scholarly journals Emerging Role of Exosomes in Retinal Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengyu Zhang ◽  
Aime Mugisha ◽  
Silvia Fransisca ◽  
Qinghuai Liu ◽  
Ping Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bilayer Membrane ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Retinal Diseases ◽  
Resident Cell ◽  
Intracellular Mediators

Retinal diseases, the leading causes of vison loss and blindness, are associated with complicated pathogeneses such as angiogenesis, inflammation, immune regulation, fibrous proliferation, and neurodegeneration. The retina is a complex tissue, where the various resident cell types communicate between themselves and with cells from the blood and immune systems. Exosomes, which are bilayer membrane vesicles with diameters of 30–150 nm, carry a variety of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, and participate in cell-to-cell communication. Recently, the roles of exosomes in pathophysiological process and their therapeutic potential have been emerging. Here, we critically review the roles of exosomes as possible intracellular mediators and discuss the possibility of using exosomes as therapeutic agents in retinal diseases.

scholarly journals Exosomes: From Potential Culprits to New Therapeutic Promise in the Setting of Cardiac Fibrosis

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Tikhomirov ◽  
Benedict Reilly-O’Donnell ◽  
Francesco Catapano ◽  
Giuseppe Faggian ◽  
Julia Gorelik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Fibrosis ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Cardiac Fibroblasts ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Ecm Remodeling ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Resident Cell ◽  
Global Health Problem

Fibrosis is a significant global health problem associated with many inflammatory and degenerative diseases affecting multiple organs, individually or simultaneously. Fibrosis develops when extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling becomes excessive or uncontrolled and is associated with nearly all forms of heart disease. Cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts are the main effectors of ECM deposition and scar formation. The heart is a complex multicellular organ, where the various resident cell types communicate between themselves and with cells of the blood and immune systems. Exosomes, which are small extracellular vesicles, (EVs), contribute to cell-to-cell communication and their pathophysiological relevance and therapeutic potential is emerging. Here, we will critically review the role of endogenous exosomes as possible fibrosis mediators and discuss the possibility of using stem cell-derived and/or engineered exosomes as anti-fibrotic agents.

scholarly journals The Role of Microvesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Lung Diseases

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Chen ◽  
Chonghui Li ◽  
Liangan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Experimental Models

Microvesicles (MVs) are membrane vesicles that are released by many types of cells and have recently been considered important mediators of cell-to-cell communication. MVs serve as a vehicle to transfer proteins and messenger RNA and microRNA (miRNA) to distant cells, which alters the gene expression, proliferation, and differentiation of the recipient cells. Several studies have demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the capacity to reverse acute and chronic lung injury in different experimental models through paracrine mechanisms. This paracrine action may be partially accounted for by MVs that are derived from MSCs. MSC-derived MVs may confer a stem cell-like phenotype to injured cells with the consequent activation of self-regenerative programmers. In this review, we summarize the characteristics and biological activities of MSC-derived MVs, and we describe their potential in novel therapeutic approaches in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. Additionally, we provide an overview of studies that have assessed the role of MSC-derived MVs in lung diseases, including the mechanisms that may account for their therapeutic potential. Finally, we discuss the clinical use of MSC-derived MVs with several suggestions for enhancing their therapeutic efficiency.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicle-Based Therapeutics for Heart Repair

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 570
Author(s):  
Laura Saludas ◽  
Cláudia C. Oliveira ◽  
Carmen Roncal ◽  
Adrián Ruiz-Villalba ◽  
Felipe Prósper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Cardiac Damage ◽  
Heterogeneous Membrane ◽  
Heart Repair

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are constituted by a group of heterogeneous membrane vesicles secreted by most cell types that play a crucial role in cell–cell communication. In recent years, EVs have been postulated as a relevant novel therapeutic option for cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction (MI), partially outperforming cell therapy. EVs may present several desirable features, such as no tumorigenicity, low immunogenic potential, high stability, and fine cardiac reparative efficacy. Furthermore, the natural origin of EVs makes them exceptional vehicles for drug delivery. EVs may overcome many of the limitations associated with current drug delivery systems (DDS), as they can travel long distances in body fluids, cross biological barriers, and deliver their cargo to recipient cells, among others. Here, we provide an overview of the most recent discoveries regarding the therapeutic potential of EVs for addressing cardiac damage after MI. In addition, we review the use of bioengineered EVs for targeted cardiac delivery and present some recent advances for exploiting EVs as DDS. Finally, we also discuss some of the most crucial aspects that should be addressed before a widespread translation to the clinical arena.

scholarly journals Exploring the VISTA of microglia: immune checkpoints in CNS inflammation

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (10) ◽  
pp. 1415-1430
Author(s):  
Malte Borggrewe ◽  
Susanne M. Kooistra ◽  
Randolph J. Noelle ◽  
Bart J. L. Eggen ◽  
Jon D. Laman
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Immune Checkpoints ◽  
Cns Inflammation ◽  
Resident Cell ◽  
And Function

Abstract Negative checkpoint regulators (NCR) are intensely pursued as targets to modulate the immune response in cancer and autoimmunity. A large variety of NCR is expressed by central nervous system (CNS)-resident cell types and is associated with CNS homeostasis, interactions with peripheral immunity and CNS inflammation and disease. Immunotherapy blocking NCR affects the CNS as patients can develop neurological issues including encephalitis and multiple sclerosis (MS). How these treatments affect the CNS is incompletely understood, since expression and function of NCR in the CNS are only beginning to be unravelled. V-type immunoglobulin-like suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) is an NCR that is expressed primarily in the haematopoietic system by myeloid and T cells. VISTA regulates T cell quiescence and activation and has a variety of functions in myeloid cells including efferocytosis, cytokine response and chemotaxis. In the CNS, VISTA is predominantly expressed by microglia and macrophages of the CNS. In this review, we summarize the role of NCR in the CNS during health and disease. We highlight expression of VISTA across cell types and CNS diseases and discuss the function of VISTA in microglia and during CNS ageing, inflammation and neurodegeneration. Understanding the role of VISTA and other NCR in the CNS is important considering the adverse effects of immunotherapy on the CNS, and in view of their therapeutic potential in CNS disease.

scholarly journals HIV Neuroinflammation: The Role of Exosomes in Cell Signaling, Prognostic and Diagnostic Biomarkers and Drug Delivery

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supriya D. Mahajan ◽  
Nigel Smith Ordain ◽  
Hilliard Kutscher ◽  
Shanta Karki ◽  
Jessica L. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Cell Communication ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Bilayer Membrane ◽  
Phospholipid Bilayer ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Cellular Transport ◽  
Persistent Inflammation ◽  
Hiv Neuroinflammation ◽  
Hiv 1

Fifty to sixty percent of HIV-1 positive patients experience HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) likely due to persistent inflammation and blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. The role that microglia and astrocytes play in HAND pathogenesis has been well delineated; however, the role of exosomes in HIV neuroinflammation and neuropathogenesis is unclear. Exosomes are 50–150 nm phospholipid bilayer membrane vesicles that are responsible for cell-to-cell communication, cellular signal transduction, and cellular transport. Due to their diverse intracellular content, exosomes, are well poised to provide insight into HIV neuroinflammation as well as provide for diagnostic and predictive information that will greatly enhance the development of new therapeutic interventions for neuroinflammation. Exosomes are also uniquely positioned to be vehicles to delivery therapeutics across the BBB to modulate HIV neuroinflammation. This mini-review will briefly discuss what is known about exosome signaling in the context of HIV in the central nervous system (CNS), their potential for biomarkers as well as their potential for vehicles to deliver various therapeutics to treat HIV neuroinflammation.

scholarly journals Precancerous niche (PCN), a product of fibrosis with remodeling by incessant chronic inflammation

4open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn L.D.M. Brücher ◽  
Ijaz S. Jamall
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Complex Signaling ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Multiple Signaling ◽  
Extracellular Environment

Fibroblasts are actively involved in the creation of the stroma and the extracellular matrix which are important for cell adhesion, cell–cell communication, and tissue metabolism. The role of fibrosis in carcinogenesis can be examined by analogy to tissues of various cancers. The orchestration of letters in the interplay of manifold components with signaling and crosstalk is incompletely understood but available evidence suggests a hitherto underappreciated role for fibrosis in carcinogenesis. Complex signaling and crosstalk by pathogenic stimuli evoke persistent subclinical inflammation, which in turn, results in a cascade of different cell types, ubiquitous proteins and their corresponding enzymes, cytokine releases, and multiple signaling pathways promoting the onset of fibrosis. There is considerable evidence that the body's attempt to resolve such a modified extracellular environment leads to further disruption of homeostasis and the genesis of the precancerous niche as part of the six-step process that describes carcinogenesis. The precancerous niche is formed and can be understood to develop as a result of (1) pathogenic stimulus, (2) chronic inflammation, and (3) fibrosis with alterations of the extracellular matrix, stromal rigidity, and mechano-transduction. This is why carcinogenesis is not just a process of aberrant cell growth with damaged genetic material but the role of the PCN in its entirety reveals how carcinogenesis can occur without invoking the need for somatic mutations.

V. Therapeutic potential of nitric oxide donors and inhibitors

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (6) ◽  
pp. G1313-G1316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo N. Muscará ◽  
John L. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Mucosal Injury ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Gastrointestinal Physiology ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Nitric Oxide Releasing ◽  
Oxide Synthase

Nitric oxide is a crucial mediator of gastrointestinal mucosal defense, but, paradoxically, it also contributes to mucosal injury in several situations. Inhibitors of nitric oxide synthesis and compounds that release nitric oxide have been useful pharmacological tools for evaluating the role of nitric oxide in gastrointestinal physiology and pathophysiology. Newer inhibitors with selectivity for one of the isoforms of nitric oxide synthase are even more powerful tools and may have utility as therapeutic agents. Also, agents that can scavenge nitric oxide or peroxynitrite are promising as drugs to prevent nitric oxide-associated tissue injury. Compounds that release nitric oxide in small amounts over a prolonged period of time may also be very useful for prevention of gastrointestinal injury associated with shock and with the use of drugs that have ulcerogenic effects. Indeed, the coupling of a nitric oxide-releasing moiety to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has proven to be a valid means of substantially reducing the gastrointestinal toxicity of these drugs without decreasing their efficacy.

scholarly journals Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in liver diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (5) ◽  
pp. G739-G749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harmeet Malhi
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Delivery ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Therapeutic Uses ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Secretion Pathways

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-defined nanoparticles released by most cell types. The EVs released by cells may differ quantitatively and qualitatively from physiological states to disease states. There are several unique properties of EVs, including their proteins, lipids and nucleic acid cargoes, stability in circulation, and presence in biofluids, which make them a critical vector for cell-to-cell communication and impart utility as a biomarker. EVs may also serve as a vehicle for selective cargo secretion. Similarly, EV cargo may be selectively manipulated for targeted therapeutic delivery. In this review an overview is provided on the EV classification, biogenesis, and secretion pathways, which are conserved across cell types. Next, cargo characterization and effector cell responses are discussed in the context of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, and acetaminophen-induced liver injury. The review also discusses the potential biomarker and therapeutic uses of circulating EVs.

scholarly journals Roles and Clinical Applications of Exosomes in Cardiovascular Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Guo ◽  
Yuerong Xu ◽  
Jian Ding ◽  
Jiaying Dong ◽  
Ning Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Bilayer Membrane ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Causes Of Mortality ◽  
Bioactive Agents

Despite substantial improvements in therapeutic strategies, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Exosomes, extracellular vesicles with a lipid bilayer membrane of endosomal origin, have been the focus of a large body of research in CVD. Exosomes not only serve as carriers for signal molecules responsible for intercellular and interorgan communication underlying CVD pathophysiology but also are bioactive agents which are partly responsible for the therapeutic effect of stem cell therapy of CVD. We here review recent insights gained into the role of exosomes in apoptosis, hypertrophy, angiogenesis, fibrosis, and inflammation in CVD pathophysiology and progression and the application and mechanisms of exosomes as therapeutic agents for CVD.

scholarly journals Role of Macrophages in Cardioprotection

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Yap ◽  
Hector A. Cabrera-Fuentes ◽  
Jason Irei ◽  
Derek J. Hausenloy ◽  
William A. Boisvert
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Macrophage Population ◽  
Injured Myocardium ◽  
Cardio Protection ◽  
Classically Activated Macrophages ◽  
Alternatively Activated ◽  
Classically Activated

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. It is widely known that non-resolving inflammation results in atherosclerotic conditions, which are responsible for a host of downstream pathologies including thrombosis, myocardial infarction (MI), and neurovascular events. Macrophages, as part of the innate immune response, are among the most important cell types in every stage of atherosclerosis. In this review we discuss the principles governing macrophage function in the healthy and infarcted heart. More specifically, how cardiac macrophages participate in myocardial infarction as well as cardiac repair and remodeling. The intricate balance between phenotypically heterogeneous populations of macrophages in the heart have profound and highly orchestrated effects during different phases of myocardial infarction. In the early “inflammatory” stage of MI, resident cardiac macrophages are replaced by classically activated macrophages derived from the bone marrow and spleen. And while the macrophage population shifts towards an alternatively activated phenotype, the inflammatory response subsides giving way to the “reparative/proliferative” phase. Lastly, we describe the therapeutic potential of cardiac macrophages in the context of cell-mediated cardio-protection. Promising results demonstrate innovative concepts; one employing a subset of yolk sac-derived, cardiac macrophages that have complete restorative capacity in the injured myocardium of neonatal mice, and in another example, post-conditioning of cardiac macrophages with cardiosphere-derived cells significantly improved patient’s post-MI diagnoses.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document