scholarly journals Law and religion in “Martian the Lawyer”, the dramatic poem by Lesia Ukrainka

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Tetyana Dagovych
Keyword(s):  
Early Christianity ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Christian Community ◽  
Law Of Nature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time ◽  
Christian Leaders

The paper explains the attitudes towards law and religion in Lesia Ukrainka’s dramatic poem “Martian the Lawyer” (1911). The poem depicts the life of early Christians under the Roman law in the third century and obtains new relevance in the context of the movement ‘Law and Literature’, as the focus on law in this oeuvre allows a deeper exploration of its meaning. Law is connected with religion in two ways in the poem: as a part of the civil religion and as a system of prohibitions and punishments within the Christian community. Analysis of the text shows that Martian is a carrier of a sophisticated religious form, which implies the juridical elements codified in early Christianity, as well as a belief in law as the incarnation of the idea of truth and justice. The two antagonistic social and spiritual systems – early Christianity and the Roman law – fuse into one ideology that consumes the life of the protagonist. The difference between the juridical laws, the law of nature, and the commandments of Christian leaders disappears within this religious form. In the house of the hero, only those things that represent time or law remain, such as different types of timepieces and juridical texts; Martian’s home becomes a place for abstract ideas, but not for human beings with their needs and feelings. For the protagonist, there are no conflicts between law and religion, but there is a conflict between early Christianity and the Roman law on the one side and, on the other side, human compassion, which is supposed to be a crucial idea within Christianity but is not practiced in the local Christian community. Because of this conflict, Martian completely loses contact with human feelings and becomes an ideal lawyer, which is beneficial for his Christian community but tragic for himself and his relatives. This development signifies not only a sacrifice but also the full realization of Martian’s talent (Ukrainian: ‘khyst’). In some episodes within other poems by Lesia Ukrainka, law and religion are presented as intertwined or undifferentiated, but in “Martian the Lawyer” the author for the first time elaborates this issue thoroughly and creates an ambivalent and sophisticated dramatic situation.

scholarly journals Zwierzę w filozofii moralności

2004 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-268
Author(s):  
Wiesław Dyk
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Evolutionary Psychology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Ecological Ethics ◽  
Moral Dimension ◽  
The One

The discussion about the rights of animals is always up-to-date. The dichotomy division into philoanimalists and philohominists, although reasonable, is not satisfactory to everyone. It is too strongly associated with the division into people and things in Roman law. To avoid this association in the context of biocentric trends in ecological ethics, accomplishments of evolutionary psychology and the concept of animal welfare, it is suggested that a third moral dimension dealing with creatures with highly developed nervous system be introduced between moral objectivity of creatures with high perception and moral subjectivity of people - creatures characterized by self-awareness and reflexive awareness. Human beings on the one hand are responsible for recognizing their rights given by nature and on the other hand, they are obliged to create a law to protect themselves.

Teaching the Faith in Early Christianity: Divine and Human Agency

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-164
Author(s):  
Peter Gemeinhardt
Keyword(s):  
Christian Education ◽  
Jesus Christ ◽  
Early Christianity ◽  
Human Agency ◽  
Christian Faith ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The present paper investigates the relationship between divine and human agency in teaching the Christian faith. While Christian education actually was conveyed by human beings (apostles, teachers, catechists, bishops), many authors claimed that the one and only teacher of Christianity is Jesus Christ, referring to Matt 23:8-9. By examining texts from the 2nd to the 5th century, different configurations of divine and human teaching are identified and discussed. The paper thereby highlights a crucial tension in Early and Late Antique Christianity relating to the possibilities and limitations of communicating the faith.

scholarly journals The Optimal Control of Government Stabilization Funds

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1975
Author(s):  
Abel Cadenillas ◽  
Ricardo Huamán-Aguilar
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
Fund Manager ◽  
Running Cost ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time

We study the optimal control of a government stabilization fund, which is a mechanism to save money during good economic times to be used in bad economic times. The objective of the fund manager is to keep the fund as close as possible to a predetermined target. Accordingly, we consider a running cost associated with the difference between the actual fiscal fund and the fund target. The fund manager exerts control over the fund by making deposits in or withdrawals from the fund. The withdrawals are used to pay public debt or to finance government programs. We obtain, for the first time in the literature, the optimal band for the government stabilization fund. Our results are of interest to practitioners. For instance, we find that the higher the volatility, the larger the size of the optimal band. In particular, each country and state should have its own optimal fund band, in contrast to the “one-size-fits-all” approach that is often used in practice.

Das Gemeindemahl bei Tertullian in Apologeticum 39 – eine nichtsakramentale Agapefeier?

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Georges
Keyword(s):  
Early Christianity ◽  
Christian Community ◽  
The One

AbstractIn Apologeticum 39,14-19, Tertullian is focussing on the meal of the Christian community, and in 39,16, he alludes to the meal’s name as Agape. In consideration of the name Agape, Apologeticum 39 is usually taken for proof for the thesis that Tertullian was acquainted with a non-sacramental meal named Agape besides the celebration of the Eucharist to which he refers in other places. This thesis’ background is the traditional idea that, in Early Christianity, a non-sacramental communal banquet and the sacramental Eucharist were juxtaposed from the start or, at least, very early. Following recent studies which have called this view into question, this article focuses on Apologeticum 39 and contradicts the conventional interpretation of this chapter. The analysis of Apologeticum 39 reveals important arguments against the view that this chapter testifies the existence of an Agape meal distinguished from the Eucharist - and favours the view that in Apologeticum 39, we have a description of the one communal eucharistic meal.

The Earliest Example of Christian Hymnody

1945 ◽  
Vol 39 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 34-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Wellesz
Keyword(s):  
Early Christianity ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Christian Music ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Musical Notation ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Hymn Singing

From Patristic writings ample evidence can be gathered about the important part which hymn-singing held in Early Christianity. Until recently, however, Early Christian hymnography was known only from documents transmitting the text but not the music. The discovery and publication of a Christian hymn in Greek with musical notation was, therefore, bound to change the whole aspect of studies concerned with the history of Early Christian music. This happened, as is well known, in 1922 when, under No. 1786 of the fifteenth volume of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri A. S. Hunt edited a fragment of a hymn, dating from the late third century, together with a transcript of the music by H. Stuart Jones. For the first time it became possible to realize what kind of music Greek-speaking Christians in Egypt sang in praise of the Lord.

The Interpretation of the Book of Revelation in Early Christianity

2020 ◽  
pp. 393-411
Author(s):  
Charles E. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Early Christianity ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Book Of Revelation ◽  
Roman World ◽  
The One

This chapter attempts an overview of the use and interpretation of the book of Revelation up to the end of the fourth century. Revelation’s first readers shared with its author a marginalized status in the Roman world and naturally tended to interpret its images, which spoke to them of both their current and future situations, in the light of present circumstances. Chiliast and non-chiliast approaches to Revelation’s eschatology emerged early, as interpreters sought to steer a path between Jewish messianic expectation on the one side, and anti-creational, dualizing heresy on the other. By the late second and early third century, writers were explicitly debating the hermeneutical methods appropriate to the exposition of Revelation and other prophetic Scriptures. Victorinus of Pettau (late third century) published the first known commentary on the book, but it is the ecclesiastically centered commentary of Tyconius that sets the stage for medieval exegesis.

scholarly journals Igennem urenhed til himlen: Den tanato-kosmologiske transformation fra israelitisk religion til kristendom

2019 ◽  
pp. 7-29
Author(s):  
Hans J. Lundager Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Early Christianity ◽  
The Other ◽  
English Abstract ◽  
Eternal Life ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Safe Distance ◽  
Holy Places ◽  
Dead Bodies ◽  
The One ◽  
The Way

ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the Hebrew Bible, there is no wish for a heavenly existence among human beings; God and his angels on the one hand and human beings on the other, normally maintain a safe distance from each other. Divine beings are potentially deadly for humans, and dead humans are the strongest source of impurity that threatens to encroach upon holy places. With the ‘ontological’ transformation in antique Judaism and early Christianity that opened up the possibility of an eternal life in heaven, followed a reversal of the value of death-impurity in a manner that resembles Indian Tantrism; no longer something to avoid, the way to heaven passed through dead bodies. DANSK RESUMÉ: I Det Gamle Testamente er der ingen forventning eller ønske om et liv i himlen efter døden. Gud og guddommelige væsener på den ene side og mennesker på den anden bevarer normalt en rimelig afstand til hinanden. Guddommelige væsener er potentielt dræbende, og døde mennesker er den stærkeste form for urenhed der truer med at invadere hellige steder. Med den ‘ontologiske’ transformation der fandt sted i antik Jødedom og som åbnede for muligheden for et liv i himlen efter døden, fulgte en omvending af synet på døde menneskers kroppe, der på nogle punkter minder om den indiske tantrisme. Døde kroppe skulle ikke længere undgås, men opsøges på vejen til himlen.

Effect of Pore Ensemble Statistics on Load Support of Mechanical Seals With Pore-Covered Faces

1999 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 927-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonid Burstein ◽  
Dov Ingman
Keyword(s):  
Control Cell ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Hydrodynamic Pressure ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mechanical Seals ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Size Diversity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time

A mathematical model was developed for predicting the performance of laser-textured seals with pores. A solution of the two-dimensional steady-state Reynolds equation was given for rectangular and exponential pores, as well as expressions for the hydrodynamic pressure distribution over the control cell and for the cell load support. The difference between the two pore shapes can be reduced from a factor of multiple times to 30 percent at most—if the pore volume is kept constant. It was also shown that the total hydrodynamically induced load-carrying capacity can be obtained with accuracy, even if the pore radius of the seal surface is assumed to vary over a wide interval about its mean value, as it does in reality. Diameters in an ensemble of over 4 · 104 pores were run at random for 500 seal faces. It was established for the first time that load support of an ensemble exceeds by 22 percent the one determined for N identical pores. The model for the entire pore population as an ensemble with size variation is more realistic, and substantiates the possibilities and advisability of pore size diversity, hitherto considered undesirable in the pore production process. In general, the pore ensemble is an essential aspect in exact determination of the load support and better insight into the tribologic behavior of pore-covered surfaces.

scholarly journals Verbalisation of the image of man in the English and Lak languages

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Abakarova
Keyword(s):  
Way Of Life ◽  
Thematic Layers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Geographical Position ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time ◽  
English Culture ◽  
The Ideal

The article analyses English and Lak proverbs describing a man. Proverbs have been chosen as a material of study due to the fact that they are the entities revealing the mentality of a certain ethnic group. The author was compelled to conduct this study owing to the current lack of research in the area of Lak proverbs. The novelty of the article lies in the fact that for the first time it has provided a psychological portrait of a man on the basis of the English and Lak languages. Isolated geographical position of Lak and English people was the cause of their inclination for conservative way of life which resulted in the formation of certain stereotypes of a Lak and an Englishman. The aim of the author was to discover those stereotypes by means of detecting universal and specific traits of Lak and English people. To reach that aim the author grouped the proverbs in thematic layers and provided them with linguocultural commentary. The image of man consists of such characteristics as reliability or unreliability, reserve or verbosity, valiancy or cowardice, ability or inability to fight, patience or impatience and love of food. The analysis showed that the ideal man in both Lak and English culture is the one who is patient, restrained and able to defend himself and his family, including the situation on the battlefield. The difference between the Lak and the English appeared in the degree of man’s readiness to fight. For the Laks whose life in the past was passing between wars the key factor was their ability to wage war while the English are more reserved and cautious in their actions.

The prayers of evocatio and devotio: Between religious ritual and Roman law

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 399-416
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Religious Ritual ◽  
Religious Rituals ◽  
Roman Imperialism ◽  
Political Status ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time

Abstract This paper, which is a work in progress and a continuation of previous articles that were published on the Roman concepts of evocatio and devotio, will explore a new approach: the juridical context and implications of these religious and magical rituals. After reminding briefly the traditional interpretation (religious prayers pronounced only in a context of war) and the results of our previous articles 1 (evocatio was not limited to military context, and evocatio and devotio included magical elements very similar to formulas of execration (defixiones), we will ask questions that seem to be innovative: on the one hand, “can we compare these prayers with juridical contracts?”, and on the other hand, “had these rituals juridical and political consequences?”, such as the loss of status of a person (in this case, the devotio of enemies) and the loss of status of a place/city (in the case of evocatio). Were these religious rituals a way of making possible the symbolical destruction of a territory and the transfer of a divinity's statue to Rome, and consequently a way of making possible the real destruction of this territory and justifying its conquest? To carry out this study, we will analyze different texts that mention evocatio and devotio, and we will contrast them with texts that refer to juridical concepts (such as consecratio capitis et bonorum, exsecratio, bellum iustum, and damnatio memoriae). We will also analyze the case of cities (Veii, Praeneste, Falerii Veteres, and Carthago) that probably lost their juridical and political status after a war and after religious rituals such as evocatio and devotio. It would not be the first time that religion was used for political reasons, to justify Roman imperialism.

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