scholarly journals ВОЕННАЯ ПОВСЕДНЕВНОСТЬ ГРАЖДАНСКОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ СТАЛИНГРАДА В 1942–1943 ГГ. (ПО ДНЕВНИКАМ АННЫ АРАЦКИХ И СЕРАФИМЫ ВОРОНИНОЙ)

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-34
Author(s):  
Максим Анатольевич Насекин ◽  
Александр Викторович Буганов
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Human Capabilities ◽  
Civilian Population ◽  
The People ◽  
Water Pipelines ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Military

Статья написана на материалах дневников жительниц Сталинграда Анны Арацких и Серафимы Ворониной, которые они вели в период знаменитой битвы 1942–1943 гг., под непрестанными бомбежками, когда Сталинград превратился из прифронтового города в фронтовой. Жители Сталинграда оказались заложниками воюющей местности. В архивных документах отражены военная повседневность, эмоциональное, нравственное состояние мирных жителей, тяжести их выживания на грани человеческих возможностей. Авторы описывают условия быта в руинах, сложности с обеспечением населения питанием. Продовольственные магазины и лавки были практически уничтожены, водопроводные коммуникации разрушены, регулярного подвоза воды не было. В таких условиях притуплялось чувство восприимчивости, человек привыкал ко всему: к голоду, холоду и даже смерти. На страницах дневников авторы не только рассказывали о событиях, в гуще которых они оказались, но и делились самым сокровенным, «изливали» душу, выражали свои заботы и переживания, помощь и поддержку другим. Сталинградская битва обернулась трагедией для мирного населения. Как и в бою, людям было необходимо находить правильные решения в критических ситуациях. Из-за постоянного перемещения линии фронта им также приходилось менять свое место жительства, обустраиваться на новом месте. Повседневная жизнь гражданского населения протекала буквально на передовой и определялась экстремальностью состояния общества, страны, народа в крупномасштабной войне. Речь шла не просто о проявлении патриотизма, но о коллективной жертвенности и героизме во имя общего дела. В дни обороны города это становилась нормой. В дневниках через личностное восприятие, типичное для тысяч и тысяч простых людей, проявлялся глубокий трагизм дней обороны Сталинграда. The article is based on the diaries of Anna Aratskikh and Serafima Voronina, residents of Stalingrad during the notorious battle of 1942–1943. The diaries were written under constant bombardment, when Stalingrad turned from a city near the front-line into a front-line city. The population of Stalingrad became hostage to the fighting city. The archival documents reflect the military everyday life, the emotional, moral state of the people, and survival on the verge of human capabilities. The authors describe the living conditions in the ruins, the difficulties in the food supply. Grocery stores and shops were devastated, water pipelines were destroyed, and there was no regular water supply. Human sensitivity was dropping away, one got used to everything: to hunger, cold and even death. On the pages of the diaries, the authors not only described the events they witnessed, but also shared the most intimate feelings, expressed their concerns and experiences, support to others. The battle of Stalingrad turned into a tragedy for the civilian population of the city. As in combat, they needed to look for the right solutions in critical situations. Due to the constant movement of the front line, residents also had to move and settle down in new places. The daily life of the civilian population took place literally in the trenches and was determined by the extreme situation of the large-scale war, which affected the society, the country, the people. It was not just patriotism, but a collective sacrifice and heroism in the name of a common cause. In the days of the city’s defense, this became the new norm. The diaries describe the deep tragedy of the days of the defense of Stalingrad through the personal perception of thousands and thousands of ordinary people.

Lucius Crassus and Cicero: The Formation of a Statesman

1971 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 75-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Rawson
Keyword(s):  
Family Background ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
The People ◽  
Family Tradition ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Military ◽  
Practical Level

If we remember anything about Cicero's political ideas, it is that he believed in the right and duty of the senate to exercise supremacy in Rome, but that he also advocated aconcordia ordinmi, an alliance between and recognition of the common interests of senators andequites, to whom property and thestatus quowere sacred. Closely connected with this is the idea of aconsensus omnium bonorum, a wider alliance to include most of theplebs, and Italy. In the service of this ideal of unity he believed that the conservative statesman should beconcordiae causa sapienter popularis, though he should consult the true interests of the people even more than their wishes; and that all government should be mild and conciliatory. These are the views by which we distinguish him from his more obstinate optimate contemporaries, above all Cato, who are less flexible, more rigidly reactionary. Although, since Strasburger's famous study ofConcordia Ordinum, students of Cicero ought to have been prepared to pursue some of these beliefs of his back into the Roman past, too many historians and biographers still give the impression that they were Cicero's own invention (and an unhappy and unrealistic one too, it is often implied). But this is rash. Cicero,pacesome of his detractors, was an intelligent man; but he was not a man of deeply original mind, as would be generally admitted. His greatness lay not in originality, but in the life and form that he could give to the Roman tradition, enriching or illuminating it, sometimes even criticising it, from his knowledge of Greek history and thought.We should be chary therefore of supposing that Cicero's political programme was wholly his own; and, where a programme on a practical level is concerned, we should probably look more closely for Roman than for Greek sources. The first place to search is of course in a man's immediate family background, its position, traditions and contacts. This is true of all ages and places; but it is especially true of Rome. In the recent and justified reaction against the idea of fixed family parties, allied to or warring with certain other families from generation to generation, we are in danger of forgetting that family tradition in a broad sense was often very important. Cicero explains in thede officiishow one should imitate not only themaioresin general, but one's ownmaioresin particular – thus successive Scaevolae have become legal experts, and Scipio Aemilianus emulated the military glory of the first Africanus.

scholarly journals TARSYIH KEPEMIMPINAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF TAFSIR DAN UNDANG-UNDANG PEMILU NOMOR 7 TAHUN 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-50
Author(s):  
Nadirsah Hawari ◽  
Rachma Octariani ◽  
Eva Rosalia ◽  
Sinta Arifka ◽  
Asep Candra
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Servants ◽  
The People ◽  
Head Of State ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Military

Abstract According to Islamic Shari'a, holding a public office is not a right for an individual, but an obligation for the State. Therefore, the government, both the regional head and all its officials, must select the most suitable and most suitable person for every government job. It should not be made of nepotism by looking at kinship, friendship, or faction from any relationship with the eligibility of someone to hold a position .The existing rulers should appoint officials from the best people (al-ashlah), the Prophet said which means "whoever holds a Muslim's business (meaning being a ruler) then he appoints someone to be an official even though he knows there are more people good for (benefit) of the Muslims, then really he has betrayed Allah and His Messenger "(Ibn Taimiyah). If the head of state or other officials do not find the right person for a certain position, in this situation they must choose the person who is more representative. Representative here means the person who is the most appropriate from the one for each government position. And also in this selection process, the head of state and other officials must know about the standards of eligibility al-quwwah (strength) and al-amanah (trust). Al-Quwwah is the ability and feasibility of a job assignment. Whereas trusteeship is a behavior that focuses on the management process regarding the position or function of a position that is in accordance with Islamic Shari'a with the intention of only devoting to Allah and not based on fear of humans and expecting their self-interest. nominating yourself is required to convey the vision and mission and the state program that will be implemented. In this case, the community or community is very necessary to obtain information on the candidate pairs who nominate themselves, and the campaign that can be used as a means of communicating politics and public education. The leaders, servants of the State, civil servants or the military, judges and so on, are essentially representations of the voices of the people they lead. The leaders are no more than public servants who must devote and dedicate their leadership to the benefit of the people. The leaders are only representatives of the fulfillment of the rights of the people, so that they are obliged to run the government properly.    Abstrak Menurut syariat islam, memegang suatu jabatan-jabatan umum bukanlah hak  bagi individu, melainkan kewajiban atasnya bagi Negara. Oleh sebab itu, pemerintah baik kepala daerah dan seluruh pejabatnya harus menyeleksi orang yang paling cocok dan paling layak bagi setiap pekerjaan pemerintahan.Tidak boleh beerbuat nepotisme dengan memandang kekerabatan, persahabatan, atau golongan dari manapun yang tidak ada hubunngannya dengan kelayakan seseorang untuk memegang suatu jabatan.Para penguasa yang telah ada hendaknya mengangkat para pejabat dari orang orang terbaik (al-ashlah), Nabi bersabda yang artinya“barang siapa memegang suatu urusan kaum muslimin (maksudnya menjadi penguasa) kemudian ia mengangkat seseorang menjadi pejabat padahal ia mengetahui ada orang yang lebih baik bagi (kemaslahatan) kaum muslimin, maka sungguh ia telah mengkhianati Allah dan Rasul-Nya” (Ibnu Taimiyah).Apabila kepala Negara atau para pejabat lainnya tidak menemukan orang yang tepat untuk suatu jabatan tertentu, dalam keadaan ini mereka harus memilih orang yang lebih representative. Representative disini memiliki arti yakni orang yang paling tepat dari yang ada untuk setiap jabatan pemerintahan. Dan juga dalam proses penyeleksian ini, kepala Negara dan pejabat lainnya harus mengetahui tentang standar kelayakan  al-quwwah (kekuatan) dan al-amanah (kepercayaan).Al-Quwwah ialah kemampuan dan kelayakan suatu tugas jabatan. Sedangkan amanah, merupakan perilaku yang dititik beratkan pada proses  pengelolaan perihal jabatan atau fungsi dari suatu jabatan yang sesuai dengan syariat islam dengan niat hanya bertaqwa kepada Allah dan bukan berdasar pada ketakutan kepada manusia dan mengharap pamrih dari mereka.Didalam pelaksanaan kampanye, pasangan calon kandidat yang mencalonkan diri diharuskan untuk menyampaikan visi dan misi serta program kenegaraan yang akan dijalankan. Dalam hal ini, umat atau khalayak masyarakat sangat perlu untuk memperoleh informasi atas pasangan calon kandidat yang mencalonkan diri tersebut, dan kampanyelah yang dapat dijadikan sebagai sarana berkomunikasi politik dan pendidikan masyarakat. Para pemimpin, abdi Negara, pegawai sipil atau militer, hakim dan lain sebagainya, pada hakikatnya merupakan representasi suara rakyat yang mereka pimpin. Para pemimpin tidaklah lebih dari pelayan masyarakat yang harus mengabdikan dan mendedikasikan kepemimpinannya untuk kemaslahatan rakyat. Para pemimpin hanyalah wakil akan pemenuh hak hak umat, sehingga mereka wajib menjalankan roda pemerintahan dengan baik.

Laurie Salitan: Human Rights and the Republics

1990 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-20
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The People ◽  
The Right ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Rights Issue

The human rights situation has continued to improve as glasnost matures and as Gorbachev's plan to establish a law-based society unfolds. The loosening of restraints, which has been linked to the process of democratization, has had a dramatic impact on human rights. At the same time, the nature of the human rights issue in the Soviet Union has shifted from what it was even last year. Large-scale demonstrations are now mundane events, as is the right to speak one's thoughts freely or to go to church. What has changed is that the process of enforcing or guaranteeing rights is now being generated from below, whereas in the beginning this process started from above. The reform process now has a life of its own among the people, who are demanding all sorts of things.

scholarly journals Desertification And Sudano-Sahelian Peoles Perception Of Its Process

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Ezeh ◽  
Patrick Ogwo
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Degraded Soil ◽  
The People ◽  
Causative Factors ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Desertification is a major challenge for the people of the Sudano-Sahelien region. It has resulted in hunger arising from a degraded soil, absence of portable water and general poverty. Incidentally, the action of humans has been implicated as major causative factors of desertification. It is an irony that the bearers of the burden of desertification are the major causes of the problem. Zamfara state was randomly picked from among the eleven front line states for the study. Applying the Taro Yamens formula, 500 farmers comprising 50 large scale farmers and 450 small scale farmers were selected a structured questionnaire was administered on them. Using SPSS, correlation and regression analyses were applied to test the hypothesis that states that there is no significant relationship between desertification and the perception of the people. At p=0.054, we did not reject the hypothesis that states that there is no significant relationship between desertification and the perception of the people.

Land Grabbing as a Threat to the Right to Self-Determination: How Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources Limits States’ Involvement in Large-Scale Transfers of Land

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 507-531
Author(s):  
Elisa Freiburg
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
International Law ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Land Grabbing ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Basic Premise ◽  
Planning Stage ◽  
The People ◽  
The Right

This article examines the legal connections between the modern phenomenon of ‘land grabbing’ – large-scale acquisitions of land rights by foreign investors – and the human right to self-determination. It is argued that the right to self-determination and in particular the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources cannot only be invoked by one State against another, but also by the people against its own government, thus legally binding all States involved in the process. The basic premise shall not be that land grabbing is per se illegal; it depends on how it is performed. The right to self-determination and the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources bring along important restrictions that States have to honour. Governments should develop their foreign investment relations in a way that ensures the human rights of their populations, especially given the fact that in this respect business corporations are not bound by any hard international law. The regulation of the investment is an important factor: transparency and involvement of local authorities at the planning stage, as well as the participation in the investment’s benefits help to ensure that a people is not deprived of its own means of subsistence.

No Initiative

2020 ◽  
pp. 102-123
Author(s):  
Courtney A. Short
Keyword(s):  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Military Government ◽  
Comprehensive Planning ◽  
Civilian Population ◽  
The People ◽  
Violent Acts ◽  
The Military

Consistent with the Marines’ lack of emphasis during pre-battle preparations on comprehensive planning for the large civilian population, the Marines relegated concerns for the people to the lowest priority. Never wavering in their belief that the Okinawans stood as definitive enemy, the military government units attached to Marine combat units postponed the establishment of functioning refugee camps. Civilians travelled unfettered throughout the battlefield, obstructing both the operational and military government missions. Attacks staged from within the camps by infiltrating Japanese caused the Marines to associate the civilian population with the violent acts and confirm the Marines steadfast belief that the Okinawans meant harm as enemy. As a result, the Marines carried out their military government duties with an element of harshness absent from the Army camps from their very inception.

scholarly journals Analisis Asumsi-Asumsi pada Program Food Estate di Papua

PERSPEKTIF ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-300
Author(s):  
Beltahmamero Simamora ◽  
Khairunnisah Lubis ◽  
Hadiyanti Arini
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Disadvantaged Community ◽  
Global Institutions ◽  
The People ◽  
Proposal A ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

The issue of the food crisis sticking out long before the Covid-19 pandemic occurred since 2008 and has become a hot topic discussed by regional and global institutions. The recommendation to maximize the private or corporate sector with the support of global scale financialization to move investment in the field of food production is one of the "goals" of the recommendation to create a large-scale food warehouse called a "food estate". This paper aims to analyze the assumptions of the Food Estate Program in Papua. Discussing the assumption that the assumptions of the offices tend to be late so that the importance level is low, there should be an effort to analyze it before there is a decision making, even if the MIFEE program from the central government. The assumption that the community feels disadvantaged by the existence of the MIFEE program, that the loss of forests due to deforestation and the loss of a foraging culture due to ethnocide has led to the disadvantaged community to give the MIFEE proposal a review. The presence of DPRD and NGOs is weak and only able to slow down the program, not until it is canceled. The government as the upper-right quadrant actor has clear strengths and important assumptions, because it is supported by economic and political plans and is oriented towards economic growth. The conclusion is that the assumption of the offices tends to be late even though the MIFEE program from the central government, the assumption of the people who feel disadvantaged by the existence of the MIFEE program, is that the presence of DPRD and NGOs is weak and it slows down the running of the program. The government as an actor in the right-hand quadrant has clear strengths and important assumptions.

scholarly journals HEALTH WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN URBAN AREA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agustyarum Pradiska Budi ◽  
Junaedi Junaedi
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Community Participation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Water Management System ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
The People ◽  
The Right ◽  
Hierarchy Process ◽  
The City

Conservation of water resources in Indonesia is based on the management of springs on a large scale or in terms of water production. The approach that is often used is management from the demand side so that the mindset of the people is still trapped that water resources are free goods that can be taken without having to renew them again. This research tries to achieve direct community participation to participate in realizing and managing water resources directly. Community participation techniques use advice on implementing policies to improve water resources. The policies offered include infiltration wells, biopori, and reforestation. The policy offer is the right alternative for households/communities directly. The purpose of this study is divided into 3, namely knowing the level of community WTP, knowing the variables that affect the WTP and preference analysis of alternative policy choices. The results of the analysis show that the WTP level of the city of Surakarta is still low, which is equal to WTP ≤ Rp. 50,000. Policy variables can influence the level of willingness to pay by 42.60% compared to other variables only able to influence by 15.95% calculated using multinomial logistic regression. The results of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis show that the ranking 1 weighting is the infiltration well policy.

scholarly journals The Security Aspects of the Ukrainian People’s Republic in Relations with Germany and Austria-Hungary in March-April 1918

2019 ◽  
pp. 141-156
Author(s):  
Olexander Nazarchuk ◽  
Pavlo Satskyi
Keyword(s):  
Transport System ◽  
Communication System ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Post Offices ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
Council Of Ministers ◽  
The Military

In this article the research of the problem of the relations between the government of Ukrainian People’s Republic and the leadership of German occupational troops in the support of the transport system work and the post-offices in the period of time of March-April 1918 has been made. The study is based on archival documents that cover the position of the leaders of the Ukrainian People’s Republic with respect to the German command’s measures to ensure the operation of transport and communication as well as the financial aspects of relations with the German occupation command. The collapse of the financial system of the former Russian Empire and the military breakup led to a difficult situation with the railway and the post offices. However, the stable work of these institutions was a principal question for the security of Ukrainian People’s Republic as well as for the German occupational leadership. The most acute aspect was the question of paying salaries to the railway employees as well as to the employees of the post offices. Disregarding this question could lead to strikes. The German leadership suggested to pay salaries to the employees of the railway and the post offices on their own, but this offer was categorically rejected by Ukrainian People’s Republic because it could have led to the absence of security in the country. More over, over the problem of the functioning of the transport system and the communication system the complicated negotiations between the government of Ukrainian People’s Republic and German representatives in terms of the loan took place. Trade, financial and credit relations between the UPR and Germany and Austria-Hungary should have been built around the problem of compensation payments to postal and railway workers. In March-April 1918 the fight between the government of Ukrainian People Republic and the leadership of the German occupational troops over the actual influence on the transport and communication system in Ukrainian People’s Republic took place. In fact, the question of the right for the sovereignty arose for the Council of Ministers of Ukrainian People’s Republic to make the fundamentals of the state security of Ukraine independently. The problems of relations between the UPR government and the occupation command requires a deeper study in view of their practical importance, in particular, in the context of consistent formation of inter-state relations in the finance, transport, and communication sectors as a phenomenon prevailing in the 20th century.

Culture: Knowledge of the People as Technology of Ethics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Zehfuss
Keyword(s):  
Social Science Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
Us Army ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Us ◽  
Practice Culture ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Military

This chapter explores how people came to be recognized as central to what the West calls counterinsurgency wars and how cultural knowledge came to be seen as central to war-fighting in line with the vision of ethical war. It examines the US Army and Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Manual as setting out how, in practice, culture matters and how it can be made useful to operations. Cultural knowledge therefore had to be made available to the military, and the so-called Human Terrain System (HTS) became the mechanism for doing so. The chapter discusses the notion that ‘the people’ were being made central and addresses the question of why social science research came to be seen as the right resource for militaries on deployment. It sets out in particular how the social sciences are seen to be able to deliver answers to questions of ethics, providing a problematic technology of ethics.

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