scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE DESIGN ON THE RELIABILITY OF RADIO ELECTRONIC MEANS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (36) ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
L. Sakovich ◽  
◽  
Yu. Мiroshnichenko ◽  
М. Yakovlev ◽  
M. Borisenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Supply ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Technical Diagnostics ◽  
Radio Electronic ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Reasonable Choice ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Element Base ◽  
Diagnostic Support

The article discusses approaches to ensuring the required level of reliability of radio electronic means when designing the design of products, taking into account the metrological and diagnostic support during their operation. It is known that up to 80% of the current repair time is occupied by the search for defects, therefore, special attention is paid to the influence of the product design on minimizing the average diagnosis time. The quantity of elements of modern radio electronic means is constantly increasing due to the expansion of their functions and automation of technological operations, but the requirements for their reliability remain constant. This contradiction can be solved by increasing the reliability of the element base, which leads to an increase in the cost of the product, which is not always acceptable. Therefore, there is a problem of providing the necessary values of reliability in other ways, including taking into account the requirements of maintainability of products in the design, as well as improving metrological and diagnostic maintenance during operation in real conditions using modern advances in metrology and technical diagnostics. Thus, there is a problem of quantitative assessment of the impact of the design of radio electronic means on their reliability, as well as a reasonable choice of recovery options for maintenance in the minimum time. This will provide the required values of reliability without additional costs during the operation of radio electronic means. Possible options for restoring the operability of multi-output objects, which include power supply subsystems, are considered. It is shown that a reasonable choice of design, metrological and diagnostic support reduces the time of current repair by up to 30%. The use of the results obtained in the design of promising and existing radioelectronic devices for various purposes makes it possible to increase the efficiency of current repairs in real conditions.

scholarly journals ESTIMATION OF VEHICLE OPERATING TIME TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE INFLUENCE OF A NUMBER OF FACTORS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (37) ◽  
pp. 76-85
Author(s):  
A. Krasheninin
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Optimal Average ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Standard Service

Modern vehicles operated on the railways of Ukraine have almost exhausted or exceeded their resource. The overuse of financial and material resources for their maintenance continues. The standard service life of vehicles was calculated on stable economic conditions of use of vehicles and their timely updating in process of aging. The service life of modern vehicles is determined by the influence of many factors, the disregard of which can lead to significant costs, even in compliance with the standard service life. For railway transport, these factors need modern clarification, as in operation their service life often exceeds the standard or, as for intermodal transport, the service life does not have a strict justification. Accordingly, the article analyzes the issues of assessing the impact on the service life of vehicles of the components of the cost of its maintenance and average daily mileage. It is shown that, firstly, the definition of the service life of vehicles must be linked to the cost of vehicle development, its creation, testing and production, the cost of operation and storage, as well as additional costs, and secondly , with the optimal average daily mileage, at which all the costs are minimal.

scholarly journals An Improved Substation Locating and Sizing Method Based on the Weighted Voronoi Diagram and the Transportation Model

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiju Wang ◽  
Zhiying Lu ◽  
Shaoyun Ge ◽  
Chengshan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Global Convergence ◽  
Voronoi Diagram ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Convergence Speed ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Power Networks ◽  
Transportation Model ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Substation Planning ◽  
The Impact

Substation locating and sizing is an important component of urban power networks. In this paper, an improved method based on the weighted Voronoi diagram and transportation model for substation planning is proposed, which can optimize the location, capacity, and power supply range for each substation with the minimum investment which contains the cost of the lines, substations, and annual operation expense. The weighted Voronoi diagram (WVD) whose weights can be adaptively adjusted can calculate the location and the capacity for each substation with good performance of global convergence and better convergence speed. Transportation model can simulate the best correspondence relationship between the loads and substations. The impact of geographical factors is also considered in this paper. Large amount of experiments show that the improved method can get more reasonable and more optimized planning result within shorter time than the original WVD and other algorithms.

scholarly journals Determinants of housing affordability in the region

2021 ◽  
Vol 274 ◽  
pp. 05005
Author(s):  
Olga Kleshcheva
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Housing Affordability ◽  
Cumulative Impact ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Development Level ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Quantitative Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Distinct Approach

The issue of providing the population with affordable housing is one of the most pressing social concerns. Each region necessitates a distinct approach. The purpose of this article is to identify the factors that influence a housing affordability level in the region, analyze the impact mechanisms inherent in them, and assess the quantitative impact of these factors on the housing affordability index. The following factors have a direct impact on housing affordability: the rate of inflation, the population size, the cost of housing, the loan interest rate, the rate of housing construction, the investment scale, the income level of the population, and the economic system's overall development level. The quantitative assessment of the cumulative impact of these factors on the level of housing affordability is based on building a regression model describing how the housing affordability index in the region depends on multiple factors and assessing its reliability. The simulation model confirmed that the supply, demand, and housing market conditions have the greatest impact on housing affordability in the region.

scholarly journals Employee theft in the South African retail industry: Killing the goose that lays the golden egg?

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 444-454
Author(s):  
Michael Colin Cant ◽  
Elsa C. Nell
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Employee Theft ◽  
Future Success ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Projection Techniques ◽  
Trained Staff ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Employee theft has once again come to the fore as a result of the economic crises prevailing world wide. It is a known fact that as economic hardships increase people are looking at other ways and means to supplement their declining income. One such method is unethical behaviour in the form of employee theft. Retail shrinkage as a result of theft by employees and consumers is a serious problem worldwide and has a direct effect on commerce and industry. Not only does it result in a loss of profit but the retailer is also faced with additional costs such as legal expenses, loss of productivity, expensive security measures, product replacements, increased insurance, loss of trained staff and the expense of retraining new staff in the case of conviction of dishonest employees. The cost of employee theft is enormous and it has a definite and detrimental impact on business activities. Industry estimates place shrinkage at between 5 and 7 percent of turnover, with most companies budgeting for at least 3 to 5 percent. The main purpose of the study was to examine the reasons why employees participate in this type of dishonest behaviour and the methods that they use in such instances. The research followed a quantitative approach where a survey questionnaire was used as the data collection method. As few if any person will admit to stealing, projection techniques were used to obtain the information. It was found that employees are aware of a variety of methods by which employees steal. The impression was gained that employees are not aware of the impact and effect losses of this nature have on the future success of a company. Dishonesty creates its own vicious circle. If management is perceived as treating employees unfairly in order to make even larger profits employees become defiant and react in such a dishonest manner. Employees then regard stealing as paying management back for this. This study highlights the areas where corrective action is required and indicates the need for a strict security policy and a beneficial corporate environment to be created by management.

Economic Prospects for Wind Farming

1983 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-79
Author(s):  
Martin T. Katzman
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Fuel Savings ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Average Wind ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Generating Capacity ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Several American utilities have contracted to purchase electricity from ‘windfarmers’, and many others are beginning to explore this option. The value of conventional fuel and capacity savings will influence the terms under which utilities enter these contracts. A quantitative assessment of these savings is undertaken using computer models that simulate the dispatching of conventional capacity and calculate the reliability of this capacity. These models identify the conventional costs avoided by utilities as a consequence of windfarming. The impact of various levels of windmill penetration is simulated in five sites in the USA, representing a wide range of average wind speeds. The cost of wind energy is less than the value of fuel savings alone for utilities which possess substantial oil- and-gas-fired generating capacity and which serve sites with winds above 12 m.p.h. In such sites, 1kW of conventional capacity is displaced by 2–5 kW windmill capacity. Increased windmill penetration reduces the value of fuel and capacity savings per kW.

scholarly journals Allocation of 0.4 kV PTL Sectionalizing Units under Criteria of Sensitivity Limits and Power Supply Reliability

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 11608
Author(s):  
Alina Vinogradova ◽  
Alexander Vinogradov ◽  
Vadim Bolshev ◽  
Andrey Izmailov ◽  
Alexey Dorokhov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Power Transmission Lines ◽  
Electrical Networks ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Supply Reliability

Sectionalizing 0.4 kV power transmission lines (PTL) improves power supply reliability and reduces electricity undersupply through the prevention of energy disconnection of consumers in the event of a short circuit in the power line behind the sectionalizing unit (SU). This research examines the impact of sectionalizing on power supply reliability and reviews the literature on sectionalizing unit allocation strategies in electrical networks. This paper describes the experience of the use of sectionalizing units with listing strengths and weaknesses of adopted technical solutions and describes the new structure of sectionalizing units. A new methodology is proposed, whereby there are two criteria for allocating SU in 0.4 kV power transmission lines. The first criterion is the sensitivity limits against single-phase short circuits used for calculating the maximum distance at which SU can be installed. The second criterion is power supply reliability improvement, evaluating the cost-effectiveness of installing sectionalizing equipment by reducing power supply outage time. The established methodology was put to the test on an actual electrical system (Mezenka village, Orel area, Russia), which demonstrated that the installation of a sectionalizing unit paid off.

Reliability of distributed energy facilities

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
F. Byk ◽  
L. Myshkina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Power Supply System ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Supply Systems

The reason for the appearance of the first distributed generation in Russia was the high requirements to the reliability of power supply to power consumers of a special group of the first category of reliability. Diesel generating units were used to ensure uninterrupted operation. High costs for technological connection of consumers of the 1st and 2nd categories of reliability have strengthened the tendency to install a backup energy source in the enterprises' own power supply systems. However, setting reserves leads to a decrease in economic efficiency. There are additional costs for maintaining the reserve in a working condition. As a result, enterprises transfer the backup units to the mode of the main power source, and that of the backup function to the centralized power supply system. The creation of such industrial MiniGrid operating in a mode without power supply to the grid increases the cost of electricity for other consumers. Besides, with the departure of industrial enterprises from the centralized power supply, the share of communal and non-industrial consumers is growing. This requires an increase in the manoeuvrability of energy sources. The creation of balanced Energy Cells for energy supply to the population and small and medium-sized businesses that provide services to the population is not accompanied by the negative effects indicated above. In Russia, there are isolated examples of such systems, similarly operating in a mode without supplying power to the grid. Changes are needed to allow active consumers to supply excess capacity to the grid during peak hours in the UES of Russia, for which the grid companies need to be allowed to operate at least in a mode without supplying power to the grid, which will not lead to a decrease in grid companies' revenues from electricity transmission services. The introduction of these changes does not only lead not only to an increase in the reliability of power supply but also to an increase in the economic efficiency of the UES, which will reduce the price of electricity.

scholarly journals Diagnostic Analysis of Factors for the Financial Stability of a Power Supply Company

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (16) ◽  
pp. 490-501
Author(s):  
Lyubov V. Salova
Keyword(s):  
Power Supply ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Diagnostic Analysis ◽  
Electric Power Market ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Risk Zones ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Conditional Maximum ◽  
The Impact

The paper discloses the approach and results of the study of the electric power market (electricity market) related to the II non-price zone on the basis of the formulation of indicators that make it possible to highlight its specificity. The results of a study devoted to the solvency of electricity consumers - individuals are revealed by comparing the level of average income in the regions of the Russian Federation and the conditional maximum amount of electricity that can be paid for from these incomes. It has been established that despite the opportunities for timely payment, there remains a low payment discipline for a number of consumers, which is reflected in the growth of receivables and, as a result, leads to cash gaps. During the review of the dynamics of debt, the scope of cash gaps was determined, which in 2018 amounted to more than 169 billion rubles. Power supply companies attract loans for timely settlements, what entails additional costs and worsens financial results. The impact of the identified factors on the main indicators of power supply companies being last resort providers of electricity in Russia, including the power supply company under study, was assessed. The results obtained will be further used to develop methods for the diagnostic analysis of critical risk zones, which determine the financial stability of the power supply company being a single purchaser and last resort provider of the 2nd non-price zone.

scholarly journals RESEARCH OF CONDITIONAL DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHMS MANY SOURCE OBJECTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (65) ◽  
pp. 139-142
Author(s):  
L. Sakovych ◽  
S. Gnatiuk ◽  
S. Voloshko ◽  
Yu. Miroshnichenko
Keyword(s):  
Power Supply ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Technical Diagnostics ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Diagnostic Algorithms ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Element Base ◽  
Secondary Power

Without regard to the swift increase of reliability of element base of modern special communication means actual is a question of providing of their a fitness is to repair, of value of indexes of that regulated by leading documents. Considerable time of permanent repair of special communication means occupies the search of defective elements, that is why important enough improvement of the diagnostic providing. It is arrived at by the use of effective algorithms of searching activity of masters that abbreviate the necessary amount of verifications of the damaged apparatus. It is set that to 30 percent of refuses of special communication means conditioned by disrepairs their sources of secondary power supply, that behave to the class of many source objects. In the article with drawing on modern accomplishments of technical diagnostics and metrology, that was not taken into account before, research possible variants of construction of conditional diagnostic algorithms. Also research their indexes of quality dependin g on the structural features of object of diagnosticating and the brought results over of comparison. The terms of repressing choice of algorithms of search of defects are set on the criterion of a minimum of mean time of renewal, the order of decision of this task is formalized. The got results it is expedient to draw on during development of the diagnostic providing of perspective special communication means, and also and at the improvement of existing. Thus, taken off part of limitations that is used in the known methodologies, that allows to promote efficiency scientifically reasonable practically implemented recommendations in relation to time of proceeding in special communication means at the refuse of their sources of secondary power supply

Demonstrating Nutrient Cost Gradients: A Brooklyn Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 244-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Karp ◽  
Gary Wong ◽  
Marguerite Orsi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Introduction: Foods dense in micronutrients are generally more expensive than those with higher energy content. These cost-differentials may put low-income families at risk of diminished micronutrient intake. Objectives: We sought to determine differences in the cost for iron, folate, and choline in foods available for purchase in a low-income community when assessed for energy content and serving size. Methods: Sixty-nine foods listed in the menu plans provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for low-income families were considered, in 10 domains. The cost and micronutrient content for-energy and per-serving of these foods were determined for the three micronutrients. Exact Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons of energy costs; Spearman rho tests for comparisons of micronutrient content. Ninety families were interviewed in a pediatric clinic to assess the impact of food cost on food selection. Results: Significant differences between domains were shown for energy density with both cost-for-energy (p < 0.001) and cost-per-serving (p < 0.05) comparisons. All three micronutrient contents were significantly correlated with cost-for-energy (p < 0.01). Both iron and choline contents were significantly correlated with cost-per-serving (p < 0.05). Of the 90 families, 38 (42 %) worried about food costs; 40 (44 %) had chosen foods of high caloric density in response to that fear, and 29 of 40 families experiencing both worry and making such food selection. Conclusion: Adjustments to USDA meal plans using cost-for-energy analysis showed differentials for both energy and micronutrients. These differentials were reduced using cost-per-serving analysis, but were not eliminated. A substantial proportion of low-income families are vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies.

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