, vomiting and abdominal pain rate was higher in this group compared to malnourished group. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjnut.v24i0.14039 Bangladesh J. Nutr. Vol. 24-25 Dec 2011-2012 pp.83-92

scholarly journals MANAJEMEN PEMENUHAN KEBUTUHAN ANAK DI KELUARGA DALAM PERSPEKTIF GENDER

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Syaiful Marwan ◽  
Himyar Pasrizal
Keyword(s):  
Family Member ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Family

Every family member has different needs from one another. Children are the most important members of the family, especially in completing their needs. Each child has different basic needs. In the case of gender, sometimes boys are often prioritized over girls. But on the other hand girls also have many needs related to their nature as women. This various cases cause different need compliance that requires parents’ consideration. Therefore, parents need to accommodate their children needs which have gender diversity. In managing these children's needs, parents' creativity and understanding of their children are needed.

Influence of adenosine triphosphate on the isolated perfused mesenteric artery of the rabbit

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
pp. 1409-1417 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. R. Krishnamurty ◽  
P. J. Kadowitz
Keyword(s):  
Adenosine Triphosphate ◽  
Mesenteric Arteries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Receptor Blocker ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
Vasodilator Response ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Vasoconstrictor Response ◽  
Dose Dependent

The vascular effects of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were examined in the isolated perfused mesenteric arteries of the rabbit. Bolus injections of ATP (1 × 10−8 to 10−6 mol) induced a dose-dependent vasoconstrictor response at resting perfusion pressure, while continuous perfusion with ATP briefly elicited a vasoconstrictor response which was not maintained. Perfusion with phentolamine (2.65 × 10−6 M, an α-adrenergic receptor blocker), indomethacin (8.37 × 10−6 M, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase), atropine (1 × 10−7 M, a muscarinic receptor blocker), and hydralazine (2 × 10−4 M, a vascular smooth muscle inhibitor) for a period of 1 h had no effect on vasoconstrictor responses to ATP. However, pretreatment with reserpine (2 mg∙kg−1∙day−1 for 2 days), an agent which depletes catecholamines, potentiated responses to ATP. On the other hand, when vascular tone was increased with an isoosmotic 60 mM K+ depolarizing Krebs bicarbonate solution, bolus injections of ATP elicited a prominent dose-dependent vasoconstriction followed by a prominent vasodilation. The degree of vasodilation but not of vasoconstriction elicited by ATP was greater in small terminal arteries with branches (<0.5 mm outside diameter (o.d.)) than in the medium size arteries (≤1 mm o.d.) without terminal branches. Both the vasoconstrictor and vasodilator responses were unaffected by a perfusion with atropine, indomethacin, or eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA, 1 × 10−4 M) for 1 – 2 h. The vasoconstrictor responses were potentiated while the vasodilator responses were inhibited significantly by perfusion with propranolol (3 × 10−6 M) and phentolamine (2.65 × 10−6 M) together for 1 h or by pretreatment with reserpine followed by cold storage at 2 °C for 24 h. Perfusion with 8-phenyltheophylline (4 × 10−6 M (8-PT), an adenosine receptor blocker) for 1 h significantly inhibited by the vasodilator responses to bolus injections of adenosine but not to ATP. Further, ATP but not adenosine elicited a much more prominent vasodilator response on norepinephrine (NE) induced tone than on 60 mM K+. These studies suggest that ATP may induce vasoconstriction independent of activation of α-adrenergic or muscarinic receptors or enhanced synthesis of prostaglandins. This vasoconstriction is resistant to the inhibitory influence of hydralazine. On the other hand, the vasodilator response to ATP may be mediated through its interactions with released or circulating norepinephrine.

N+3 and N+4 Generation Aeropropulsion Engine Combustors: Part 2 — Medium Size Rich-Dome Engines and Lean-Domes

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hukam C. Mongia
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
Comprehensive Assessment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Fuel Burn ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Funding Support

Comprehensive assessment of the medium size rich-dome engines was conducted leading to the following emissions correlations: (1) LTO NOx = 1.129 × OPR 1.0899 with R 2 = 0.9248 Takeoff NOxEI given by (2) NOxEI = 0.0729 × OPR 1.7197 with R 2 = 0.9603 COEI idle = 396.42 NOxEI Takeoff 0.814 These correlations may be compared with the following for the CFM56 Tech Insertion: Takeoff NOxEI CFM_TI = 0.0744 × OPR 1.7151 Idle COEI CFM_TI = 396.42 Takeoff NOxEI 0.814 Idle HCEI CFM_TI = 0.1609 × Idle COEI - 3.1959 TALON II takeoff NOxEI data are reproduced well by: NOxEI TALON II = 0.0167 × OPR 2.1403 TALON II gives 10% lower NOx at 26 OPR and its NOx is comparable with the CFM_TI at 34 OPR. The CFM DAC technology is competitive with LEC’s for the low rated thrust engines. However, interaction between the two domes leads to early quenching with resultant higher idle COEI plateau. On the other hand, the 40 OPR lean DAC gave 25% higher NOx than LEC. Moreover, lean DAC (Gen-1) impacted fuel burn adversely making its likelihood to continue as product discouraging. The second generation lean dome technology initially kicked off under NASA sponsorship with significantly larger funding support from the CFMI and GE Aviation (GEA) led to successful introduction of TAPS into products (GEnx-1B and Gen-2B) with potential applications in other future GEA engines.

scholarly journals A Bride Run Free Movement of People in the EU, the Fundamental Right to Family, Family Reunification, and the Case of Denmark

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-83
Author(s):  
Hugo Balnaves
Keyword(s):  
Family Member ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Family Reunification ◽  
The Other ◽  
Free Movement ◽  
Reverse Discrimination ◽  
Citizenship Rights ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Eu

Danish legislation has made it increasingly difficult for Danish citizens who have not exercised their free movement (static EU citizens) to have their third country national (TCN) family member(s) reside with them in Denmark under family reunification. On the other hand, EU citizens (mobile EU citizens) who have exercised their free movement and reside in Denmark with their TCN family member(s), have access to far more generous EU family reunification legislation. This article explores the extent to which reverse discrimination effects Danish citizens compared to mobile EU compatriots living in Denmark and how this interacts with EU citizenship rights such as free movement and the fundamental right to family life.

scholarly journals Compare of Food Habit and Nutritional Status of Rural Male and Female

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 556-572
Author(s):  
Redwan Rahman ◽  
Mahfuza Khanom Sheema
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Food Habit ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The People ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
North Western

ABSTRACT There is a big difference between male and female in the rural environment of Bangladesh and the aim of this eating habits and nutritional status. The study was conducted through 384 respondents from 9 villages in Ishwardi, Pabna; a north-western district of Bangladesh. The research has done on the food habits of the middle and lower class people of the villages. And some informations are collected from the different sources. In the research 73.44% of male earn more than 24 thousand BDT per month when only 43.32% female are earning more than 24 thousand BDT. Most of the female are housewives and male are service holder. 44.79% male  are service holder on the other hand 4.69% female are service holder. Rice is the main food for Bangladesh. So, most of the people have rice on daily three times. 37.80% of female and 66.98% of male are having rice. Ruti is the second priority food, female take this food 0.56% and male take 7.55% for 2 days. 63.33% female take egg, on the other hand 58.07% male take egg per week.  3.2% female her meal last of all and 1.5% female take it first of all. On the other hand 6.25% male take their meal first of all and 3.39% male take their meal last of all. Most of the female are normal having BMI 89.06% on the other hand male are overweight 78.18%. In the light of the study the eating habits of male and female in Bangladesh have improved but it has not yet affected everyone.          

scholarly journals Violence in YAL with special emphasis on contemporary Macedonian YAL

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Jovanka Denkova
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Family Member ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Family Values ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Victims Of Violence

In this paper , we focus on contemporary Macedonian literature for young people, in particular of one of its segment, and it is the presence of violence and violent scenes in the works designed for this audience. Theorists of this literature, popularly called YAL, not circumvent these issues, just like writers who write books intended for adolescents. This topic will be discussed by esplicit examples that will be taken of contemporary literature for young people, in order from one side to indicate their presence, and the need to write freely on the subject, and on the other hand to help young people who are experiencing these problems. The analysis will show that in most cases, the cause of the young sometimes turning to violence or themselves been victims of violence are shifting family values, or lack / absence of the family, a family member, usually a parent, neglect by parents and their preoccupation with work.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Antibiotic Use and Household Water-Sanitation Risk Factors of Acute Watery Diarrhea Among Children <5 Years: A Retrospective Analysis of Multicounty Health Survey Data, 2006-2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Shakil Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
The Other ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Acute Watery Diarrhea

Abstract A total of 12,69,944 under five years Childs were included in this study among them 1,80,067 Children were acute watery diarrhea (AWD) and 19,502 Children were bloody diarrhea respectively. Among them, 47,755 Childs was taken antibiotic treatment for AWD. The overall prevalence of acute watery diarrhea ~ 14% (prevalence = 0.142; 95% CI = 0.141, 0.142). On the other hand the prevalence of bloody diarrhea ~ 2% (prevalence = 0.015; 95% CI = 0.015, 0.016). The prevalence of antibiotic treatment for AWD was ~ 27% (prevalence = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.26, 0.27) among the under five years old children in DH survey regions in the world. The prevalence of acute watery diarrhea was higher ~ 17% (prevalence = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.16, 0.17) in the Latin America DHS survey region. The minimum prevalence of AWD was almost equal between South East Asia and Central Asia DHS survey regions ~ 12% (prevalence = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.11, 0.12) and ~ 12% (prevalence = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.10, 0.13) respectively. On the other hand the prevalence of AWD between Europe and West North and Central Africa DHS survey regions ~ 16% (prevalence = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.15, 0.16) and ~ 15% (prevalence = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.14, 0.15) correspondingly. In the central Asia of 15,089 under five Childs were included in the survey. Among them 1,748 Children were AWD and 967 Childs had taken antibiotic treatment for AWD. The highest prevalence of antibiotic use for AWD in Central Asia ~ 55% (prevalence=(967/1748) = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.52, 0.59) and Europe DH survey region ~ 44% (prevalence=(5483/12502) = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.43, 0.45). The lowest prevalence of antibiotic use for under five Child AWD was ~ 23% (prevalence=(11918/51328) = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.24) in the DH survey region South East Asia. On the other hand the DH survey region Latin America and West North and Central Africa region the prevalence of antibiotic use for AWD were ~ 30% (prevalence=(7887/26396) = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.29, 0.31) and ~ 24% (prevalence=(21500/88093) = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.23, 0.24). The southeast Asia DH survey region countries DHS 2007 (Bangladesh), DHS 2014 and 2010 (Cambodia), DHS 2017 and 2012 (Indonesia), DHS 2009 (Maldives), DHS 2015–2016 (Myanmar), DHS 2012–2013 (Pakistan), DHS 2017 and 2013 (Philippines), and DHS 2009–2010 (Timor-Leste) were higher risks of AWD for drinking unimproved water sources. The prevalence of antibiotic use for u5c AWD was shown the highest prevalence in DHS 2007 (~ 44%), DHS 2012 (~ 49%), DHS 2016 (~ 40%), and DHS 2017 (~ 65%) from DH survey 2006 to 2018 in South East & Central Asia. The linear trend analysis showed an upward trend for using antibiotic of AWD in the South East & Central Asia DH survey region.

scholarly journals An Analysis on Bullying Behaviors of the Sports Spectator Students of Faculty of Sports Sciences

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Yahya Doğar ◽  
Yasin Karaca
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Family Income ◽  
The Other ◽  
Relational Models ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bullying Behavior ◽  
Bullying Behaviors ◽  
Sports Sciences ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of the study is to assess the effects of various variables of the relationship among bullying behaviors of students who are sports spectators studying in the Faculty of Sports Sciences. Quantitative method and survey model have been used in order to define and explain the existing cases in the study. Descriptive method has been used to determine the bullying behavior levels of 311 male and 117 female students studying in the Faculties of Sports Sciences of Ataturk and Inonu Universities in 2018-2019 academic year. In order to analyze the relationship between both variables in the research on the other hand, a relational method has been used. “Bullying Scale of Sports Spectators” has also been used in the research as a data collection tool (Karaca, 2019). The type of scale is one-dimensional five point Likert scale and it comprises 15 questions. Both survey and relational models have been used in the study. There are significant differences found with respect to the variables: Gender, department of study, family income and education statuses, places to spectate the matches and their frequency, attending away matches and lastly memberships to fan clubs. On the other hand, there is no significant difference found between bullying behavior and the ages of students, their social media account ownerships, their social media usage purposes and the devices they use for their social media accounts.

scholarly journals Female Labour Force Participation and Fertility Desires in Pakistan: An Empirical Investigation

1975 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasra M. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Fertility Desires ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
High Opportunity Cost

Female labour force participation as a factor affecting fertility has recently attracted considerable attention in both, developing and developed societies. It has been theorized that female work would have a depressing effect on fertility because of the high opportunity cost involved in high fertility. On the other hand, it has been argued that higher family income could induce more fertility. Some of the socio-demographic reasons that determine female work status could explain differentials in fertility desires. A number of important reasons which lead women to work can be identified : the availability of jobs, the economic 'push' from low family income, husband's attitude towards wife's work, attractiveness of the job in terms of monetary and/or psychological satisfaction, etc. Two distinct, though related, hypotheses about the relationship between female work and fertility can be summarized from relevant studies. The first hypothesis pertains to the motivation leading to female work. Jobs could be taken up sheerly out of economic necessity or because the woman wants to develop a career for reasons other than purely economic. The first type of jobs might be conceived as being motivated by 'push' factors while the second type would be motivated by 'pull' factors, given other variables such as job availability. This differential motivation to work would be related to the wife's attitude towards having additional children.' In the former case, family size itself might be one of the factors which 'pushed' the wife into the labour force. The cost of reducing fertility (i.e. not having another child) in this case, however, might, under some circumstances be high, because having additional children might, for example, be perceived as being economically profitable in terms of providing farm hands, old age security, ete. Furthermore, the competition between procreation and female work participation would not be very great since the job was taken up be¬cause of necessity rather than for self and career development. The motivation to curtail fertility would thus be minimal. On the other hand, we would expect greater competition between female work and fertility in case of a woman who took up a job in order to develop her career and personality in addition to the eco¬nomic incentive provided by her work

scholarly journals Violence in YAL with special emphasis on contemporary Macedonian YAL

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Jovanka Denkova
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Family Member ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Family Values ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Victims Of Violence

In this paper , we focus on contemporary Macedonian literature for young people, in particular of one of its segment, and it is the presence of violence and violent scenes in the works designed for this audience. Theorists of this literature, popularly called YAL, not circumvent these issues, just like writers who write books intended for adolescents. This topic will be discussed by esplicit examples that will be taken of contemporary literature for young people, in order from one side to indicate their presence, and the need to write freely on the subject, and on the other hand to help young people who are experiencing these problems. The analysis will show that in most cases, the cause of the young sometimes turning to violence or themselves been victims of violence are shifting family values, or lack / absence of the family, a family member, usually a parent, neglect by parents and their preoccupation with work.

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