scholarly journals Plant Virus Nanoparticles for Anti-cancer Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srividhya Venkataraman ◽  
Paul Apka ◽  
Erum Shoeb ◽  
Uzma Badar ◽  
Kathleen Hefferon
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Antigen Processing ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Immune Activity ◽  
Robust Immune Response ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
Multiple Copies ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Plant virus nanoparticles (VNPs) are inexpensive to produce, safe, biodegradable and efficacious as treatments. The applications of r plant virus nanoparticles range from epitope carriers for vaccines to agents in cancer immunotherapy. Both VNPs and virus-like particles (VLPs) are highly immunogenic and are readily phagocytosed by antigen presenting cells (APCs), which in turn elicit antigen processing and display of pathogenic epitopes on their surfaces. Since the VLPs are composed of multiple copies of their respective capsid proteins, they present repetitive multivalent scaffolds which aid in antigen presentation. Therefore, the VLPs prove to be highly suitable platforms for delivery and presentation of antigenic epitopes, resulting in induction of more robust immune response compared to those of their soluble counterparts. Since the tumor microenvironment poses the challenge of self-antigen tolerance, VLPs are preferrable platforms for delivery and display of self-antigens as well as otherwise weakly immunogenic antigens. These properties, in addition to their diminutive size, enable the VLPs to deliver vaccines to the draining lymph nodes in addition to promoting APC interactions. Furthermore, many plant viral VLPs possess inherent adjuvant properties dispensing with the requirement of additional adjuvants to stimulate immune activity. Some of the highly immunogenic VLPs elicit innate immune activity, which in turn instigate adaptive immunity in tumor micro-environments. Plant viral VLPs are nontoxic, inherently stable, and capable of being mass-produced as well as being modified with antigens and drugs, therefore providing an attractive option for eliciting anti-tumor immunity. The following review explores the use of plant viruses as epitope carrying nanoparticles and as a novel tools in cancer immunotherapy.

scholarly journals Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology: Plant Nanoparticles for Anti-Cancer Therapy

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 830
Author(s):  
Erum Shoeb ◽  
Uzma Badar ◽  
Srividhya Venkataraman ◽  
Kathleen Hefferon
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Cancer Research ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Diagnostic Agents ◽  
Stimuli Response

Naturally occurring viral nanomaterials have gained popularity owing to their biocompatible and biodegradable nature. Plant virus nanoparticles (VNPs) can be used as nanocarriers for a number of biomedical applications. Plant VNPs are inexpensive to produce, safe to administer and efficacious as treatments. The following review describes how plant virus architecture facilitates the use of VNPs for imaging and a variety of therapeutic applications, with particular emphasis on cancer. Examples of plant viruses which have been engineered to carry drugs and diagnostic agents for specific types of cancer are provided. The drug delivery system in response to the internal conditions is known as stimuli response, recently becoming more applicable using plant viruses based VNPs. The review concludes with a perspective of the future of plant VNPs and plant virus-like particles (VLPs) in cancer research and therapy.

scholarly journals Future of cancer immunotherapy using plant virus-based nanoparticles

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. FSO401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erum Shoeb ◽  
Kathleen Hefferon
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Special Report ◽  
Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Delivery Vehicles

Immunotherapy potentiates a patient’s immune response against some forms of cancer, including malignant tumors. In this Special Report, we have summarized the use of nanoparticles that have been designed for use in cancer immunotherapy with particular emphasis on plant viruses. Plant virus-based nanoparticles are an ideal choice for therapeutic applications, as these nanoparticles are not only capable of targeting the desired cells but also of being safely delivered to the body without posing any threat of infection. Plant viruses can be taken up by tumor cells and can be functionalized as drug delivery vehicles. This Special Report describes how the future of cancer immunotherapy could be a success through the merger of computer-based technology using plant-virus nanoparticles.

scholarly journals Softening of Processed Plant Virus Infected Cucumis sativus Fruits

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1451
Author(s):  
Anne-Katrin Kersten ◽  
Sabrina Scharf ◽  
Martina Bandte ◽  
Peer Martin ◽  
Peter Meurer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Considerable Influence ◽  
Mechanical Inoculation ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Texture Properties ◽  
Textural Changes

Texture softening of pickled cucumbers does not meet consumers’ quality expectations and leads to economic losses. The factor(s) triggering this phenomenon is still unknown. We investigated the importance of plant viruses such as Cucumber green mottle mosaic tobamovirus (CGMMV) and Zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (ZYMV) in the context of softening of pickles. Cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) were infected by mechanical inoculation, grown under greenhouse conditions and tested positive for the viral infection by ELISA. The severity of virus infection was reflected in yield and symptom expression. Histological and morphological alterations were observed. All fruits were pasteurized, separately stored in jars and subjected to texture measurements after four, six and 12 months. CGMMV-infections were asymptomatic or caused mild symptoms on leaves and fruit, and texture quality was comparable to control. At the same time, fruits of ZYMV-infected plants showed severe symptoms like deformations and discoloration, as well as a reduction in firmness and crunchiness after pasteurization. In addition, histological alterations were detected in such fruits, possibly causing textural changes. We conclude that plant viruses could have a considerable influence on the firmness and crunchiness of pickled cucumbers after pasteurization. It is possible that the severity of symptom expression has an influence on texture properties.

scholarly journals NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy: from basic biology to clinical development

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sizhe Liu ◽  
Vasiliy Galat ◽  
Yekaterina Galat4 ◽  
Yoo Kyung Annie Lee ◽  
Derek Wainwright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Antigen Processing ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Clinical Development ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Immune Effector

AbstractNatural killer (NK) cell is a specialized immune effector cell type that plays a critical role in immune activation against abnormal cells. Different from events required for T cell activation, NK cell activation is governed by the interaction of NK receptors with target cells, independent of antigen processing and presentation. Due to relatively unsophisticated cues for activation, NK cell has gained significant attention in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Many efforts are emerging for developing and engineering NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we provide our current understandings of NK cell biology, ongoing pre-clinical and clinical development of NK cell-based therapies and discuss the progress, challenges, and future perspectives.

P53 as a target for anti-cancer immunotherapy

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 160-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailei L. Chen ◽  
David P. Carbone
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Anti Cancer

scholarly journals Novel Functional Genomics Approaches: A Promising Future in the Combat Against Plant Viruses

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (10) ◽  
pp. 1231-1239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent N. Fondong ◽  
Ugrappa Nagalakshmi ◽  
Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Functional Genomics ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Micro Rna ◽  
Viral Genomes ◽  
Virus Control ◽  
Local Lesions ◽  
Short Palindromic Repeat ◽  
Interfering Rna

Advances in functional genomics and genome editing approaches have provided new opportunities and potential to accelerate plant virus control efforts through modification of host and viral genomes in a precise and predictable manner. Here, we discuss application of RNA-based technologies, including artificial micro RNA, transacting small interfering RNA, and Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat–associated protein 9), which are currently being successfully deployed in generating virus-resistant plants. We further discuss the reverse genetics approach, targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING) and its variant, known as EcoTILLING, that are used in the identification of plant virus recessive resistance gene alleles. In addition to describing specific applications of these technologies in plant virus control, this review discusses their advantages and limitations.

scholarly journals Autoimmune Responses in Oncology: Causes and Significance

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8030
Author(s):  
Halin Bareke ◽  
Pablo Juanes-Velasco ◽  
Alicia Landeira-Viñuela ◽  
Angela-Patricia Hernandez ◽  
Juan Jesús Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Protein Microarrays ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Considerable Impact

Specific anti-tumor immune responses have proven to be pivotal in shaping tumorigenesis and tumor progression in solid cancers. These responses can also be of an autoimmune nature, and autoantibodies can sometimes be present even before the onset of clinically overt disease. Autoantibodies can be generated due to mutated gene products, aberrant expression and post-transcriptional modification of proteins, a pro-immunogenic milieu, anti-cancer treatments, cross-reactivity of tumor-specific lymphocytes, epitope spreading, and microbiota-related and genetic factors. Understanding these responses has implications for both basic and clinical immunology. Autoantibodies in solid cancers can be used for early detection of cancer as well as for biomarkers of prognosis and treatment response. High-throughput techniques such as protein microarrays make parallel detection of multiple autoantibodies for increased specificity and sensitivity feasible, affordable, and quick. Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatments and has made a considerable impact on reducing cancer-associated morbidity and mortality. However, immunotherapeutic interventions such as immune checkpoint inhibition can induce immune-related toxicities, which can even be life-threatening. Uncovering the reasons for treatment-induced autoimmunity can lead to fine-tuning of cancer immunotherapy approaches to evade toxic events while inducing an effective anti-tumor immune response.

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