scholarly journals HIV Neuroinflammation: The Role of Exosomes in Cell Signaling, Prognostic and Diagnostic Biomarkers and Drug Delivery

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supriya D. Mahajan ◽  
Nigel Smith Ordain ◽  
Hilliard Kutscher ◽  
Shanta Karki ◽  
Jessica L. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Cell Communication ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Bilayer Membrane ◽  
Phospholipid Bilayer ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Cellular Transport ◽  
Persistent Inflammation ◽  
Hiv Neuroinflammation ◽  
Hiv 1

Fifty to sixty percent of HIV-1 positive patients experience HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) likely due to persistent inflammation and blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. The role that microglia and astrocytes play in HAND pathogenesis has been well delineated; however, the role of exosomes in HIV neuroinflammation and neuropathogenesis is unclear. Exosomes are 50–150 nm phospholipid bilayer membrane vesicles that are responsible for cell-to-cell communication, cellular signal transduction, and cellular transport. Due to their diverse intracellular content, exosomes, are well poised to provide insight into HIV neuroinflammation as well as provide for diagnostic and predictive information that will greatly enhance the development of new therapeutic interventions for neuroinflammation. Exosomes are also uniquely positioned to be vehicles to delivery therapeutics across the BBB to modulate HIV neuroinflammation. This mini-review will briefly discuss what is known about exosome signaling in the context of HIV in the central nervous system (CNS), their potential for biomarkers as well as their potential for vehicles to deliver various therapeutics to treat HIV neuroinflammation.

scholarly journals Emerging Role of Exosomes in Retinal Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengyu Zhang ◽  
Aime Mugisha ◽  
Silvia Fransisca ◽  
Qinghuai Liu ◽  
Ping Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bilayer Membrane ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Retinal Diseases ◽  
Resident Cell ◽  
Intracellular Mediators

Retinal diseases, the leading causes of vison loss and blindness, are associated with complicated pathogeneses such as angiogenesis, inflammation, immune regulation, fibrous proliferation, and neurodegeneration. The retina is a complex tissue, where the various resident cell types communicate between themselves and with cells from the blood and immune systems. Exosomes, which are bilayer membrane vesicles with diameters of 30–150 nm, carry a variety of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, and participate in cell-to-cell communication. Recently, the roles of exosomes in pathophysiological process and their therapeutic potential have been emerging. Here, we critically review the roles of exosomes as possible intracellular mediators and discuss the possibility of using exosomes as therapeutic agents in retinal diseases.

The Emerging Role of Exosomal Non-coding RNAs in Musculoskeletal Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (42) ◽  
pp. 4523-4535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Tu ◽  
Jieyu He ◽  
Ruiqi Chen ◽  
Zhihong Li
Keyword(s):  
Musculoskeletal Diseases ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Phospholipid Bilayer ◽  
Muscular Dystrophies ◽  
Physiological Relevance ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
Effective Delivery ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

: Exosomes are phospholipid bilayer-enclosed membrane vesicles derived and constitutively secreted by various metabolically active cells. They are capable of mediating hetero- and homotypic intercellular communication by transferring multiple cargos from donor cells to recipient cells. Nowadays, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as novel potential biomarkers or disease-targeting agents in a variety of diseases. However, the lack of effective delivery systems may impair their clinical application. Recently, accumulating evidence demonstrated that ncRNAs could be efficiently delivered to recipient cells using exosomes as a carrier, and therefore can exert a critical role in musculoskeletal diseases including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, muscular dystrophies, osteosarcoma and other diseases. Herein, we present an extensive review of biogenesis, physiological relevance and clinical implication of exosome-derived ncRNAs in musculoskeletal diseases.

scholarly journals The Expanding Role of Vesicles Containing Aquaporins

Cells ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 179 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Martinez-Ballesta ◽  
Paula Garcia-Ibañez ◽  
Lucía Yepes-Molina ◽  
Juan Rios ◽  
Micaela Carvajal
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Biotechnological Applications ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
Other Substances

In animals and plants, membrane vesicles containing proteins have been defined as key for biological systems involving different processes such as trafficking or intercellular communication. Docking and fusion of vesicles to the plasma membrane occur in living cells in response to different stimuli, such as environmental changes or hormones, and therefore play an important role in cell homeostasis as vehicles for certain proteins or other substances. Because aquaporins enhance the water permeability of membranes, their role as proteins immersed in vesicles formed of natural membranes is a recent topic of study. They regulate numerous physiological processes and could hence serve new biotechnological purposes. Thus, in this review, we have explored the physiological implications of the trafficking of aquaporins, the mechanisms that control their transit, and the proteins that coregulate the migration. In addition, the importance of exosomes containing aquaporins in the cell-to-cell communication processes in animals and plants have been analyzed, together with their potential uses in biomedicine or biotechnology. The properties of aquaporins make them suitable for use as biomarkers of different aquaporin-related diseases when they are included in exosomes. Finally, the fact that these proteins could be immersed in biomimetic membranes opens future perspectives for new biotechnological applications.

scholarly journals The Role of Microvesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Lung Diseases

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Chen ◽  
Chonghui Li ◽  
Liangan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Experimental Models

Microvesicles (MVs) are membrane vesicles that are released by many types of cells and have recently been considered important mediators of cell-to-cell communication. MVs serve as a vehicle to transfer proteins and messenger RNA and microRNA (miRNA) to distant cells, which alters the gene expression, proliferation, and differentiation of the recipient cells. Several studies have demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the capacity to reverse acute and chronic lung injury in different experimental models through paracrine mechanisms. This paracrine action may be partially accounted for by MVs that are derived from MSCs. MSC-derived MVs may confer a stem cell-like phenotype to injured cells with the consequent activation of self-regenerative programmers. In this review, we summarize the characteristics and biological activities of MSC-derived MVs, and we describe their potential in novel therapeutic approaches in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. Additionally, we provide an overview of studies that have assessed the role of MSC-derived MVs in lung diseases, including the mechanisms that may account for their therapeutic potential. Finally, we discuss the clinical use of MSC-derived MVs with several suggestions for enhancing their therapeutic efficiency.

scholarly journals Exosomes in Systemic Sclerosis: Messengers Between Immune, Vascular and Fibrotic Components?

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 4337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colletti ◽  
Galardi ◽  
Santis ◽  
Guidelli ◽  
Giannatale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Cellular Behavior ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Therapeutic Tools

: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare autoimmune disease, characterized by vasculopathy and fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. This disease is still considered incurable and is associated with a high risk of mortality, which is related to fibrotic events. An early diagnosis is useful for preventing complications, and targeted therapies reduce disease progression and ameliorate patients’ quality of life. Nevertheless, there are no validated biomarkers for early diagnosis with predictive prognostic value. Exosomes are membrane vesicles, transporting proteins and nucleic acids that may be delivered to target cells, which influences cellular behavior. They play important roles in cell–cell communication, both in physiological and pathological conditions, and may be useful as circulating biomarkers. Recent evidences suggest a role for these microvesicles in the three main aspects related to the pathogenesis of SSc (immunity, vascular damage, and fibrosis). Moreover, exosomes are of particular interest in the field of nano-delivery and are used as biological carriers. In this review, we report the latest information concerning SSc pathogenesis, clinical aspects of SSc, and current approaches to the treatment of SSc. Furthermore, we indicate a possible role of exosomes in SSc pathogenesis and suggest their potential use as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as therapeutic tools.

scholarly journals Microparticles Novel Mechanisms of Intracellular Communication: Implication in Health and Disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Anna Meiliana ◽  
Andi Wijaya
Keyword(s):  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Phospholipid Bilayer ◽  
Parent Cell ◽  
Nucleic Acid Binding ◽  
Membrane Structures

BACKGROUND: The prevailing view that eukaryotic cells are restrained from intercellular exchange of genetic information has been challenged by recent reports on nanotubes, exosomes, apoptotic bodies, and nucleic acid—binding peptides that provide novel pathways for cell—cell communication, with implications in health and disease.CONTENT: Microparticles (MPs) are a heterogeneous population of small plasma membrane structures that serve as important signaling structures between cells. MPs are composed of a phospholipid bilayer that exposes transmembrane proteins and receptors and encloses cytosolic components such as enzymes, transcription factors, and mRNA derived from their parent cells. Growing evidence suggests that MPs regulate inflammation, stimulate coagulation, affect vascular functions and apoptosis, and can also play a role in cell proliferation or differentiation. MPs circulate in the bloodstream, can be detected in the peripheral blood, and may originate from different vascular cell types (eg, platelets, monocytes, endothelial cells, red blood cells, and granulocytes).SUMMARY: Cells of various types release small membrane vesicles called MP on their activation, as well as during the process of apoptosis. The properties and roles of MP generated in different contexts are diverse and are determined by their parent cell and the pathway of their generation, which affects their content. MP are involved in multiple cellular functions, including immunomodulation, inflammation, coagulation, and intercellular communication. MPs are able to deliver molecular signals in the form of lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, or functional trans-membrane proteins from the parent cell to distantly located targets. From a clinical point of view, MP may serve as biomarkers for disease status and may be found useful for developing novel therapeutic strategies.KEYWORDS: microparticles, microvesicle, membrane remodeling, Intercellular communication

scholarly journals Potential Roles of Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers and a Novel Treatment Approach in Multiple Sclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 9011
Author(s):  
María Gutiérrez-Fernández ◽  
Fernando de la Cuesta ◽  
Antonio Tallón ◽  
Inmaculada Cuesta ◽  
Mireya Fernández-Fournier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Therapeutic Vaccine ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Bilayer Membrane ◽  
Antigen Delivery ◽  
Novel Treatments ◽  
Leukocyte Transendothelial Migration ◽  
Novel Strategy

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of bilayer membrane-wrapped molecules that play an important role in cell-to-cell communication, participating in many physiological processes and in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). In recent years, many studies have focused on EVs, with promising results indicating their potential role as biomarkers in MS and helping us better understand the pathogenesis of the disease. Recent evidence suggests that there are novel subpopulations of EVs according to cell origin, with those derived from cells belonging to the nervous and immune systems providing information regarding inflammation, demyelination, axonal damage, astrocyte and microglia reaction, blood–brain barrier permeability, leukocyte transendothelial migration, and ultimately synaptic loss and neuronal death in MS. These biomarkers can also provide insight into disease activity and progression and can differentiate patients’ disease phenotype. This information can enable new pathways for therapeutic target discovery, and consequently the development of novel treatments. Recent evidence also suggests that current disease modifying treatments (DMTs) for MS modify the levels and content of circulating EVs. EVs might also serve as biomarkers to help monitor the response to DMTs, which could improve medical decisions concerning DMT initiation, choice, escalation, and withdrawal. Furthermore, EVs could act not only as biomarkers but also as treatment for brain repair and immunomodulation in MS. EVs are considered excellent delivery vehicles. Studies in progress show that EVs containing myelin antigens could play a pivotal role in inducing antigen-specific tolerance of autoreactive T cells as a novel strategy for the treatment as “EV-based vaccines” for MS. This review explores the breakthrough role of nervous and immune system cell-derived EVs as markers of pathological disease mechanisms and potential biomarkers of treatment response in MS. In addition, this review explores the novel role of EVs as vehicles for antigen delivery as a therapeutic vaccine to restore immune tolerance in MS autoimmunity.

scholarly journals Exosomal microRNAs as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4997
Author(s):  
Andrei Sorop ◽  
Diana Constantinescu ◽  
Florentina Cojocaru ◽  
Anca Dinischiotu ◽  
Dana Cucu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Bilayer Membrane ◽  
Novel Treatments ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Exosome Biogenesis ◽  
Exosomal Mirnas ◽  
Mirna Species

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the second most common cause of cancer-related death globally. This type of liver cancer is frequently detected at a late stage by current biomarkers because of the high clinical and biological heterogeneity of HCC tumours. From a plethora of molecules and cellular compounds, small nanoparticles with an endosomal origin are valuable cancer biomarkers or cargos for novel treatments. Despite their small sizes, in the range of 40–150 nm, these particles are delimited by a lipid bilayer membrane with a specific lipid composition and carry functional information—RNA, proteins, miRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), or DNA fragments. This review summarizes the role of exosomal microRNA (miRNA) species as biomarkers in HCC therapy. After we briefly introduce the exosome biogenesis and the methods of isolation and characterization, we discuss miRNA’s correlation with the diagnosis and prognosis of HCC, either as single miRNA species, or as specific panels with greater clinical impact. We also review the role of exosomal miRNAs in the tumourigenic process and in the cell communication pathways through the delivery of cargos, including proteins or specific drugs.

scholarly journals Circulating Extracellular Vesicles Containing Xenobiotic Metabolizing CYP Enzymes and Their Potential Roles in Extrahepatic Cells Via Cell–Cell Interactions

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 6178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelli Gerth ◽  
Sunitha Kodidela ◽  
Madeline Mahon ◽  
Sanjana Haque ◽  
Neha Verma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cell Interactions ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Cyp Enzymes ◽  
Toxic Metabolites ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Cell Cell

The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of enzymes is known to metabolize the majority of xenobiotics. Hepatocytes, powerhouses of CYP enzymes, are where most drugs are metabolized into non-toxic metabolites. Additional tissues/cells such as gut, kidneys, lungs, blood, and brain cells express selective CYP enzymes. Extrahepatic CYP enzymes, especially in kidneys, also metabolize drugs into excretable forms. However, extrahepatic cells express a much lower level of CYPs than hepatocytes. It is possible that the liver secretes CYP enzymes, which circulate via plasma and are eventually delivered to extrahepatic cells (e.g., brain cells). CYP circulation likely occurs via extracellular vesicles (EVs), which carry important biomolecules for delivery to distant cells. Recent studies have revealed an abundance of several CYPs in plasma EVs and other cell-derived EVs, and have demonstrated the role of CYP-containing EVs in xenobiotic-induced toxicity via cell–cell interactions. Thus, it is important to study the mechanism for packaging CYP into EVs, their circulation via plasma, and their role in extrahepatic cells. Future studies could help to find novel EV biomarkers and help to utilize EVs in novel interventions via CYP-containing EV drug delivery. This review mainly covers the abundance of CYPs in plasma EVs and EVs derived from CYP-expressing cells, as well as the potential role of EV CYPs in cell–cell communication and their application with respect to novel biomarkers and therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals Potential Roles of Exosomal lncRNAs in the Intestinal Mucosal Immune Barrier

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Shanshan Chen ◽  
Ruonan He ◽  
Beihui He ◽  
Li Xu ◽  
Shuo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Phospholipid Bilayer ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Micro Rnas ◽  
Physiologically Active Substances ◽  
Active Substances

The intestinal mucosal immune barrier protects the host from the invasion of foreign pathogenic microorganisms. Immune cells and cytokines in the intestinal mucosa maintain local and systemic homeostasis by participating in natural and adaptive immunity. Deficiency of the intestinal mucosal immune barrier is associated with a variety of intestinal illnesses. Exosomes are phospholipid bilayer nanovesicles that allow cell-cell communication by secreting physiologically active substances including proteins, lipids, transcription factors, mRNAs, micro-RNAs (miRNAs), and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Exosomal lncRNAs are involved in immune cell differentiation and the modulation of the immune response. This review briefly introduces the potential role of exosomal lncRNAs in the intestinal mucosal immune barrier and discusses their relevance to intestinal illnesses.

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