scholarly journals New Zealand made controlled release coated urea increases winter growth rates of Italian ryegrass with lower N leaching than uncoated urea

2008 ◽  
pp. 85-89
Author(s):  
P.A. Bishop ◽  
H.Y. Liu ◽  
M.J. Hedley ◽  
P. Loganathan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Controlled Release ◽  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Controlled Release Urea

In a field trial the application of 5 and 7% polyurethane coated controlled release urea, 10% dicyanodiamide coated urea and three x 50 split urea (SU) applications at 150 kg N/ha (150 N) increased winter pasture dry matter (DM) production of Italian ryegrass over the June-September period by between 1666 to 2240 kg DM/ha. These treatments also reduced nitrate leaching losses from 6.8 to 1 kg N/ha compared to urea (U). Keywords: controlled release urea, nitrogen utilisation, pasture, ryegrass

scholarly journals Effect of nitrogen fertiliser rate on production and nitrogen leaching from Italian ryegrass following a maize silage crop

2003 ◽  
pp. 133-137
Author(s):  
A.A. Judge ◽  
R.N. Jensen ◽  
M.S. Sprosen ◽  
S.F. Ledgard ◽  
E.R. Thom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Nitrogen Leaching ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Yield Responses

Dry matter (DM) yield responses and field nitrogen (N) leaching losses were assessed following the application of 4 rates of N fertiliser to an Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) crop grown after maize. The trial was conducted on a free-draining Horotiu silt loam (typic orthic allophanic soil) at Dexcel's Scott Farm near Hamilton, New Zealand. The grass was direct dr illed into maize stubble on 13 April 2002. Small plots received a total of 0, 40, 100 or 160 kg N/ha as urea, split into 4 equal applications from May to July. Total DM production over 24 weeks for the 0, 40, 100 or 160 kg N/ha treatments was 2730, 3487, 4238 and 4840 kg DM/ha, respectively. Additional kg DM produced/kg N applied was 19, 15 and 13, respectively. The 'apparent' proportion of applied N removed in the herbage from all plots was 55- 60%. Herbage nitrate-N concentrations exceeded the commonly accepted critical level of 0.21% on the 160 kg N/ha treatment at the first harvest on 3 July 2002, when only half of each N rate had been applied. There were no significant treatment differences in leaching losses (range 17-34 kg N/ha). Italian ryegrass grown on a silt loam soil after maize showed an almost linear yield response to N fertiliser over the range 40-160 kg N/ha, without increased inorganic N leaching. Further work is necessary to confirm these results and to establish whether or not higher rates of N fertiliser can be used to increase winter dry matter yields from Italian ryegrass, without increasing N leaching losses. Keywords: annual ryegrass, dairy systems, double cropping, nitrogen leaching

An evaluation of a strategic de-stocking regime for dairying to improve nitrogen efficiency and reduce nitrate leaching from dairy farms in nitrate-sensitive areas

2000 ◽  
pp. 105-110
Author(s):  
Cecile De Klein ◽  
Jim Paton ◽  
Stewart Ledgard
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Nitrogen Efficiency ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Sensitive Areas

Strategic de-stocking in winter is a common management practice on dairy farms in Southland, New Zealand, to protect the soil against pugging damage. This paper examines whether this practice can also be used to reduce nitrate leaching losses. Model analyses and field measurements were used to estimate nitrate leaching losses and pasture production under two strategic de-stocking regimes: 3 months off-farm or 5 months on a feed pad with effluent collected and applied back to the land. The model analyses, based on the results of a long-term farmlet study under conventional grazing and on information for an average New Zealand farm, suggested that the 3- or 5-month de-stocking could reduce nitrate leaching losses by about 20% or 35-50%, respectively compared to a conventional grazing system. Field measurements on the Taieri Plain in Otago support these findings, although the results to date are confounded by drought conditions during the 1998 and 1999 seasons. The average nitrate concentration of the drainage water of a 5-month strategic de-stocking treatment was about 60% lower than under conventional grazing. Pasture production of the 5-month strategic de-stocking regime with effluent return was estimated based on data for apparent N efficiency of excreta patches versus uniformlyspread farm dairy effluent N. The results suggested that a strategic de-stocking regime could increase pasture production by about 2 to 8%. A cost/ benefit analysis of the 5-month de-stocking system using a feed pad, comparing additional capital and operational costs with additional income from a 5% increase in DM production, show a positive return on capital for an average New Zealand dairy farm. This suggests that a strategic destocking system has good potential as a management tool to reduce nitrate leaching losses in nitrate sensitive areas whilst being economically viable, particularly on farms where an effluent application system or a feed pad are already in place. Keywords: dairying, feed pads, nitrate leaching, nitrogen efficiency, productivity, strategic de-stocking

Italian ryegrass swards reduce N leaching via greater N uptake and lower drainage over perennial ryegrass cultivars varying in cool season growth rates

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. R. Maxwell ◽  
Roger D. McLenaghen ◽  
Grant R. Edwards ◽  
Hong J. Di ◽  
Keith C. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Cool Season

scholarly journals Nitrate leaching and N2-fixation in grasslands of different composition, age and management

2004 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. ERIKSEN ◽  
F. P. VINTHER ◽  
K. SØEGAARD
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Over Time

Grass-legume associations may offer a way of improving the N efficiency of dairy farming, but may also have an adverse impact on the environment by increasing leaching losses. Nitrate leaching from four cropping sequences with different grassland frequency and management (long-term grazed, long-term cut, cereals followed by 1 and 2-year grazed leys) were investigated on a loamy sand in central Jutland for both unfertilized grass-clover (perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)/white clover (Trifolium repens L.)) and fertilized perennial ryegrass (300 kg N/ha) swards during 1997–2002. Furthermore, 1 year (2001) of N2 fixation in 1-, 2- and 8-year-old grass-clover pastures was determined. Nitrate leaching from grazed unfertilized grass-clover was always considerably lower than from grazed fertilized ryegrass. The effect of grassland age on nitrate leaching was insignificant in grass-clover but clear in grazed ryegrass, where levels increased dramatically with sward age. In production years 6–8, leaching from grass-clover was only 9–13% of the comparable losses from ryegrass. Under the cutting regime grass-clover showed a significant reduction in both yield and N-removal with increasing sward age, whereas for ryegrass these figures did not show any decreasing trend. N2 fixation was lower in 8-year-old swards compared with fully established 2-year-old swards as a consequence of lower dry matter production, lower clover content and a lower proportion of clover-N derived from the atmosphere. The results from the present study indicate that the higher leaching losses observed in fertilized grass compared with unfertilized grass-clover systems were caused by (1) a reduction in N2-fixation in grass-clover over time and (2) a reduction in dry matter production in grass-clover over time, lowering the grazing intensity and the recycling of grassland N via animal excreta.

The response of cattle on a sorghum-based feedlot diet to monensin supplied either via intraruminal capsules or in the feed

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (106) ◽  
pp. 522 ◽  
Author(s):  
GD Tudor ◽  
RH Laby ◽  
DW Utting
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Cotton Seed ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Liver Abscesses ◽  
Fermentation Pattern ◽  
C 50

A feedlot experiment with Hereford steers of initial liveweight of 249 � SE 3.0 kg was done to investigate the production responses to the addition of monensin either in the feed (30 ppm) or in intraruminal controlled-release capsules (CRC). The ration was 90% concentrate (94.3% sorghum, 3% tallow, 2.7% minerals), 10% cotton seed hulls with the following treatments: (A) control, (B) 30 ppm monensin in feed, (C) 50 mg monensin day-1 CRC, (D) 100 mg day-1 CRC, (E) 200 mg day-1 CRC, and (F) 300 mg day-1 CRC. The dry matter intakes and growth rates of the six groups (A to F) were 7.57 and 1.32; 6.56 and 1 .I 3; 7.60 and 1.35; 7.08 and 1.24; 7.39 and 1.35; and 7.05 and 1.23 kg day-1, respectively, with the dry matter intakes for monensin in feed (B) being lower (P < 0.05) than the remaining treatments, and for the same treatment the growth rates were lower (P < 0.05) than treatments A, C and E. The apparent feed conversion ratios (DMI kg-I LW gain) were 5.75, 5.92, 5.78, 5.86, 5.61 and 5.79, respectively, and did not differ (P > 0.05). Generally, the addition of monensin had no effect on carcase characteristics or on liver abscesses. It was concluded that the addition of tallow to the diet may have altered the rumen fermentation pattern sufficiently to prevent further benefit from the addition of monensin.

scholarly journals Innovative Controlled-Release Polyurethane-Coated Urea Could Reduce N Leaching in Tomato Crop in Comparison to Conventional and Stabilized Fertilizers

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1827
Author(s):  
Luca Incrocci ◽  
Rita Maggini ◽  
Tommaso Cei ◽  
Giulia Carmassi ◽  
Luca Botrini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Total N ◽  
Coated Urea

Large amounts of fertilizers are being used in agriculture to sustain growing demands for food, especially in vegetable production systems. Soluble fertilizers can generally ensure high crop yields, but excessive leaching of nutrients, mainly as nitrate, can be a major cause of water pollution. Controlled-release fertilizers improve the nutrient use efficiency and lower the environmental hazard, usually without affecting the production. In this study, an innovative controlled-release coated urea fertilizer was compared to conventional nitrogen (N) fertilizers and a soluble ammonium-based fertilizer containing a nitrification inhibitor, in a round table tomato cultivation. Both the water and N balance were evaluated for each treatment, along with the yield and quality of the production. The experiment was repeated in three different seasons (spring, autumn and summer-autumn) in a glasshouse to prevent the effect of uncontrolled rainfall. The results indicated that N leaching decreased by increasing the percentage of coated urea. The application of at least 50% total N as coated urea strongly reduced N leaching and improved N agronomic efficiency in comparison with traditional fertilizers, ensuring at the same time a similar fruit production. Due to reduced leaching, the total N amount commonly applied by growers could be lowered by 25% without detrimental effects on commercial production.

Nitrate leaching and pasture production from different nitrogen sources on a shallow stoney soil under flood-irrigated dairy pasture

Soil Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Di ◽  
K. C. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Dairy Effluent ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Leaching Loss

The leaching of nitrate (NO3–) in intensive agricultural production systems, e.g. dairy pastures, is a major environmental concern in many countries. In this lysimeter study we determined the amount of NO3– leached following the application of urea, dairy effluent, urine returns, and pasture renovation to a freedraining Lismore stony silt loam (Udic Haplustept loamy skeletal) growing a mixture of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens) pasture. The study showed that NO3–-N leaching losses ranged from 112 to 162 kg N&sol;ha per year, depending on the amount and forms of N applied and pasture conditions. Nitrate leaching under the urine patches was the main contributor to the N leaching loss in a grazed paddock. Nitrate leaching losses were lower for urine applied in the spring (29&percnt; of N applied) than for urine applied in the autumn (38–58&percnt;). The application of urea or dairy effluent only contributed a small proportion to the total NO3– leaching loss in a grazed paddock. Pasture renovation by direct-drilling may also have caused an increase in NO3– leaching (c. 31 kg N&sol;ha) in the first year. Modelled annual average NO3–-N concentrations in the mixed recharge water in the acquifer were significantly lower than those measured under the rooting zone due to dilution effects by recharge water from other sources (3.9 v. 13–27 mg N&sol;L). Herbage nitrogen offtake and dry matter yield were higher in the urine treatments than in the non-urine treatments. groundwater, denitrification, mineralisation, grazing, forage.

Nitrogen leaching from sheep-, cattle- and deer-grazed pastures in the Lake Taupo catchment in New Zealand

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 416 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Hoogendoorn ◽  
K. Betteridge ◽  
S. F. Ledgard ◽  
D. A. Costall ◽  
Z. A. Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Grazed Pastures ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Ammonium N ◽  
The Impact

A replicated grazing study measuring nitrogen (N) leaching from cattle-, sheep- and deer-grazed pastures was conducted to investigate the impact of different animal species on N leaching in the Lake Taupo catchment in New Zealand. Leaching losses of nitrate N from intensively grazed pastures on a highly porous pumice soil in the catchment averaged 37, 26 and 25 kg N/ha.year for cattle-, sheep- and deer-grazed areas, respectively, over the 3-year study and were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Leaching losses of ammonium N were much lower (3 kg N/ha.year for all three species of grazer; P > 0.05). Amounts of dissolved organic N leached were significantly higher than that of mineral N (nitrate N + ammonium N), and over the 3-year study averaged 44, 43 and 39 kg N/ha.year for cattle-, sheep- and deer-grazed areas, respectively (P > 0.05). On a stock unit equivalence basis (1 stock unit is equivalent to 550 kg DM consumed/year), cattle-grazed areas leached significantly more mineral N than sheep- or deer-grazed areas (5.5, 2.9 and 3.4 g mineral N leached/24 h grazing by 1 stock unit, for cattle, sheep and deer, respectively) (P < 0.001). Likewise, based on the amount of N apparently consumed (estimated by difference in mass of herbage N pre- and post-grazing), cattle-grazed pastures leached more mineral N than sheep- or deer-grazed pastures (123, 75 and 75 g mineral N/kg N apparently consumed for cattle, sheep and deer, respectively) (P < 0.01). This study gives valuable information on mineral N leaching in a high-rainfall environment on this free-draining pumice soil, and provides new data to assist in developing strategies to mitigate mineral N leaching losses from grazed pastures using different animal species.

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