scholarly journals Dangerous Duplicity: The Dual Functions of Casein Kinase 1in Parasite Biology and Host Subversion

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najma Rachidi ◽  
Uwe Knippschild ◽  
Gerald F. Späth
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Casein Kinase ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Casein Kinase 1 ◽  
Parasite Survival ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Parasite Biology ◽  
Antimicrobial Interventions

Casein Kinase 1 (CK1) family members are serine/threonine protein kinases that are involved in many biological processes and highly conserved in eukaryotes from protozoan to humans. Even though pathogens exploit host CK1 signaling pathways to survive, the role of CK1 in infectious diseases and host/pathogen interaction is less well characterized compared to other diseases, such as cancer or neurodegenerative diseases. Here we present the current knowledge on CK1 in protozoan parasites highlighting their essential role for parasite survival and their importance for host-pathogen interactions. We also discuss how the dual requirement of CK1 family members for parasite biological processes and host subversion could be exploited to identify novel antimicrobial interventions.

Role of phosphorylated aminoacyl residues in generating atypical consensus sequences which are recognized by casein kinase-2 but not by casein kinase-1

Biochemistry ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 31 (25) ◽  
pp. 5893-5897 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Perich ◽  
Flavio Meggio ◽  
Eric C. Reynolds ◽  
Oriano Marin ◽  
Lorenzo A. Pinna
Keyword(s):  
Casein Kinase ◽  
Casein Kinase 2 ◽  
Casein Kinase 1 ◽  
Consensus Sequences

The Salivary miRNome: A Promising Biomarker of Disease

MicroRNA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Tomei ◽  
Harshitha Shobha Manjunath ◽  
Selvasankar Murugesan ◽  
Souhaila Al Khodor
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Circulating Mirnas ◽  
Disease Pathogenesis ◽  
Technical Aspects ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs ranging from 18-24 nucleotides also known to regulate the human genome mainly at the post-transcriptional level. MiRNAs were shown to play an important role in most biological processes such as apoptosis and in the pathogenesis of many diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Recent developments of advanced molecular high-throughput technologies have enhanced our knowledge of miRNAs. MiRNAs can now be discovered, interrogated, and quantified in various body fluids, and hence can serve as diagnostic and therapeutic markers for many diseases. While most studies use blood as a sample source to measure circulating miRNAs as possible biomarkers for disease pathogenesis, fewer studies have assessed the role of salivary miRNAs in health and disease. This review aims at providing an overview of the current knowledge of the salivary miRNome, addressing the technical aspects of saliva sampling and highlighting the applicability of miRNA screening to clinical practice.

scholarly journals Role of the PE/PPE Family in Host–Pathogen Interactions and Prospects for Anti-Tuberculosis Vaccine and Diagnostic Tool Design

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianing Qian ◽  
Run Chen ◽  
Honghai Wang ◽  
Xuelian Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Interaction ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Host Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Protein Research ◽  
Slow Growing

The pe/ppe genes are found in pathogenic, slow-growing Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) species. These genes are considered key factors in host-pathogen interactions. Although the function of most PE/PPE family proteins remains unclear, accumulating evidence suggests that this family is involved in M. tuberculosis infection. Here, we review the role of PE/PPE proteins, which are believed to be linked to the ESX system function. Further, we highlight the reported functions of PE/PPE proteins, including their roles in host cell interaction, immune response regulation, and cell fate determination during complex host-pathogen processes. Finally, we propose future directions for PE/PPE protein research and consider how the current knowledge might be applied to design more specific diagnostics and effective vaccines for global tuberculosis control.

scholarly journals Endocrine regulation of circadian physiology

2016 ◽  
Vol 230 (1) ◽  
pp. R1-R11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony H Tsang ◽  
Mariana Astiz ◽  
Maureen Friedrichs ◽  
Henrik Oster
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Endocrine Regulation ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Endogenous Rhythmicity ◽  
Circadian Physiology ◽  
External Time ◽  
High Calorie

Endogenous circadian clocks regulate 24-h rhythms of behavior and physiology to align with external time. The endocrine system serves as a major clock output to regulate various biological processes. Recent findings suggest that some of the rhythmic hormones can also provide feedback to the circadian system at various levels, thus contributing to maintaining the robustness of endogenous rhythmicity. This delicate balance of clock–hormone interaction is vulnerable to modern lifestyle factors such as shiftwork or high-calorie diets, altering physiological set points. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the communication between the circadian timing and endocrine systems, with a focus on adrenal glucocorticoids and metabolic peptide hormones. We explore the potential role of hormones as systemic feedback signals to adjust clock function and their relevance for the maintenance of physiological and metabolic circadian homeostasis.

scholarly journals Casein Kinase-1-Alpha Inhibitor (D4476) Sensitizes Microsatellite Instable Colorectal Cancer Cells to 5-Fluorouracil via Authophagy Flux Inhibition

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Morvarid Siri ◽  
Hamid Behrouj ◽  
Sanaz Dastghaib ◽  
Mozhdeh Zamani ◽  
Wirginia Likus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Chemotherapy Resistance ◽  
Casein Kinase ◽  
Autophagy Flux ◽  
Casein Kinase 1 ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Cells ◽  
High Level ◽  
Casein Kinase 1 Alpha ◽  
Hct116 Cells

AbstractAdjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) does not improve survival of patients suffering from a form of colorectal cancer (CRC) characterized by high level of microsatellite instability (MSI-H). Given the importance of autophagy and multi-drug-resistant (MDR) proteins in chemotherapy resistance, as well as the role of casein kinase 1-alpha (CK1α) in the regulation of autophagy, we tested the combined effect of 5-FU and CK1α inhibitor (D4476) on HCT116 cells as a model of MSI-H colorectal cancer. To achieve this goal, the gene expression of Beclin1 and MDR genes, ABCG2 and ABCC3 were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We used immunoblotting to measure autophagy flux (LC3, p62) and flow cytometry to detect apoptosis. Our findings showed that combination treatment with 5-FU and D4476 inhibited autophagy flux. Moreover, 5-FU and D4476 combination therapy induced G2, S and G1 phase arrests and it depleted mRNA of both cell proliferation-related genes and MDR-related genes (ABCG2, cyclin D1 and c-myc). Hence, our data indicates that targeting of CK1α may increase the sensitivity of HCT116 cells to 5-FU. To our knowledge, this is the first description of sensitization of CRC cells to 5-FU chemotherapy by CK1α inhibitor. Graphic abstract

Dietary and Physiological Effects of Zinc on the Immune System

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inga Wessels ◽  
Henrike Josephine Fischer ◽  
Lothar Rink
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
And Function ◽  
Broad Overview

Evidence for the importance of zinc for all immune cells and for mounting an efficient and balanced immune response to various environmental stressors has been accumulating in recent years. This article describes the role of zinc in fundamental biological processes and summarizes our current knowledge of zinc's effect on hematopoiesis, including differentiation into immune cell subtypes. In addition, the important role of zinc during activation and function of immune cells is detailed and associated with the specific immune responses to bacteria, parasites, and viruses. The association of zinc with autoimmune reactions and cancers as diseases with increased or decreased immune responses is also discussed. This article provides a broad overview of the manifold roles that zinc, or its deficiency, plays in physiology and during various diseases. Consequently, we discuss why zinc supplementation should be considered, especially for people at risk of deficiency. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 41 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Casein kinase: the triple meaning of a misnomer

2014 ◽  
Vol 460 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Venerando ◽  
Maria Ruzzene ◽  
Lorenzo A. Pinna
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinases ◽  
Matrix Protein ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Casein Kinase ◽  
Casein Kinase 1 ◽  
Dentin Matrix Protein ◽  
Lactating Mammary Gland ◽  
Casein Kinases

The term ‘casein kinase’ has been widely used for decades to denote protein kinases sharing the ability to readily phosphorylate casein in vitro. These fall into three main classes: two of them, later renamed as protein kinases CK1 (casein kinase 1, also known as CKI) and CK2 (also known as CKII), are pleiotropic members of the kinome functionally unrelated to casein, whereas G-CK, or genuine casein kinase, responsible for the phosphorylation of casein in the Golgi apparatus of the lactating mammary gland, has only been identified recently with Fam20C [family with sequence similarity 20C; also known as DMP-4 (dentin matrix protein-4)], a member of the four-jointed family of atypical protein kinases, being responsible for the phosphorylation of many secreted proteins. In hindsight, therefore, the term ‘casein kinase’ is misleading in every instance; in the case of CK1 and CK2, it is because casein is not a physiological substrate, and in the case of G-CK/Fam20C/DMP-4, it is because casein is just one out of a plethora of its targets, and a rather marginal one at that. Strikingly, casein kinases altogether, albeit representing a minimal proportion of the whole kinome, appear to be responsible for the generation of up to 40–50% of non-redundant phosphosites currently retrieved in human phosphopeptides database. In the present review, a short historical explanation will be provided accounting for the usage of the same misnomer to denote three unrelated classes of protein kinases, together with an update of our current knowledge of these pleiotropic enzymes, sharing the same misnomer while playing very distinct biological roles.

scholarly journals The emerging role of the KCTD proteins in cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annapaola Angrisani ◽  
Annamaria Di Fiore ◽  
Enrico De Smaele ◽  
Marta Moretti
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Protein Targets ◽  
Cancer Hallmarks ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Oncogenic Pathways ◽  
Tetramerization Domain ◽  
Human Family

AbstractThe human family of Potassium (K+) Channel Tetramerization Domain (KCTD) proteins counts 25 members, and a significant number of them are still only partially characterized. While some of the KCTDs have been linked to neurological disorders or obesity, a growing tally of KCTDs are being associated with cancer hallmarks or involved in the modulation of specific oncogenic pathways. Indeed, the potential relevance of the variegate KCTD family in cancer warrants an updated picture of the current knowledge and highlights the need for further research on KCTD members as either putative therapeutic targets, or diagnostic/prognostic markers. Homology between family members, capability to participate in ubiquitination and degradation of different protein targets, ability to heterodimerize between members, role played in the main signalling pathways involved in development and cancer, are all factors that need to be considered in the search for new key players in tumorigenesis. In this review we summarize the recent published evidence on KCTD members’ involvement in cancer. Furthermore, by integrating this information with data extrapolated from public databases that suggest new potential associations with cancers, we hypothesize that the number of KCTD family members involved in tumorigenesis (either as positive or negative modulator) may be bigger than so far demonstrated.

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