scholarly journals Verbalisation of the image of man in the English and Lak languages

Author(s):  
Mariana Abakarova

The article analyses English and Lak proverbs describing a man. Proverbs have been chosen as a material of study due to the fact that they are the entities revealing the mentality of a certain ethnic group. The author was compelled to conduct this study owing to the current lack of research in the area of Lak proverbs. The novelty of the article lies in the fact that for the first time it has provided a psychological portrait of a man on the basis of the English and Lak languages. Isolated geographical position of Lak and English people was the cause of their inclination for conservative way of life which resulted in the formation of certain stereotypes of a Lak and an Englishman. The aim of the author was to discover those stereotypes by means of detecting universal and specific traits of Lak and English people. To reach that aim the author grouped the proverbs in thematic layers and provided them with linguocultural commentary. The image of man consists of such characteristics as reliability or unreliability, reserve or verbosity, valiancy or cowardice, ability or inability to fight, patience or impatience and love of food. The analysis showed that the ideal man in both Lak and English culture is the one who is patient, restrained and able to defend himself and his family, including the situation on the battlefield. The difference between the Lak and the English appeared in the degree of man’s readiness to fight. For the Laks whose life in the past was passing between wars the key factor was their ability to wage war while the English are more reserved and cautious in their actions.

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1975
Author(s):  
Abel Cadenillas ◽  
Ricardo Huamán-Aguilar

We study the optimal control of a government stabilization fund, which is a mechanism to save money during good economic times to be used in bad economic times. The objective of the fund manager is to keep the fund as close as possible to a predetermined target. Accordingly, we consider a running cost associated with the difference between the actual fiscal fund and the fund target. The fund manager exerts control over the fund by making deposits in or withdrawals from the fund. The withdrawals are used to pay public debt or to finance government programs. We obtain, for the first time in the literature, the optimal band for the government stabilization fund. Our results are of interest to practitioners. For instance, we find that the higher the volatility, the larger the size of the optimal band. In particular, each country and state should have its own optimal fund band, in contrast to the “one-size-fits-all” approach that is often used in practice.


2003 ◽  
Vol 793 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZhiHua Li ◽  
DuanMing Zhang ◽  
Li Guan

ABSTRACTSedov-Taylor theory is modified to describe plasma shock waves generated in a pulsed laser ablating process. Under the reasonable asymptotic behavior and boundary conditions, the propagating rules in the global free space (including close areas and mid-far areas) of pulsed-laser-induced shock waves are established for the first time. In particular, the temporal behavior of energy causing the difference of the propagation characteristics between the practical plasma shock wave and the ideal shock wave in point explosion model is discussed in detail.


KronoScope ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Adam

AbstractWe think of memories as being focused on the past. However, our ability to move freely in the temporal realm of past, present and future is far more complex and sophisticated than commonsense would suggest. In this paper I am concerned with our capacity to produce and extend ourselves into the far future, for example through nuclear power or the genetic modification of food, on the one hand, and our inability to know the potential, diverse and multiple outcomes of this technologically constituted futurity, on the other. I focus on this discrepancy in order to explore what conceptual tools are available to us to take account of long-term futures produced by the industrial way of life. And I identify some historical approaches to the future on the assumption that the past may well hold vital clues for today's dilemma, hence my proposal to engage in 'memory of futures'. I conclude by considering the potential of 'memory aids for the future' as a means to better encompass in contemporary concerns the long-term futures of our making.


2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Stella Kyvelou

Once the principle of the inseparability of the material world and cyber territory has been admitted, the question put to the urban planner is being transformed. The transition from the representation of two separate worlds - the physical on the one hand and the digital on the other - to a representation of a “double world” in the sense of the indivisible inter-connection of the physical and the digital, leads to a change of paradigm in abstraction and representation. By accepting the principle of considering the material world and the cyber territory (and not cyberspace) as an indivisible whole, we come up to realize that the urban question changes. If, in the past, our thoughts and studies were aimed at seeking a common world that we should discover and maintain, the modern world is not presumed to belong exclusively in the material reality. The planner’s work, therefore, should certainly take into account this interconnection, the discontinuous, fragmentary involvement, of matter and information. However, this phenomenon is not new since the symbolic dimension of cities, architecture and space in general has always closely interwoven representation and the real world. The difference is that there was then a connection with a particular territory or a national identity. Today, this ancient territorial reference is weakening, although there are signs of reversion to it. Based on these observations, the paper will discuss the evolution of the urban question under the assumption of the indivisible “double world” and the augmented territories.


Author(s):  
Ольга Борисовна Степанова

В статье исследуется голод — одно из частых явлений прошлого северных селькупов: рассматривается периодичность голодовок, определяются группы селькупского общества, наиболее подверженные регулярному недоеданию, вскрываются причины голода. В результате исследования автор приходит к следующим выводам. Голод селькупы переживали ежегодно, в зимне-весенний период, когда доедались все запасы, сделанные на зиму. Летом и осенью пища запасалась селькупами в недостаточном количестве. Причина этого кроется в селькупском национальном характере, которому не были присущи такие качества, как запасливость и расчетливость. Большого числа заготовок селькупы не делали также из-за кочевого образа жизни. Заканчивался сезонный голод с прилетом весенних перелетных птиц. После коллективной охоты на них устраивался праздник и всеобщее пиршество, на котором селькупы первый раз в году наедались досыта. Вслед за утками возвращалась рыба — основная летне-осенняя пища селькупов. В голодный зимне-весенний период селькупы жили охотой, но полноценная охота была невозможна для безоленных селькупов, так как она требовала выезда в места, где водился пушной зверь, или проходили миграции дикого оленя. Охотничья добыча часто не оправдывала надежды селькупов, поскольку зависела от капризов природы — миграций объектов промысла, сильных морозов, «урожайности» текущего года на зверя и т. д. Кроме кочевого образа жизни, особенностей национального характера и неудачной охоты у селькупского голода была еще одна социально-экономическая причина. Русские чиновники, представители православной церкви, купцы и торговцы, а также собственная родовая знать эксплуатировали, спаивали и при торговых сделках обманывали селькупов. Учрежденные государством хлебозапасные магазины, призванные не допустить голода у населения Туруханского края, лишь усугубили положение селькупов, сделав их вечными должниками казне. Голоду была подвержена подавляющая — бедняцкая — часть селькупского общества. Селькупы не боролись с голодом, а смиренно переживали его, для чего у них имелось несколько пассивных методов, к которым относились «ожидание весны», особая голодная «диета», родственная и неродственная взаимопомощь. Голод в том виде, в каком он переживался селькупами, может считаться одной из селькупских традиционных хозяйственных практик. The article examines one of the frequent phenomena of the past of the northern Selkups — famine; the frequency of hunger strikes is examined, the groups of the Selkup society most susceptible to regular malnutrition are identified, and the causes of hunger are revealed. As a result of the research, the author comes to the following conclusions. The Selkups experienced famine annually, in the winter-spring period, then all the reserves made for the winter were consumed. In summer and autumn, the Selkups stored food in insufficient quantities. This is due to the Selkup national character, which was not characterized by such qualities as thrifty and prudent. The Selkups also did not make a large number of procurements because of the nomadic way of life. The seasonal famine ended with the arrival of spring migratory birds. After a collective hunt for them, a holiday and a general feast were arranged, at which the Selkups ate their fill for the first time in a year. After the ducks, fish returned — the main summer-autumn food of the Selkups. During the hungry winter-spring period, the Selkups lived by hunting, but full-fledged hunting was impossible for the deerless Selkups, since they required going to places where fur-bearing animals lived, or wild reindeer migrated. Hunting success often did not meet the expectations of the Selkups, since it depended on the whims of nature — migrations of fishing objects, severe frosts, the «yield» of the current year for the animal, etc. In addition to the nomadic way of life, peculiarities of national character and unsuccessful hunting, the Selkup famine had another socio-economic reason. The Selkups were exploited, drunk and deceived in commercial transactions by Russian officials, representatives of the Orthodox Church, merchants and traders, as well as their own clan nobility. Bakeries established by the state, designed to prevent hunger among the population of the Turukhansk region, only exacerbated the situation of the Selkups, making them eternal debtors to the treasury. The overwhelming part of the Selkup society was exposed to hunger. The Selkups did not fight hunger, but humbly endured it, for which they had several passive methods, which included «waiting for spring», a special hungry "diet", kindred and non-kindred mutual assistance. Hunger in the form in which it was experienced by the Selkups can be considered one of the Selkup traditional economic practices.


2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-95
Author(s):  
Nikola Bozilovic

The author of this paper has the intention to reach the new meaning and sense of the primitive mentality by analyzing it in early social communities. He also wants to point out the possible reflections of the spirit and consciousness of our ancestors on us, here and now. The first part of the paper is dedicated to a critical deliberation on anthropological conflicts which have arisen concerning the reasoning power of the so-called primitives. The crucial question lies in the following: Is the difference between the ?primitive? and the ?civilized? mentality fundamental or is it possible only to a certain degree. The author takes the notion of primitive mentality through time and points to the medieval understandings, which are occupied by teratological themes, then to the renaissance comprehension, which relies on the first experiential observations, and, finally, to the enlightenment ideas of exotic peoples out of which the myth of ?the good savage? is born. The nineteenth and twentieth centuries introduce the notions of ?people?s character? and ?national spirit?. The opinions are polarized, on the one hand of ethnocentrism, carried by the prejudice of people and ethnic groups and, on the other hand, of cultural relativism, based on the understanding and appreciation of cultural differences. In the end, the author also recognizes the modern primitive man, one who is not ready to deal with the challenges of his age. The modern primitive recalls the spirits of the past, the surviving and anachronic models of behavior, unaware of the fact that these are the same models that he has ascribed to ?savages?. However, while such thinking and acting was justified by the cultural level at which our ancestors had lived, the mental frame of the contemporary primitives is significantly in contrast with the high level of civilization development.


2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Willie Burger

Historical correctness and historical fiction: a responseIn this article the relationship between history and fiction is examined in response to the historian, Fransjohan Pretorius’s criticism of recent Afrikaans fiction about the Anglo-Boer War in Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 52.2 (2015). The intricate relationship between history and fiction is examined by pointing, on the one hand to the problematic of the relationship between history and the past and on the one hand, to the difference between fiction and history. The function of aesthetic illusion, verisimilitude and conceptions of reference is investigated theoretically before turning to the specific novels that Pretorius discusses. The article shows that historical fiction cannot be restricted to novelized versions of accepted history, but that historical fiction also reminds the reader that the past is always culturally mediated and that the primary aim of novels is not to represent the past but to examine aspects of human existence. A comparison between fiction and history can therefore not be used as a norm to assess novels.


1981 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 580-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
T E Bucknall

Experiments were designed to test suture materials for their use in potentially infected abdominal wound closure. The nearest to the ideal, at present available, is a monofilament nonabsorbable suture, the one tested being monofilament nylon. The suture retained adequate strength in the infected and noninfected state over a 70-day period. This is particularly important as infection has been shown to result in low wound strength in the early phases of healing. The monofilamentous nature of this suture represented an advantage when sutures were examined electronmicroscopically. Infected, braided sutures viewed for the first time by electronmicroscopy were shown to contain bacteria and polymorphonuclear cells, even after 70 days implantation. The normal absorption and encapsulation of these sutures was delayed by the presence of infection. Polyglycolic acid had marked strength when new but rapidly weakened after implantation. This together with slowed absorption in the infected state is a disturbing feature in terms of wound failure and sinus formation respectively.


1999 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 927-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonid Burstein ◽  
Dov Ingman

A mathematical model was developed for predicting the performance of laser-textured seals with pores. A solution of the two-dimensional steady-state Reynolds equation was given for rectangular and exponential pores, as well as expressions for the hydrodynamic pressure distribution over the control cell and for the cell load support. The difference between the two pore shapes can be reduced from a factor of multiple times to 30 percent at most—if the pore volume is kept constant. It was also shown that the total hydrodynamically induced load-carrying capacity can be obtained with accuracy, even if the pore radius of the seal surface is assumed to vary over a wide interval about its mean value, as it does in reality. Diameters in an ensemble of over 4 · 104 pores were run at random for 500 seal faces. It was established for the first time that load support of an ensemble exceeds by 22 percent the one determined for N identical pores. The model for the entire pore population as an ensemble with size variation is more realistic, and substantiates the possibilities and advisability of pore size diversity, hitherto considered undesirable in the pore production process. In general, the pore ensemble is an essential aspect in exact determination of the load support and better insight into the tribologic behavior of pore-covered surfaces.


Author(s):  
Elmira Murtuzalievna DALGAT

The article examines the two stages of modernization of Daghestan. The first one refers to the second half of the XIX - the beginning of the ХХ centuries, when the Daghestan region was formed and the Daghestan peoples for the first time found themselves within the framework of the one administrative unit. The influence of the reforms carried out by the tsarist authorities on the development of Daghestan is shown. The second Soviet modernization carried out a radical restructuring of the foundations of the traditional way of life of the Daghestan peoples. Shown are the achievements in the economy, culture and science during the existence of the Daghestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the 100th Anniversary of which is celebrated this year.


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