Utilization of Rhizobacteria and Spent Mushroom Compost for the Management of Bacterial Wilt of Potato

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the fourth most important staple food in the world after wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). In Pakistan, potato crop is cultivated over an area of 191.6 million hectares. On an average potato production in Pakistan is 20 tonnes per hectare.A target has set by The Government of Pakistan to produce about 4.871 million tons potatoes during Rabi Season 2020-21. (Federal Committee on Agriculture FCA) The potato production exceeds 376 million tonnes harvested from an area of 19.25 million hectares in the world (FAOSTAT 2018). Ralstonia solanacearum causing bacterial wilt is a major threat to potato production. Management through biocontrol agents is one of the best methods that can replace synthetic chemical-based formulations. In the current study combine effect of antagonist rhizobacteria as biocontrol agent and spent mushroom compost as biofertilizer were tested against bacterial wilt disease pathogen. Potato plant samples infected with R. solanacearum and rhizobacteria were collected from potato growing fields in Rawalpindi. Out of twenty tested antagonistic rhizobacterial isolates, only three viz., Rh10, Rh12 and Rh 15 showed maximum inhibitory effect against R. solanacearum. In another experiment different combinations of treatments containing rhizobacteria alone or combined with fresh and spent mushroom composts were also tested against the bacterial wilt pathogen under laboratory conditions. Combination of rhizobacteria along with weathered compost (T5) reduced the disease incidence to 15.92 % when compared against 77.81 % in control after six weeks. Significant increase in plant height up to 41.83 cm was also observed as compared to control viz., 35.5cm. Similarly, T2 (only fresh compost), T3 (containing fresh compost along with rhizobacteria) and T4 (rhizobacteria along with weathered compost) also showed better results as compared to against control (T0) where there was no application of rhizobacteria and compost. Application of rhizobacterial along with spent mushroom compost can significantly reduce the disease incidence along with the improvement in plant growth parameters.

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Obtaining of transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivar IPB CP3 containing LYZ‐C gene resistant to bacterial wilt disease

Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology ◽

10.22146/ijbiotech.61682 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 48

Author(s):

Pasmawati Pasmawati ◽

Aris Tjahjoleksono ◽

Suharsono Suharsono

Keyword(s):

Solanum Tuberosum ◽

Bacterial Wilt ◽

Solanum Tuberosum L ◽

Transgenic Potato ◽

Potato Production ◽

Wilt Disease ◽

Bacterial Disease ◽

Gene Encoding ◽

Bacterial Diseases ◽

Bacterial Wilt Disease

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most important bacterial diseases in potato production. This study aimed to obtain the transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivar IPB CP3, containing LYZ‐C gene encoding for lysozyme type C, resistant to bacterial disease caused by R. solanacearum. Genetic transformation using Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 to 124 internode explants resulted in the transformation efficiency of about 47.58% with a regeneration efficiency of approximately 30.51%. Gene integration analysis showed that 16 clones were confirmed as transgenic clones containing the LYZ‐C gene. Analysis of resistance to R. solanacearum of three transgenic clones showed that all three transgenic clones were more resistant than a non‐transgenic one. This result showed that the LYZ‐C gene integrated in the genome of transgenic potato increased the resistance of potato plants to R. solanacearum. We obtained two transgenic clones considered resistant to bacterial wilt disease.

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Verticillium Wilt Caused by Verticillium dahliae and V. nonalfalfae in Potato in Northern China

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-01-18-0162-re ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 102 (10) ◽

pp. 1958-1964 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rui Jing ◽

Haiyuan Li ◽

Xiaoping Hu ◽

Wenjing Shang ◽

Ruiqing Shen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Verticillium Wilt ◽

Verticillium Dahliae ◽

Inner Mongolia ◽

Solanum Tuberosum L ◽

Elongation Factor ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Northern China ◽

Potato Production ◽

Tryptophan Synthase ◽

The World

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important staple foods in many parts of the world including China. In recent years, Verticillium wilt has become a severe threat to potato production in China. During 2015 to 2016, 287 samples of symptomatic potato plants were collected from 15 counties in five provinces from northern China. One hundred and eighty-seven Verticillium-like colonies were isolated from these samples and identified to species based on cultural and morphological characteristics, and multigene phylogeny based on the partial sequences of actin (ACT), elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1α), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD), and tryptophan synthase (TS) genes. A consensus-rooted most parsimonious phylogenetic tree was generated from the data. One hundred and fifteen isolates comprising 61.5% of the total were identified as Verticillium dahliae, and the remaining 38.5% of the isolates were identified as V. nonalfalfae. V. dahliae was widely distributed in Shaanxi (84.1%), Inner Mongolia (76.7%), Gansu (12.8%), and Qinghai (100%, representing a single isolate). V. dahliae was not recovered from the samples in Ningxia. V. nonalfalfae dominated the collections from Gansu (87.2%) and Ningxia (100%) but was also recovered from Shaanxi (15.9%) and Inner Mongolia (23.3%) at lower frequencies. Neither V. albo-atrum nor V. alfalfae was recovered from the sampled areas. The V. nonalfalfae isolates were predominantly isolated from the samples collected from altitudes above 1,800 m, and in contrast, V. dahliae isolates were mainly recovered from fields sampled below 1,800 m. The optimum temperature for the colony growth of V. nonalfalfae was lower (20°C) than that for V. dahliae (25°C). Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that V. dahliae and V. nonalfalfae were both pathogens of potato Verticillium wilt, with V. dahliae isolates exhibiting higher virulence than V. nonalfalfae isolates regardless of the collection area of the species. This is the first documentation of V. nonalfalfae infecting S. tuberosum in China and the higher altitudes associated with infections of V. nonalfalfae anywhere in the world.

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Effect of plastic mulches on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Dadeldhura, Nepal

Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources ◽

10.3126/janr.v3i2.32509 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 228-240

Author(s):

Manoj Bhatta ◽

Bhimsen Shrestha ◽

Ananta Raj Devkota ◽

Khem Raj Joshi ◽

Sabin Bhattarai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tuber Yield ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Solanum Tuberosum L ◽

Block Design ◽

Potato Production ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Plastic Mulch ◽

Marketable Tuber ◽

Black Plastic

A field experiment was conducted from February to June, 2020 at Bhatkanda, Dadeldhura, Nepal to assess the effectiveness of plastic mulches in potato production. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications comprising of five treatments viz: T1: white plastic mulch (white on black colored), T2: silver plastic mulch (silver on black colored), T3: perforated black plastic mulch, T4: black plastic mulch and T5: control (without mulch). Results revealed that the black plastic mulch significantly increased the rate of emergence while perforated black plastic exhibited highest values of all other studied growth parameters, yield components and quality parameters. The highest marketable tuber yield was obtained in perforated black plastic (6.05 kg/m2) followed by silver plastic (5.62 kg/m2), white plastic (5.46 kg/m2), black plastic (5.14 kg/m2) and lowest marketable tuber yield was obtained in control condition (4.07 kg/m2). Similarly, temperature difference between controlled and mulched condition at 15 cm depth of soil was observed up to 2.8°C with its highest value in black plastic mulch and lowest in control condition. The perforated black plastic mulch was found most economical with maximum value of net return (NRs. 1904.31 thousands/ha) and B: C ratio (5.83). This study concludes that the use of perforated black plastic mulch is most economical with optimum plant growth and yield, producing best quality potatoes under climatic condition of Dadeldhura, Nepal.

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Effect of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens culture on the growth and yield of off-season potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Acta Agronómica ◽

10.15446/acag.v69n1.73832 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

pp. 26-31

Author(s):

Faik Kantar ◽

Aysel Uysal

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Solanum Tuberosum ◽

Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Solanum Tuberosum L ◽

Potato Production ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Early Spring ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Bacterial Strains

A study was carried out in order to investigate the effect of microbial fertilizer application on off-season potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Universia) under field conditions in early spring and late autumn in 2016. The experiment included Control (C, no application), Standard Fertilizer Application (SFA), Microbial Fertilizer Application (MFA) and SFA+MFA treatments. An equal mixture of three strains of Bacillus subtilis VKPM B-10641(DSM 24613), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens VKPM B-10642 (DSM 24614) and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens В-10643 (DSM 24615) was applied at 1x109 cfu/ml to tubers before planting and to plants at flowering stage in MFA and SFA+MFA plots. Treatments affected the plant growth parameters. SFA plots produced the highest tuber yields in both seasons. MFA plots had earlier emergence time (40 days), higher number of stems per plant (3), higher number of leaves per plant (37.2), thicker stem diameter (10.15 mm), higher above ground biomass yields (5.42 t/ha), higher single tuber weight (104.21 g) and higher tuber yields (22.06 t/ha) compared with control plots (42 days, 2.2, 31.2, 9.15 mm, 4.40 t/ha, 90.88 g and 20.14 t/ha respectively). Tuber yield in MFA plots (26.56 t/ha) was equal to SFA plots (26.81 t/ha) in warmer autumn planting. Combination of SFA and MFA produced lower tuber yields (21.72 t/ha) than SFA treatment (26.81 t/ha). In conclusion, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens gave comparable tuber yields to chemical fertilizer application in warmer autumn plantings, but lower tuber yields in colder spring conditions warranting further experiments with cold tolerant psychrophilic bacterial strains for off-season potato production.

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Effect of organic fertilizers on nutrients content and essential oil composition of savory (Satureja hortensis L.)

Jurnal Agritech ◽

10.22146/agritech.28324 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 433

Author(s):

Behrooz Esmaielpour ◽

Mahdi Rahmanian ◽

Surur Khorramdel ◽

Setareh Foroghian

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Organic Fertilizers ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Organic Substrates ◽

Oil Composition ◽

Mushroom Compost ◽

Spent Mushroom Compost ◽

Satureja Hortensis

abstractApplication of organic fertilizers in the production of these plants to eliminate or substantially reduce the use of chemical inputs and improve the growth and quality of plants. For instance, in present study the effect of vermicompost and spent mushroom compost application on nutritional status and essential oil components of summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L.) was investigated.This experiment was conducted in research greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture at Mohaghegh Ardabili University in layout of completely randomized design with five replications on Savory in 2014. Experimental treatments included different substrates contain vermicompost, washed and unwashed spent mushroom compost in five levels (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 Percent v/v). After flowering, plants were harvested and parameters such as leaf area, leaf and plant dry weight, chlorophyll index of leaf and N, P, K, and Ca content and essential oil component of plants were measured.The results showed that the effect of organic substrates on macronutrient content and growth parameters of savory were significant. The highest Nitrogen content (6.3%) and Phosphorus (0.98%) in shoot of savory was obtained in substrate supplemented with 40% vermicompost. Plants grown in the media containing 30% of vermicompost and 50% washed spent mushroom compost (SMC) have higher potassium (3.19%) and calcium (2.48%) content, respectively. The lowest nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in the aerial part was obtained in the control treatment. Moreover, application of organic fertilizers significantly affected on essential oil percent and composition compounds of savory. The highest and lowest essential oil content were obtained in plants in substrates containing 30 % of vermicompost and unwashed spent mushroom compost respectively. Main components of essential oil were carvacrol and gamma- trepenine. The highest level of carvacrol (62.10) and gamma-trepenine (32.05) were obtained in plants in substrate containing 40 and 20 % of washed spent mushroom respectively.

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Response of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.), To Nps Fertilizer Application on Growth Parameters at Mizan -Aman, South West Ethiopia

Journal of Agriculture and Crops ◽

10.32861/jac.55.65.70 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 65-70

Author(s):

Simon Koroto ◽

Selemawit Dula

Keyword(s):

Solanum Tuberosum ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Solanum Tuberosum L ◽

Potato Production ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Application Rate ◽

Fertilizer Rate ◽

Fertilizer Application Rate ◽

Four Levels ◽

Almost All

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important crops globally. There is little information on balanced use of chemical fertilizer on potato production in Benchi-Maji Zone. Thus, a field experiment was conducted with the objective to investigate the effect of NPS fertilizer rate on the growth parameters of potato. The treatment consisted of four levels of NPS fertilizer (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1) which were laid out in RCBD with three replications. Improved potato variety "Gudene" was used as a test crop. NPS fertilizer rate had significantly influenced almost all the tested parameters of potato. Day’s to 50% flowering was highly significantly affected by NPS rate. Early day to flower were obtained with the application of 100 kg ha-1 of NPS fertilizer and late flowering recorded at 150 kg ha-1 NPS fertilizer application rate. Significantly highest plant height of potato was obtained from application of 150 kg ha-1 NPS fertilizer and the smallest height is obtained from application of 50 kg ha-1 NPS fertilizer.

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Bacterial Ring Rot of Potatoes Caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus in Lithuania

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2001.85.10.1119a ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 85 (10) ◽

pp. 1119-1119

Author(s):

L. Baranauskaite ◽

M. Vasinauskiene

Keyword(s):

Plant Protection ◽

Polyclonal Antibodies ◽

Solanum Tuberosum L ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Potato Production ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽

Bacterial Ring Rot ◽

Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽

Ring Rot

Bacterial ring rot of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) was observed for the first time in Lithuania from 1998 to 1999. The disease, caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus, is considered one of the most important bacterial diseases of potato. Nearly all countries that produce potatoes report the presence of the bacterium (1). C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus is listed as an A2 quarantine pathogen by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. The pathogen has a latent period that can last for several generations of potato production, thus increasing the risk for further dissemination of the disease. Plant wilting and tuber rotting, characteristic symptoms of the disease, were observed in various localities in Lithuania. The disease was found in 12 potato varieties. Disease incidence approached 5% in the field and 5 to 21% in storage. The presence of C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus in diseased as well as asymptomatic plant tissue was determined by immunofluorescence cell staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with the use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, respectively. More than 350 potato samples were tested. Twenty-five samples tested positive by these methods. Pathogenicity tests of 30 samples were conducted on eggplant. Characteristic symptoms were found on 21 plants. The bacteria were reisolated on nutrient dextrose agar medium from 12 inoculated eggplants. For confirmation of six suspicious strains, polymerase chain reaction with a specific Cms50 primer set was employed (2). In three cases, positive results were obtained. References: (1) I. M. Smith and L. M. F. Charles, eds. 1998. Distribution of Maps of Quarantine Pests for Europe. CAB International, Wallingford, U.K. (2) D. Mills et al. Phytopathology 87:853, 1997.

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First Report of Potato Powdery Scab, Caused by Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea, in North Dakota

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1997.81.6.693d ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 81 (6) ◽

pp. 693-693 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. A. Draper ◽

G. A. Secor ◽

N. C. Gudmestad

Keyword(s):

North Dakota ◽

Seed Potato ◽

Surface Defects ◽

Solanum Tuberosum L ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Potato Production ◽

Powdery Scab ◽

Irrigated Agriculture ◽

Spongospora Subterranea ◽

Diseased Tuber

Powdery scab is a serious disease of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) that can cause extensive surface defects on susceptible potato cultivars. The pathogen, Spongospora subterranea (Wallr.) Lagerh. f. sp. subterranea J. A. Tomlinson, is an important concern in seed potato production because current seed certification standards in North Dakota have a zero tolerance for this pathogen. Powdery scab had not previously been identified in North Dakota. Until recently this disease was not thought to be present in U.S. commercial potato-producing areas. Powdery scab has now been shown to be more widely distributed than previously thought (1), having been identified in several locations in eastern and western North America. However, environmental conditions in North Dakota, including high soil pH, low rainfall, and high temperatures, are not considered favorable for powdery scab development. Diseased potatoes were found in a field from Griggs County, ND, in the fall of 1994 and characteristic cystosori were present in erumpent lesions on infected tubers. The field was an irrigated circle planted to three different cultivars. The cultivars Goldrush and Red Norland were symptomless, while cv. Red La-Soda was severely affected. Up to 30% of the tuber surfaces were diseased and disease incidence approached 25%. The infected crop was destroyed. Pathogenicity was confirmed by planting pieces of diseased tuber tissue adjacent to healthy seed pieces of Russet Burbank. Transmission of the obligate parasite occurred naturally by simulating conditions that were favorable for infection, acidic potting mix (Jiffy-Mix) maintained at a high water potential. Progeny plants were found to be infected on both tubers and roots after 60 days. Control plants that were not exposed to diseased tuber pieces were unaffected. North Dakota, a major seed-potato-producing state, ships seed to every other potato-producing area in the U.S. and much of Canada. Infected seed shipped to areas with a favorable environment for disease development may result in crops becoming diseased and unmarketable. The cooler temperatures and higher than normal rainfall during the 1992 to 1995 seasons may account for powdery scab development in North Dakota. Recent increases in irrigated agriculture and potato production in North Dakota could lead to the infestation of new areas, restricting the value of that land for potato production. Reference: (1) B. Christ et al. Am. Potato J. 65:583, 1988.

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The expansion of brown rot disease throughout Bolivia: possible role of climate change

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/cjm-2015-0665 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 62 (5) ◽

pp. 442-448 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

José Antonio Castillo ◽

Giovanna Plata

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Bacterial Wilt ◽

Potato Crop ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Bacterial Pathogen ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Potato Production ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Seed Tubers ◽

Latently Infected

Bacterial wilt is a devastating plant disease caused by the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum species complex and affects different crops. Bacterial wilt infecting potato is also known as brown rot (BR) and is responsible for significant economic losses in potato production, especially in developing countries. In Bolivia, BR affects up to 75% of the potato crop in areas with high incidence and 100% of stored potatoes. The disease has disseminated since its introduction to the country in the mid-1980s mostly through contaminated seed tubers. To avoid this, local farmers multiply seed tubers in highlands because the strain infecting potatoes cannot survive near-freezing temperatures that are typical in the high mountains. Past disease surveys have shown an increase in seed tubers with latent infection in areas at altitudes lower than 3000 m a.s.l. Since global warming is increasing in the Andes Mountains, in this work, we explored the incidence of BR in areas at altitudes above 3000 m a.s.l. Results showed BR presence in the majority of these areas, suggesting a correlation between the increase in disease incidence and the increase in temperature and the number of irregular weather events resulting from climate change. However, it cannot be excluded that the increasing availability of latently infected seed tubers has boosted the spread of BR.

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Effect of rhizobacteria strains on the induction of resistance in barley genotypes against Cochliobolus sativus

Hellenic Plant Protection Journal ◽

10.2478/hppj-2020-0009 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 83-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Adam

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Pseudomonas Putida ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Cochliobolus Sativus ◽

Resistance Level ◽

Wet Weight ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Barley Genotypes

SummaryEnhancement of the resistance level in plants by rhizobacteria has been proven in several pathosystems. This study investigated the ability of four rhizobacteria strains (Pseudomonas putida BTP1 and Bacillus subtilis Bs2500, Bs2504 and Bs2508) to promote the growth in three barley genotypes and protect them against Cochliobolus sativus. Our results demonstrated that all tested rhizobacteria strains had a protective effect on barley genotypes Arabi Abiad, Banteng and WI2291. However, P. putida BTP1 and B. subtilis Bs2508 strains were the most effective as they reduced disease incidence by 53 and 38% (mean effect), respectively. On the other hand, there were significant differences among the rhizobacteria-treated genotypes on plant growth parameters, such as wet weight, dry weight, plant height and number of leaves. Pseudomonas putida BTP1 strain was the most effective as it significantly increased plant growth by 15-32%. In addition, the susceptible genotypes Arabi Abiad and WI2291 were the most responsive to rhizobacteria. This means that these genotypes have a high potential for increase of their resistance against the pathogen and enhancement of plant growth after the application of rhizobacteria. Consequently, barley seed treatment with the tested rhizobacteria could be considered as an effective biocontrol method against C. sativus.

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