scholarly journals Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Induced Neurological Complications

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shijia Yu ◽  
Mingjun Yu
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Supportive Treatment ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Neurological Signs ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Immunomodulatory Therapies

Our review aims to highlight the neurological complications of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the available treatments according to the existing literature, discussing the underlying mechanisms. Since the end of 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has induced a worldwide pandemic that has threatened numerous lives. Fever, dry cough, and respiratory symptoms are typical manifestations of COVID-19. Recently, several neurological complications of the central and peripheral nervous systems following SARS-CoV-2 infection have gained clinicians' attention. Encephalopathy, stroke, encephalitis/meningitis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, and multiple sclerosis are considered probable neurological signs of COVID-19. The virus may invade the nervous system directly or induce a massive immune inflammatory response via a “cytokine storm.” Specific antiviral drugs are still under study. To date, immunomodulatory therapies and supportive treatment are the predominant strategies. In order to improve the management of COVID-19 patients, it is crucial to monitor the onset of new neurological complications and to explore drugs/vaccines targeted against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Acute Health Effects of Pesticide Exposure among Farmers Directly Involved with Spraying: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study from Kashmir Valley

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 169-177
Author(s):  
Sobia Nisar ◽  
Umar Muzaffer ◽  
Ozaifa Kareem
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Agricultural Workers ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Population

Background: Organophosphates (OP) are the extensively used pesticides that protect the agricultural produce from being damaged by the pests. These inhibit the acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity acutely which has a key role in the normal physiological functioning of the nervous system. There is an imminent possibility of deterioration of health in agricultural workers at the risk of OP exposure. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical symptoms and chronic health effects of OP exposure among agricultural workers associated with spraying of pesticides in Kashmir, India. Methods: This cross-sectional study was undertaken among agricultural workers associated with pesticide spraying at least once a year. A questionnaire based survey and clinical examination was conducted among study participants. The specific questions regarding the occupational history, pattern of spraying, history and symptoms of OP pesticide exposure were noted. The use of personal protective equipment, number of years of OP exposure and the volume of pesticide used were also noted. Biochemical evaluation and serum acetylcholinesterase levels were measured by standard protocol. Results: A total of 63 subjects participated in the study with n= 61 (96.8%) males and n= 2 (3.2%) females. The study population had a mean age of 40.90 ± 12.66 years. Our results show considerable association between OP exposure and various neurological, psychological, mucoskeletal and respiratory symptoms, but it was not enough to provide evidence of biochemical derangement. The neurological symptoms included weakness (60.3%), dizziness (44.4%), headache (38.09%), fatigue (30.1%), and muscle pain (19.04%). The psychological symptoms included low mood (66.6%), anhedonia (46.03%), insomnia (23.8%), anxiety (19.04%), and nervousness (11.1%).Among respiratory symptoms cough (58.7%) was most commonly reported followed by cough with phlegm (41.2%) and breathlessness (12.6%). Only 9.5% of the study population reported the immediate symptom onset while 33.3% of participants reported delayed onset. Conclusion: The neurological complications were most commonly reported followed by ophthalmological symptoms. We concluded that OP exposure affects the nervous system followed by musculoskeletal, integumentary and respiratory systems with least impact on cardiovascular system. Key words: organophosphorus; acetylcholinesterase; neurological; farm workers; occupational exposure; pesticides.

scholarly journals Long COVID neuropsychological deficits after severe, moderate or mild infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Voruz ◽  
G. Allali ◽  
L. Benzakour ◽  
A. Nuber-Champier ◽  
M. Thomasson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Neuropsychological Deficits ◽  
Post Discharge ◽  
The Central Nervous System

ABSTRACTBackgroundThere is growing awareness that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can include long-term neuropsychological deficits, even in its mild or moderate respiratory forms.MethodsStandardized neuropsychological, psychiatric, neurological and olfactory tests were administered to 45 patients (categorized according to the severity of their respiratory symptoms during the acute phase) 236.51 ± 22.54 days post-discharge following SARS-CoV-2 infection.ResultsDeficits were found in all the domains of cognition and the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms was also high in the three groups. The severe performed more poorly on long-term episodic memory and exhibited greater anosognosia. The moderate had poorer emotion recognition, which was positively correlated with persistent olfactory dysfunction. The mild were more stressed, anxious and depressed.ConclusionThe data support the hypothesis that the virus targets the central nervous system (and notably the limbic system), and support the notion of different neuropsychological phenotypes.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular involvement in patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-160
Author(s):  
Chenze Li ◽  
Dao Wen Wang ◽  
Chunxia Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
First Line ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Cardiovascular Involvement ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Quality Reports

Abstract 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). It is characterized by substantial respiratory symptoms and complicated with widespread other organ injuries. Cardiovascular impairment is one of the notable extrapulmonary manifestations, in terms of the deterioration of pre-existing cardiovascular diseases and newly onset acute events. We hereby review the high-quality reports about cardiovascular involvement in COVID-19 and summarize the main clinical characteristics of cardiac relevance for the all the first line clinical physicians. Additionally, the possible underlying mechanisms and the rationale for the application of specific medications, such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and hydroxychloroquine are also discussed.

scholarly journals Isolated Chronic Aseptic Meningitis Due to SARS-COV-2 Unresponsive to Ordinary Treatments

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdollah Karimi ◽  
Sedigheh Rafiei Tabatabaei ◽  
Ghazal Shariatpanahi ◽  
Mohsen Javadzadeh ◽  
Shahnaz Armin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Aseptic Meningitis ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Immune Mediated

: Serious, and sometimes, deadly complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are devastating. Whereas most manifestations of COVID-19 are respiratory (fever, dry cough, fatigue, pneumonia), it is getting to be progressively recognized that numerous organ functions can be affected by this disease, and the nervous system is one of them as neurological complications can affect up to 36% of adult patients. However, the prevalence and pathophysiology of these complications have yet to be fully elucidated in children. Here, we discuss an infant with neurological symptoms manifested as chronic isolated aseptic meningitis associated with COVID-19, which was unresponsive to ordinary treatments and dramatically responsive to dexamethasone. Immune-mediated reactions may have had a major pathophysiologic role in this case.

scholarly journals CLINICAL MANIFESTATION AND PATHOGENESIS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM INVOLVEMENT IN SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS-2 INFECTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
VALENTINA TJANDRA DEWI ◽  
ANAK AGUNG AYU PUTRI LAKSMIDEWI ◽  
KETUT AYU SUDIARIANI
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The World

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) or CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has spread throughout the world and becomes a global pandemic. Various studies are still ongoing to be able to understand this viral infection in terms of symptomatology, transmission, pathogenesis, its treatment, and prevention. In addition to respiratory symptoms that are commonly reported in SARS-CoV-2 infections, there are many reports of symptoms appearing in other organ systems with one of them being neurological manifestation. The neurological manifestations involve not only the central and peripheral nervous systems but also there was also a suspicion that the potential invasion of SARS-CoV-2 in the nervous system might be able to take part in the occurrence of respiratory failure that is found in patients with COVID-19. The continuity of the study and the awareness of medical personnel from various fields of science must be increased to fight against the COVID-19 pandemic and ensuring optimal treatment for patients.

scholarly journals Spinal cord infarction in a 41-year-old male patient with COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 197140092198892
Author(s):  
Mamdouh Eissa ◽  
Mohamed Abdelhady ◽  
Hosam Alqatami ◽  
Khaled Salem ◽  
Ahmed Own ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Transverse Myelitis ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Posterior Circulation ◽  
Spinal Cord Infarction ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Artery Thrombosis

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, became rapidly recognised by variable phonotypic expressions that involve most major body organs. Neurological complications of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease are increasingly encountered in patients with COVID-19 infection, more frequently in patients with severe infection, and develop as a consequence of the neurotropic potential of this virus, secondary cytokine storm and acquired syndrome of COVID-19 coagulopathy. Spinal cord involvement after COVID-19 more commonly includes infectious transverse myelitis, para and post infection myelopathy and, rarely, spinal cord ischaemia related to increased coagulopathy with thromboembolic consequences. We herein report a COVID-19-positive patient with increased coagulopathy and vertebral artery thrombosis leading to posterior circulation and subsequent spinal cord infarction.

scholarly journals Two patients with acute meningo-encephalitis concomitant to SARS-CoV-2 infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphaël Bernard-Valnet ◽  
Beatrice Pizzarotti ◽  
Angelica Anichini ◽  
Yoris Demars ◽  
Enrico Russo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Infected Patient ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Neuropsychological Impairment ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Major Health Issue

AbstractHuman coronaviruses are known for their tropism for central nervous system and to be associated with neurological complications. SARS-CoV-2 pandemy represent a major health issue and if respiratory symptoms are at the forefront, neurological symptoms should be expected. Here we report the case of two patient that developed encephalitic symptoms with neuropsychological impairment and pathologic cerebrospinal fluid features concomitantly to SARS-CoV-2 documented infection. Both patient recovered promptly without treatment. This report raises the question of central nervous system involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection and the need for investigation of neuropsychological complications in infected patient.

scholarly journals The Significance of COVID-19 Immunological Status in Severe Neurological Complications and Multiple Sclerosis—A Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5894
Author(s):  
Joanna Kulikowska ◽  
Agnieszka Kulczyńska-Przybik ◽  
Barbara Mroczko ◽  
Alina Kułakowska
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Immune Mechanism ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Disease Modifying Drugs ◽  
Immunological Status ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Disease Modifying

SARS-CoV-2/Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is responsible for the pandemic, which started in December 2019. In addition to the typical respiratory symptoms, this virus also causes other severe complications, including neurological ones. In diagnostics, serological and polymerase chain reaction tests are useful not only in detecting past infections but can also predict the response to vaccination. It is now believed that an immune mechanism rather than direct viral neuroinvasion is responsible for neurological symptoms. For this reason, it is important to assess the presence of antibodies not only in the serum but also in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), especially in the case of neuro-COVID. A particular group of patients are people with multiple sclerosis (MS) whose disease-modifying drugs weaken the immune system and lead to an unpredictable serological response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Based on available data, the article summarizes the current serological information concerning COVID-19 in CSF in patients with severe neurological complications and in those with MS.

scholarly journals Neurological update: COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Ren ◽  
R. J. Digby ◽  
E. J. Needham
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Critical Illness ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Significant Issue ◽  
Neurological Damage ◽  
Direct Invasion

AbstractCoronavirus Disease 2019 is predominantly a disorder of the respiratory system, but neurological complications have been recognised since early in the pandemic. The major pathophysiological processes leading to neurological damage in COVID-19 are cerebrovascular disease, immunologically mediated neurological disorders and the detrimental effects of critical illness on the nervous system. It is still unclear whether direct invasion of the nervous system by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 occurs; given the vast numbers of people infected at this point, this uncertainty suggests that nervous system infection is unlikely to represent a significant issue if it occurs at all. In this review, we explore what has been learnt about the neurological complications of COVID-19 over the course of the pandemic, and by which mechanisms these complications most commonly occur.

SARS-CoV-2 Induced Neurological Manifestations Entangles Cytokine Storm That Implicates For Therapeutic Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao-Zhong Chong ◽  
Nizar Souayah
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Direct Invasion ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract: The new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can present with neurological symptoms and induce neurological complications. The involvement in both the central and peripheral nervous systems in COVID-19 patients has been associated with direct invasion of the virus and the induction of cytokine storm. This review discussed the pathways for the virus invasion into the nervous system and characterized the SARS-CoV-2 induced cytokine storm. In addition, the mechanisms underlying the immune responses and cytokine storm induction after SARS-CoV-2 infection were also discussed. Although some neurological symptoms are mild and disappear after recovery from infection, some severe neurological complications contribute to the mortality of COVID-19 patients. Therefore, the insight into the cause of SARS-CoV-2 induced cytokine storm in context with neurological complications will formulate the novel management of the disease and further identify new therapeutic targets for COVID-19.

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