scholarly journals Impact of Momordica Charantia (Karela) on the Proportion of Hepatocytes with Intranuclear Inclusions in the StreptozotocinInduced Diabetic Rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-86
Author(s):  
Shirin Mohal ◽  
Md. Afzal Hossain ◽  
Dulal Krishna Mondal ◽  
Shamim Ara ◽  
Khandaker Manzare Shamim
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Momordica Charantia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intranuclear Inclusions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Vehicle Injection ◽  
Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Age Range ◽  
The Impact

Background: Momordica charantia has some hypoglycemic properties.Objective: The purpose of the present study was to find out the impact of Momordica charantia (karela) on the proportion of hepatocytes in the  Streptozotocin-induced  diabetic  rats.Methodology: This  was  an  animal  study  carried  out  in  the Department of Anatomy at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) and Bangladesh Institute of Research & rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine & metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), Dhaka. Healthy young Long Evans rats of male sex weighing 150 to 280gm with an age range of 10 to 12 weeks were used in this study. The rats were divided into 4 equal groups depending upon their different sorts of dietary feedings and drug treatment. The variation of different proportion of hepatocytes with intranuclear inclusions in different groups of rat was monitored.Result: Sixty five rats were included in this study. Mean proportion of hepatocytes with intranuclear inclusions on day 51 from Streptozotocin/vehicle injection in the control group which was known as Group-A was 0. In untreated diabetic group the mean proportion of hepatocytes with intranuclear inclusions was 3.71 ± 0.82. On the other hand, in the insulin-treated diabetic rats the mean proportion of hepatocytes with intranuclear inclusions was 0 and in the karela-treated diabetic rats, the proportion of hepatocytes with intranuclear inclusions was 0. The value in the insulin-treated diabetic rats (p=0.0001) and in the karela-treated diabetic rats (p= 0.0001) were significantly lower than that of the untreated diabetic rats; however, there was no significant difference between the insulin-treated diabetic rats & the karela-treated diabetic rats (P>0.05) in this regard.Conclusion: Karela showed a tendency of acting against hyperglycemic effects of Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus and also acting against the rise in proportion of hepatocytes with intranuclear inclusions in Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jssmc.v5i2.20761J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll, 2013;5(2):84-86

scholarly journals Impact of Momordica charantia (karela) on serum aspartate aminotransferase level in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

Mediscope ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-21
Author(s):  
S Mohal ◽  
DK Mondal ◽  
PK Chowdhury ◽  
H Biswas ◽  
A Khanom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Aspartate Aminotransferase ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Momordica Charantia ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Vehicle Injection ◽  
Serum Aspartate Aminotransferase ◽  
Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes ◽  
The Mean

The  present  experimental  study  was  conducted  to  investigate  whether  Momordica  charantia  (karela)  has  got  any  impact  on  serum  aspartate  aminotransferase  (AST)  level  in  the  streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Sixty healthy young Long Evans rats of male sex weighing  150 to 280 gm aged between 10 to 12 weeks were used in this study. The rats were divided into  4 equal groups depending on their different sorts of dietary feedings and drug treatment. Serum  AST level was estimated in all rats up to day 51 from the day of streptozotocin/ vehicle injection.  The mean ± SD of final serum AST level as percentage of corresponding initial level (value on  51st day  to  the  value  on  7th day) was  95.1  ±  13.4  u/L  in  healthy  rats,  110.0  ±  7.6  u/L  in  the  untreated diabetic rats, 39.4 ± 10.1 u/L in the insulin-treated diabetic rats and 109.5 ± 23.8 u/L  in  the  karela-treated  diabetic  rats. The AST percentage  change  value  of  diabetic  rats  on  51st  day  corresponding  to  the  initial  on  7th day was  significantly  higher  than  that  healthy  rats  (p  <  0.01).  The  value  in  the  insulin-treated  diabetic  rats  was  significantly  lower  than  that  of  the  untreated diabetic rats (p < 0.001) and the karela-treated diabetic rats (p < 0.001). There was no  significant  difference  between  the  values  of  the  untreated  diabetic  rats  and  the  karela-treated  diabetic  rats  (p  >  0.05).  Karela showed  a  tendency  of  acting  against hyperglycemic  effects  of  streptozotocin  induced  diabetes  mellitus  and  also  acting  against  high  serum  aspartate  aminotransferase  (AST)  level  in  streptozotocin  induced  diabetes  mellitus.  However,  further  investigations  are  recommended  for  establishing  karela  as  a  safe  and  useful  effective  anti-hyperglycemic  agent  as  well  as  an  agent  acting  against  the  rise  in  serum  AST  level  in  streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.Mediscope Vol. 2, No. 1: 2015, Pages 18-21

scholarly journals The Antioxidant Effect of Curcumin and Rutin on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Experimentally Induced Periodontitis in Hyperglycemic Wistar Rats

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1332
Author(s):  
Gilda M. Iova ◽  
Horia Calniceanu ◽  
Adelina Popa ◽  
Camelia A. Szuhanek ◽  
Olivia Marcu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Gingival Tissue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Background: There is a growing interest in the correlation between antioxidants and periodontal disease. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of oxidative stress and the impact of two antioxidants, curcumin and rutin, respectively, in the etiopathology of experimentally induced periodontitis in diabetic rats. Methods: Fifty Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into five groups and were induced with diabetes mellitus and periodontitis: (1) (CONTROL)—control group, (2) (DPP)—experimentally induced diabetes mellitus and periodontitis, (3) (DPC)—experimentally induced diabetes mellitus and periodontitis treated with curcumin (C), (4) (DPR)—experimentally induced diabetes mellitus and periodontitis treated with rutin (R) and (5) (DPCR)—experimentally induced diabetes mellitus and periodontitis treated with C and R. We evaluated malondialdehyde (MDA) as a biomarker of oxidative stress and reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), GSH/GSSG and catalase (CAT) as biomarkers of the antioxidant capacity in blood harvested from the animals we tested. The MDA levels and CAT activities were also evaluated in the gingival tissue. Results: The control group effect was statistically significantly different from any other groups, regardless of whether or not the treatment was applied. There was also a significant difference between the untreated group and the three treatment groups for variables MDA, GSH, GSSG, GSH/GSSG and CAT. There was no significant difference in the mean effect for the MDA, GSH, GSSG, GSH/GSSG and CAT variables in the treated groups of rats with curcumin, rutin and the combination of curcumin and rutin. Conclusions: The oral administration of curcumin and rutin, single or combined, could reduce the oxidative stress and enhance the antioxidant status in hyperglycemic periodontitis rats.

scholarly journals A Stereological Study on Colon Tissue Layers of Type 1 Diabetic Rats Following Thiamine and Lead Acetate Use

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-49
Author(s):  
Rahmat Allah Fatahian Dehkordi ◽  
◽  
Soren Nooraie ◽  
Alborz Yadollahi ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Lead Acetate ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Colon Tissue ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Background and Aim: Diabetes is a well-known disease with such complications, as retinopathy, nephropathy, and gastropathy. This study aimed to investigate the effects of thiamine and lead acetate on the colon of induced-alloxan diabetic rats; the effects of which become obvious in the treatment or reduction of tissue complications caused by diabetes. Methods & Materials: In this study, 63 rats weighing 200 g were divided into 9 groups, as follows: 1) Group of diabetes+pb acetate 200 ppm; 2) Group of thiamin+pb acetate 200 ppm; 3) Group of thiamine+pb acetate 1000 ppm; 4) Group of diabetes+thiamine+Pb acetate 1000 ppm; 5) Diabetes group; 6) Group of diabetes+thiamine; 7) Group of diabetes+thiamine+acetate 200 ppm; 8) Group of diabetes+pb acetate 1000 ppm, and 9) the control group. After 20 days, the study samples were removed from the abdominal cavity and the slides were prepared by routine tissue method. Then, the slides were evaluated for stereological and histomorphometric studies. Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University (Code: GRN1M1903). Moreover, all methods used in the present study, including facilitation, were conducted per the ethical principles of animal restraint. Results: The mean thickness of mucosa-sub-mucosa suggested significant differences in groups 6 and 7, compared to other treatment groups. There was a significant difference in the thickness of the muscle layer between the control and all treatment groups except for groups 2, 6, and 7. There was no significant difference in the mean thickness of advantia layer in groups 1, 7, and 8, and the control group. The obtained results also indicated a significant difference concerning different layers of colon tissue between group 1 and controls. Conclusion: Based on the present research results, thiamine presented enhancing effects on muscle layer thickness and adventitia layer thickness. Furthermore, the area of the mucosal layer was not affected by the improving effects of thiamine.

scholarly journals The Impact of Strengthening Exercise on Dynamic Balance in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 3429-3431
Author(s):  
Shenbaga Subramanian Sundaram ◽  
Makesh Babu Subramanian ◽  
Riziq Allah Mustafa Gaowgeh ◽  
Mikhled Falah Maayah ◽  
Ziyad Neamatallah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knee Osteoarthritis ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Strengthening Exercise ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experimental Group

Background: Knee osteoarthritis is characterised clinically by usage-related pain and/or functional limitation. OA that is associated with physical dysfunction and decline in health-related quality of life caused the main disability worldwide and is expected to increase due to aging and obesity rates and further load on the population and health system. The strengthening exercises that normally used is knee flexion and extensions, isometric quadriceps exercise, isometric hamstring exercise, and sit to stand to improve the balance. Objectives: is to find out the impact of Strengthening exercise on Balance in patients with knee Osteoarthritis Study Design: Quasi experimental study Methods: Fifty-six (n=56) of knee OA patients were involved in this study by judgemental sampling design. Researcher will first demonstrate and explain the Y-balance tools testing procedure based on Plisky and colleagues study. Participants are given to practice six trials before the formal testing, stated that SEBT have a significant learning effect and found that the reaching distances reached the longest distance after six trials and then will be constant. Results: Independent t-test shows significant difference in only anterior direction. In the experimental group the mean value is 69.83 with a SD of 11.62 while in the control group the mean value is 63.51 with a SD of 11.36; p-value of .045 and t-value of 2.056. In postero-lateral directions result shows there is no significant difference, experimental group the mean value is 91.10 with a SD of 9.74 while in control group mean value is 90.88 with SD value of 12.68; p-value of .947 and t-value of .067. Result of postero-medial shows no significant difference too, in experimental group the mean value of 95.16 with SD of 10.92 while in control group the mean value is 93.40 with SD of 8.20; p=value of .501 and t-value of .678. Conclusion: This study has proven strengthening exercise using YBT improved only anterior direction of YBT but no significant difference in postero-lateral and postero-medial direction. Key Words: Knee Osteoarthritis, Strengthening exercise, Dynamic Balance, Star excursion test

Impact of Whatsapp in improving learning among 9th semester MBBS students

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Y Satish Reddy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Opinion Poll ◽  
Didactic Teaching ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

Background: Interactive Teaching learning can be used in clinical subjects like surgery for better participation of students as one-way didactic lectures do not involve active participation of students. WhatsApp is one of the most famous messaging services which everyone use and it is easy, cheaper, and faster. Objective: the purpose of the study was to study the impact of whatsapp in improving learning in general surgery among 9th semester medical students. Methods: This study was conducted among 9th semester MBBS students in Surgery department. Students were divided into group a (study group) and group b(control group) by a simple random sampling. Gastric cancer was discussed among students of both Groups through didactic teaching. after didactic teaching, only Group A students were exposed to social media type of learning, i.e., using WhatsApp, after the session a multiple-choice questionnaire having 10 MCQs was given to both groups and an additional poll was conducted among the Study-group students to assess their perception towards Whatsapp intervention. the mean score obtained by both the groups were compared with unpaired t test. P-value <0.05 is taken as statistically significant. Results: The mean (SD) score of the Study-group was 8.58(1.18) and the mean (SD) score of the Control-group was 5.41(1.32) and statistically significant difference was found between the two groups scores with a p-value less than 0.05 opinion poll found that the intervention of whatsapp among study group was effective. Conclusion: we observed that the usage of WhatsApp in addition to the didactic teaching was found advantageous and enhanced learning in undergraduate students

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN ZIRKONIUM OKSIDA DAN SERAT POLIPROPILEN TERHADAP KEKUATAN IMPAK DAN TRANSVERSAL BAHAN BASIS GIGI TIRUAN RESIN AKRILIK POLIMERISASI PANAS

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-182
Author(s):  
Eddy Dahar ◽  
Raudhatul Husna
Keyword(s):  
Polypropylene Fiber ◽  
Acrylic Resin ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Zro2 Nanoparticles ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Denture Base ◽  
Transverse Strength ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

Heat polymerized acrylic resin is the most common material used for making denture base because of it’s advantages. However, this material still hasn’t fulfill all the ideal requirements as a denture base. Some disadvantages that need to be fixed are low impact and transverse strength causing an easy base of fracture. Several attempts were made to improve the mechanical properties of heat polymerized acrylic resin materials by adding reinforcing materials. Zirconium oxide is one of chemical group that can be used as a reinforcing material and polypropylene fiber which is including in fiber reinforcing groups. This study aims to determine whether there is a difference in the effect of the addition of 5% ZrO2 nanoparticles and 2% chopped polypropylene fibers 6 mm in length on the impact and transverse strength of heat polymerized acrylic resin denture base material. The design of this study is a laboratory experimental and the number of samples in this study are 60 samples. The result of this study shows the mean value of the impact and transverse strength of heat polymerized acrylic resin with ZrO2 nanoparticles reinforced is greater than the control group and heat polymerized acrylic resin group with polypropylene fiber reinforced with significant difference, and the mean value of impact and transverse strength of heat polymerized acrylic resin with polypropylene fibers reinforced is greater than the control group with significant difference.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING ON ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOURAL OUTCOME OF INTERNET GAMING ADDICTION (IGA) AMONG ADOLESCENTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ms. Rawindar Kaur kaur ◽  
Dr. Ramandeep Kaur Dhillon dhillon
Keyword(s):  
Motivational Interviewing ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gaming Addiction ◽  
Internet Gaming ◽  
Internet Gaming Addiction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experimental Group

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of motivational interviewing on attitude and behavioural outcome among adolescents regarding IGA at selected schools of Patiala city of Punjab. METHODS: This was an experimental research design with two group pre-test post-test control group design. The samples were recruited by opting probability sampling technique. The study samples were the adolescents with age group of 15 to 18 years old who have met the eligibility criteria. Total 300 adolescents were recruited based on power analysis. The research instruments were the Structured Attitude Rating Scale on I GA (SARS-IGA) and Structured Behavioural Outcome check list on IGA (SBOC-IGA). The collected data were organised logically and data was analysed by SPSS-22. RESULTS: The mean difference of experimental group was 18.89 while in control group it was 2.96. F ratio identified as 10.10 which reflected that among both the group, there is significant difference in terms of attitude of adolescents regarding internet gaming addiction. The mean difference of experimental group was 12.80 while in control group it was 4.27. F ratio identified as 10.40 which reflected that among both the group, there is significant difference in terms of behavioural outcome of adolescents regarding internet gaming addiction. The finding suggested that the provided motivational interviewing technique is effective to enhance attitude and behavioural outcome of IGA victims. CONCLUSION: findings of the study suggested that internet gaming disorder or dependency has reached to significant level and motivational interviewing is helping adolescents to improve their attitudes and enhanced their behaviour outcome regarding internet gaming disorders.

scholarly journals The Impact of Lexical Chunks Instruction in Developing Iraqi Students’ Writing Fluency

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Husam Mohammed Kareem Al-Khazaali
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Writing Fluency ◽  
Essay Writing ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experimental Group

The aim of the present study is to examine experimentally the influence of using lexical chunks on the achievement of second-year-university students of English in the writing fluency. Lexical chunks, as the composites of form, meaning and function, stored and retrieved as a whole in brain, can release the language processing burden and improve the fluency and idiomaticity of language output. To accomplish this aim, the current study attempts to provide a reply for the following question: does drawing students’ attention to the lexical chunks frequently used in different positions help in better success in EFL descriptive essay writing lessons as contrasting to the presently applied method of teaching? Also two null hypotheses are planned. The first states that there will not be a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group and those of the control group in the writing performance pretest. While the second one is that there will not be a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group and those of the control group in the descriptive essay writing achievement posttest. The two groups pre-test post-test experimental design was adopted. After four weeks of instruction, the findings show that there is a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in the post-test on the side of the experimental group. Accordingly, the main findings authenticated the first hypothesis of the study, but cancelled the second one. The control group gets the mean score 71.89 while the experimental group gets 76.53. This certainly implies that the use of lexical chunks as a language learning strategy gets better in students’ performance in writing fluency.

scholarly journals Investigating the Impact of Foot Reflexology on Postpartum Energy in Primiparous Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-195
Author(s):  
Maryam Moddares ◽  
◽  
Shekoufeh Maleki ◽  
Shima Haghanni ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Visual Fatigue ◽  
Informed Consent Form ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

Objective: The postpartum period is a critical stage that exposes the mother to unpleasant experiences, including changes in energy level. Implementing reflexology during this period, as a branch of complementary medicine, may be helpful in promoting healthcare, especially in the areas of maternal and child health. Methods: In total, 70 eligible women who referred to health centers in the south of Tehran City, Iran, affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences participated in this quasi-experimental study. A written informed consent form was obtained from them before initiating the study. The mothers of the postpartum routine care control group and the reflexology group received a massage for 3 consecutive days for 30 minutes (15 minutes per leg). Both study groups completed energy-related items in the Visual Fatigue Questionnaire before as well as immediately and one week after the completion of the intervention. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS. Results: Demographic characteristics and the energy level before intervention were homogenous in both research groups. Immediately after the intervention, the Mean±SD energy scores in the control and reflexology groups were 34.55±2.84 and 33.7±4.33, respectively; thus the obtained data revealed no statistically significant difference between the study groups (P=0.02). One week after the intervention, the Mean±SD energy scores in the reflexology and control groups were 35.87±2.71 and 35.5±3.43), respectively; thus, there was no significant difference between the study groups in this regard (P=0.64). Conclusion: The presented massage intervention was not as effective as a non-invasive low-cost method on the postpartum energy level of the study participants.

scholarly journals AB0814 PREGNANCY COURSE ASSESSMENT IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATIC DISEASES COMPARED TO CONTROLS

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1431.2-1432
Author(s):  
O. Hamdi ◽  
M. Sellami ◽  
M. Yasmine ◽  
A. Fazaa ◽  
S. Miladi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Premature Delivery ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

Background:Rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SA) may occur among women of childbearing age. Adverse events during pregnancy including disease flare, preterm delivery, and neonatal or fetal death have been reported.Objectives:Our aim was to assess the impact of rheumatic diseases on the course of pregnancy.Methods:We conducted a cross-sectional study involving patients with RA (2010 ACR/EULAR criteria) and SA (2009 ASAS criteria) (study group) as well as healthy controls (control group) matched by age and gender. All women included had at least one pregnancy. Data were collected through telephonic interviews. We used the Student t test to compare the study group and the control group.Results:We enrolled 57 patients (30 RA and 27 SA) and 57 controls. The mean age in the study and the control groups were respectively 43.2 ± 8.2 years [26-48] and 37.5 ± 6 years. The mean chronic inflammatory rheumatisms duration was 13.81 ± 6.2 years. A history of primary sterility was found in 3 patients (1 RA and 2 SA) and none in the control group. The mean age during the first pregnancy was significantly higher in the study group (28 ± 6.2 years versus 24 ± 7 years in the control group) (p=0.01). Eight patients (5 RA and 3 SA) had a history of spontaneous miscarriage. A terminated pregnancy was noted in 3 patients (1 RA and 2 SA). Complications during pregnancy in the study group were gestational diabetes (0.3%), premature delivery (0.3), premature rupture of membranes (0.3%), abortion threat (0.3%) and pre-eclampsia (6%). Pregnancy was more associated with complications in the study group (p=0.05). Cesarean section was more used in the study group (28 patients versus 9 in the control group; p= 0.00). The main indications of cesarean section in the study group were macrosomia (11 patients), scar uterus (6 patients), sacroiliitis (4 SA patients), twin pregnancy (2 patients), and undetermined reasons (6 patients). Fetal presentation in the study group was the seat presentation (3%), top presentation (4%), face (2%), and forehead presentation (0.3%) with no significant difference with the control group. Complications of childbirth in the study group were hemorrhage of delivery (10.3%), cord widening (6.6%), perinatal asphyxia (4.9%), and dystocia (1.9%). However, no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in the prevalence of complications of childbirth. During pregnancy, 5 patients were on salazopyrine, 2 on corticosteroids and, 1 on non-steroidal anti-inflammatories.Conclusion:Our study showed that pregnancies with rheumatic diseases were at increased risk of having maternal complications and adverse neonatal outcomes.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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