scholarly journals PROBLEMS OF IRRIGATING GRASSLAND IN CANTERBURY

1956 ◽  
pp. 98-104
Author(s):  
C. Hilgendorf
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Similar Soil ◽  
Fertile Land

There are four irrigation schemes at present in Canterbury: two small ones at Redcliffe and Levels and two larger ones at Mayfield-Hinds and Ashburton- Lyndhurst. The latter two cover 48,000 and 58,000 acres. I intend to restrict my discussion of the problems of irrigating grassland in Canterbury to that part of the province covered by the Lismore silt loam with a water table seldom rising above 50ft, and with a 25 to 35in. rainfall, relatively well distributed, though with a high summer evaporation. This does not take in all the present schemes which contain some more fertile land, but it and similar soil types cover by far the greater part of both present and suggested schemes.

Five-Year Soil Concentrations of Seven Termiticides in Two Mississippi Soil Types

2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Jarratt ◽  
Jim Haskins ◽  
Reba Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Mississippi State University ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
State University ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Gradual Decline ◽  
Soil Residue

Two Mississippi soil types were treated with seven termiticides representing six active ingredients. Soil locations and types were Gulfport, MS (Poarch fine sandy loam) and Mississippi State University (Faulkner silt loam). Active ingredients used in the study are cypermethrin-D, permethrin-Dr, chlorpyrifos, isofenphos, fenvalerate, cypermethrin-Pr, and bifenthrin. The lowest registered label concentration was used for the treatments. Treatments were applied to the outside and inside walls of test foundations. Test foundations were covered after treatment to provide a simulated crawl space area and the areas were sampled independently of each other. Treated soils were sampled on day of treatment and at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months post treatment, with the exception of isofenphos. This treatment was not sampled at 24 and 36 months. Soil samples were extracted with acetone and analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. Initial soil residue concentrations for all products were high and related to the dilution rate at which the compounds were mixed. Dilutions varied from a low of 0.06% (bifenthrin) to a high of 1.0% (chlorpyrifos). The products showed a gradual decline over time, with the exception of isofenphos. Most of the isofenphos degraded within the first 9 months.

Distribution of Arsenic in Soil Profiles after Repeated Applications of MSMA

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Hiltbold ◽  
B. F. Hajek ◽  
G. A. Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Column Studies ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Surface Horizon ◽  
Repeated Applications

Arsenic as MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) was applied to three soil types over a 6-year period. Percentage recovery of applied arsenic averaged 67, 57, and 39% in Hart-sells fine sandy loam, Decatur silt loam, and Dothan loamy sand soils, respectively. Essentially all of the arsenic recovered in the soils occurred in the plow layer with no evidence of leaching into deeper zones. Batch-equilibrium and soil-column studies in the laboratory indicated that the rate of MSMA movement through the surface horizon would be fastest in Dothan loamy sand and slowest in Decatur silt loam.

TRADING PROFITABILITY IN BULL BEEF: SKILL OR LUCK

1988 ◽  
pp. 53-55
Author(s):  
M.J. Guy
Keyword(s):  
Soil Types ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
The Past ◽  
Married Men ◽  
Financial Arrangements ◽  
Sand Flats ◽  
Wet Spells

I'm actively farming in the Koputaroa District north of Levin, on soil types consisting of loam, silt loam, peat and sand flats, broken by ridges, on 460 hectares in five separate blocks, all freehold. As well, 120 hectares in two blocks are leased nearby. Due to neighbouring farm purchases in the past 12 years, decisions affecting stock sales and purchases have sometimes been made to accommodate financial arrangements. Approximately 1,800 bulls are farmed, with approximately 1,200 killed per year usually as 2 or 2 1/2 year olds. 400 cows are milked in one herd as well, with most calves reared as replacements for either the dairy or beef operation. Two married men, living on the farms, handle the cows and help with dehorning and some drenching, if required. Hay feeding, if necessary, is also shared if large quantities are fed during floods or wet spells. I tend to run the bulls myself although some casual labour is available if required. Most of the effort, from the three of us, is concentrated on stock work. New fencing, draining, thistle spraying and top dressing are contracted.

Effect of variability in soil properties plus model complexity on predicting topsoil water content and nitrous oxide emissions

Soil Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Vogeler ◽  
Rogerio Cichota
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Silt Loam

Despite the importance of soil physical properties on water infiltration and redistribution, little is known about the effect of variability in soil properties and its consequent effect on contaminant loss pathways. To investigate the effects of uncertainty and heterogeneity in measured soil physical parameters on the simulated movement of water and the prediction of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, we set up the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) for different soil types in three different regions of New Zealand: the Te Kowhai silt loam and the Horotiu silt loam in the Waikato region, and the Templeton silt loam in the Canterbury region, and the Otokia silt loam and the Wingatui silt loam in the Otago region. For each of the soil types, various measured soil profile descriptions, as well as those from a national soils database (S-map) were used when available. In addition, three different soil water models in APSIM with different complexities (SWIM2, SWIM3, and SoilWat) were evaluated. Model outputs were compared with temporal soil water content measurements within the top 75mm at the various experimental sites. Results show that the profile description, as well as the soil water model used affected the prediction accuracy of soil water content. The smallest difference between soil profile descriptions was found for the Templeton soil series, where the model efficiency (NSE) was positive for all soil profile descriptions, and the RMSE ranged from 0.055 to 0.069m3/m3. The greatest difference was found for the Te Kowhai soil, where only one of the descriptions showed a positive NSE, and the other two profile descriptions overestimated measured topsoil water contents. Furthermore, it was shown that the soil profile description highly affects N2O emissions from urinary N deposited during animal grazing. However, the relative difference between the emissions was not always related to the accuracy of the measured soil water content, with soil organic carbon content also affecting emissions.

scholarly journals Survival of Sporangia of New Clonal Lineages of Phytophthora infestans in Soil Under Semiarid Conditions

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (7) ◽  
pp. 835-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. Porter ◽  
D. A. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Survival Curve ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Columbia Basin ◽  
The World ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Resistant Genotypes ◽  
Semiarid Conditions

Currently, there is no information on the viability of sporangia in soil of the new metalaxyl-resistant genotypes of Phytophthora infestans in the semiarid Columbia Basin of Washington and potato-growing regions throughout the world. Sporangia of metalaxyl-resistant US-8 and US-11 clonal lineages of P. infestans survived a maximum of 23 to 30 days in a Shano silt loam and a Quincy loamy fine sand. There were no significant differences between soil types in area under the spore survival curve (AUSSC) in two trials, however, sporangia of P. infestans in the Quincy sand had a significantly greater mean maximum days of sporangia survival (MDSS) than did the Shano silt loam in one of two trials. AUSSC and MDSS were significantly greater (P < 0.05) for sporangia in wet soil than in dry soil under shaded conditions. Mean AUSSC and MDSS significantly decreased (P < 0.01) under nonshaded conditions versus shaded conditions. Three metalaxyl-resistant isolates (two US-8 and one US-11) of P. infestans did not significantly differ (P < 0.05) in AUSSC and MDSS.

Fertility studies in relation to soil type

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-171
Author(s):  
F. W. Calder ◽  
L. B. Macleod
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Experimental Site ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Basic Reason ◽  
Fertility Treatments ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
One Year

SummaryThree soil types – Pugwash sandy clay loam, Woodburn gravelly loam and Kirkhill silt loam – were compared by response to fertility treatments over two cycles of a 4-year rotation of 1 -year oats (AvenasativaL.) and 3 years of a grass-legume mixture for hay production. A rotation was started each year on a new section of the experimental site during the first rotation so that all crops were being grown in any one year. Treatments were: N; 0, 56, 112 kg/ha for the first rotation, 0, 168 and 336 kg/ha for the second rotation; P2O5; 0, 84, 168 kg/ha, first rotation, 0, 252 and 504 kg/ha, second rotation; K2O; 0, 67, 134 kg/ha, first rotation, 0, 252 and 504 kg/ha, second rotation. Manure was applied at 0 and 22 t/ha. There was a significant difference in yield for the three soil types for first-, second- and third-year hay crops. Manure increased yield of all hay crops on all three soils, and oat yields on Woodburn and Kirkhill soils. There were varying responses to rates of application of individual nutrients on different soil types. Percentage of species in the hay stands varied between soil types and between years. The differences found between soil types support the basic reason for classifying and mapping soils.

scholarly journals Correlation of Bioassay Crop Growth with Cinmethylin and Chlorimuron Application Rates for Two Soils

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 536-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.G. Boucounis ◽  
T. Whitwell ◽  
J.E. Toler
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Field Bioassay ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Application Rates

Ten crops were evaluated for potential use as field bioassay species for cinmethylin and chlorimuron application rates in two soil types. Cinmethylin injured sweet corn (Zea mays L.) and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] at concentrations as low as 0.28 kg·ha-1 on either soil type, while broadleaf crops were tolerant. Chlorimuron injured sweet corn, grain sorghum, radish (Raphanus sativus L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), and watermelon [Citrullis lanatus (Thunb.) Mansf.] at rates ≥ 2.5 g·ha-1, and squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) at rates ≥ 5.0 g·ha-1 on a Dothan sand. In a Congaree silt loam, chlorimuron injured cucumber at rates ≥ 5.0 g·ha-1, sweet corn, watermelon, and squash at rates ≥ 10 g·ha-1, and grain sorghum, radish, and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) at rates ≥ 20 g·ha-1. Soybean and snapbean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were tolerant to chlorimuron in both soil types. Cinmethylin activity was not altered by soil type, but with chlorimuron greater crop injury was observed in the Dothan sand than in the Congaree silt loam. Sweet corn and grain sorghum were the most sensitive indicator species to cinmethylin and cucumber was the most sensitive to chlorimuron in both soils. Plant emergence and population alone are not valid indicators for crop tolerance to herbicides. Quantitative measurements such as shoot dry weight were more indicative of crop susceptibility to chlorimuron than plant populations. Chemical names used: exo -1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-2 -[(2-methylphenyl) methoxy]-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (cinmethylin); 2-[[[[(4-chloro-6-methoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino] carbonyl]amino] sulfonyl]benzoic acid (chlorimuron).

Effect of drainage and microtopography in forested wetlands on the microenvironment and growth of planted black spruce seedlings

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Roy ◽  
Pierre-Y. Bernier ◽  
André P Plamondon ◽  
Jean-Claude Ruel
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Forested Wetland ◽  
Drainage Ditch ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Rooting Zone

Black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) seedlings were planted on eight drained forested wetland cutblocks to study the effects of soil type, distance from drainage ditch, and microtopography on the physical conditions of the rooting zone and on seedling growth, survival, and physiology. After two growing seasons, providing a raised planting spot had a greater impact on seedling growth than locally intensive drainage. Less saturated, better aerated, and warmer rooting zone on hummocks increased foliar N and Ca concentrations, which led to significantly greater relative growth rate, terminal shoot height growth, diameter, and survival compared with the seedlings in hollows. The effect of drainage on seedling growth is not conclusive. Depth of the aerobic layer and soil water content at 10 cm depth were similar at all distances to the ditch despite a significantly lower water table level in the 5-m plot. Thus, no significant differences were observed as a function of distance to drainage ditch for water relation and growth parameters except for better height growth in the 5-m plot the second year after planting. Water table levels were identical for both soil types and consequently growth was similar on wet mineral and organic soil types.

scholarly journals A comment on inter-field spatial extrapolation of vine (Vitis vinifera L.) water status

OENO One ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
James A. Taylor ◽  
César Acevedo-Opazo ◽  
Serge Guillaume ◽  
Hernán Ojeda ◽  
Bruno Tisseyre
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Production Region ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Soil Moisture Regime ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Similar Soil

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aim</strong>: Recent work has identified strong intra-field relationships of predawn leaf water potential (<strong>Ψ</strong><sub>PD</sub>) between paired sites. This study investigates if these relationships exist at the inter-field level when soil types between fields are constant or different in a vineyard in Southern France.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Method and result</strong>: Nine fields were sampled for <strong>Ψ</strong><sub>PD</sub> on 6 dates over two growing seasons. When general assumptions of uniformity in climate, growing conditions and soil moisture were able to be met, a linear relationship between the mean <strong>Ψ</strong><sub>PD</sub> responses of different fields was observed. The relationship was no longer linear when the soil moisture regime between fields differed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: The results indicate that it should be possible to extrapolate a reference <strong>Ψ</strong><sub>PD</sub> value across a production region (syndicate/co-operative) defined on a similar soil type.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of study</strong>: These intra-field relationships may minimise the need for <strong>Ψ</strong><sub>PD</sub> sampling to define irrigation/crop management in areas planted to similar soil types. The poor fit between fields with differing soil moisture regimes indicates that the original intra-field model may be flawed in larger fields or vineyards with heterogeneous soil moisture conditions.</p>

scholarly journals Pre-emergence herbicidal activity and persistence of 2,4-di-tertbutylphenol in relation to soil types

Plant Omics ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
Norhafizah Md Zain ◽  
Mazira Che Mat ◽  
Chuah Tse Seng
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Silt Loam Soil ◽  
Loam Soil

Although 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) has demonstrated strong phytotoxic effect on various weedy plants in previous findings, research on its pre-emergence herbicidal activity in the soil is still scanty. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two soil types on pre-emergence herbicidal activity and persistence of 2,4-DTBP. The bioassay was carried out in a growth chamber where goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.] seeds were sown in different rates of 2,4-DTBP in two soil series under sterilized and non-sterilized soil conditions. Bioassays of each treatment were conducted in four replicates and arranged in completely randomized design. 2,4-DTBP exhibited potent pre-emergence activity as a root inhibitor where it completely inhibited (100% inhibition) of the root growth of E. indica in sandy loam soil at an application rate of 6.14 kg ai/ha. 2,4-DTBP was rapidly detoxified in silt loam soil as a result of high microbial activity where it completely lost its phytotoxicity by giving 100% emergence within 10 weeks even it was applied at an application as high as 20.4 kg ai/ha. However, 2,4-DTBP remained highly phytotoxic in sandy loam soil where it reduced the root and shoot growth by 47 and 36%, respectively, throughout 10 weeks duration of the investigation. The presence of microbes in non-sterilized soil further suggest that soil microbes may modify the chemical structure of the 2,4-DTBP, which in turn decreased its toxicity. The high level of pre-emergence herbicidal activity in conjunction with its biodegradation in silt loam soil imply that 2,4-DTBP may have potential for development as a natural-soil applied herbicide

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