scholarly journals Ontogenetic Basis of Among-Generation Differences in Size-Related Traits in a Polyphenic Butterfly

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toomas Esperk ◽  
Toomas Tammaru
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Direct Development ◽  
Developmental Pathways ◽  
General Context ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Size Growth ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Generation Differences ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Varying Environments

Seasonal polyphenisms are cases in which individuals representing generations occurring in different times of the year systematically differ in their morphological, physiological, and/or behavioral traits. Such differences are often assumed to constitute adaptive responses to seasonally varying environments, but the evidence for this is still scarce. The adaptive character of the response would be corroborated by the pattern in which the decision about choosing a particular seasonal phenotype is made before the onset of respective environmental conditions (anticipatory plasticity). Alternatively, the between-generation differences can be caused by immediate effects of seasonally varying environments (responsive plasticity). Here we reared the larvae of the seasonally polymorphic map butterfly Araschnia levana under two different photoperiodic regimes, which provided different seasonal cues. These two treatments induced direct development and diapause pathways, respectively. Replicating the experiment at different temperatures and levels of host plant quality allowed us to evaluate both the anticipatory and the responsive components of the associated plastic changes in life-history traits. Larvae representing the direct development pathway invariably had higher growth rates and shorter development periods, although the difference between the developmental pathways was smaller at inferior host quality. Body size differences between the developmental pathways turned out to be less consistent, as the natural pattern of higher pupal mass of the directly developing individuals could only be reproduced at lower rearing temperature. Though being considerably modified by immediate environmental effects, the between-generation differences in size, growth rates, and larval are largely based on anticipatory plasticity (= responses to photoperiodic cues) and should be treated as seasonal adaptations in A. levana. In a more general context, we show how investigating the proximate basis of size differences can serve the purpose of identifying the limits of phenotypic plasticity in juvenile growth schedules.

scholarly journals Respon Pertumbuhan dan Konsentrasi Klorofil–a pada Kultur Mikroalga Chaetoceros gracilis terhadap Perbedaan Suhu Kultur

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Ni Luh Putu Citra Adriyanti ◽  
I Wayan Arthana ◽  
Widiastuti Widiastuti
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Growth Trend ◽  
Chlorophyll A Concentration ◽  
Chaetoceros Gracilis ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Doubling Times ◽  
One Way Anova

Microalgae Chaetoceros gracilis is widely used in aquaculture. Its culture highly depends on environmental factors, particularly temperature. This study aimed to examine the growth rate and its growth trend of C. gracilis, also chlorophyll-a concentration at different temperature. cultures were incubated at 25, 30 dan 340C for seven days using Na media with three replicates. Cell density was counted every day using a hemocytometer, whereas the concentration of chlorophyll-a was measured in spectrophotometry method. The differences in growth rates and chlorophyll-a concentration at different temperatures were statistically analyzed with One-Way ANOVA. The difference variables were further tested with the Tukey HSD test. The trend of the growth and duration of C. gracilis at 25 and 30 0C were similar, with the lag phase (three days), logarithmic (two days), stationary (one day), and declination (one day), in contrast at 34 0C that had lower duration and missed the stationary phase. The growth rates of microalgae C. gracilis was insignificantly differences at the temperature of 25 and 30 0C (0.7±0.05 cell/ml/day), but significantly lower at 340C (0.28±0.03 cell/ml/day). The chlorophyll-a concentrations at the temperature of 25 and 30 0C were not significantly different (0.37±0.05 and 0.39±0.03 mg/l), while the chlorophyll-a concentration at 34 0C was significantly lower (0.26±0.04 mg/l). This result indicates the high temperature (34 0C) inhibited the metabolism of C. gracilis as shown by doubling times that slower (2.5 day) than the temperature at 25 and 30 0C. It is concluded that the optimum temperatures for the C. gracilis were 25 and 30 0C, where as 340C was the inhibited temperature.

scholarly journals The Respiration of some Planktonic copepods II. The Effect Of Temperature

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Gauld ◽  
J. E. G. Raymont
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Acartia Clausi ◽  
Temora Longicornis ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Planktonic Copepods ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

The respiratory rates of three species of planktonic copepods, Acartia clausi, Centropages hamatus and Temora longicornis, were measured at four different temperatures.The relationship between respiratory rate and temperature was found to be similar to that previously found for Calanus, although the slope of the curves differed in the different species.The observations on Centropages at 13 and 170 C. can be divided into two groups and it is suggested that the differences are due to the use of copepods from two different generations.The relationship between the respiratory rates and lengths of Acartia and Centropages agreed very well with that previously found for other species. That for Temora was rather different: the difference is probably due to the distinct difference in the shape of the body of Temora from those of the other species.The application of these measurements to estimates of the food requirements of the copepods is discussed.

Effects of turbidity on prey consumption and growth in brook trout and implications for bioenergetics modeling

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 386-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A Sweka ◽  
Kyle J Hartman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Turbid Water ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Specific Growth Rates

Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were held in an artificial stream to observe the influence of turbidity on mean daily consumption and specific growth rates. Treatment turbidity levels ranged from clear (<3.0 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU)) to very turbid water (> 40 NTU). Observed mean daily specific consumption rates were standardized to the mean weight of all brook trout tested. Turbidity had no significant effect on mean daily consumption, but specific growth rates decreased significantly as turbidity increased. Brook trout in turbid water became more active and switched foraging strategies from drift feeding to active searching. This switch was energetically costly and resulted in lower specific growth rates in turbid water as compared with clear water. Bioenergetics simulations were run to compare observed growth with that predicted by the model. Observed growth values fell below those predicted by the model and the difference increased as turbidity increased. Abiotic factors, such as turbidity, which bring about changes in the activity rates of fish, can have implications for the accuracy of predicted growth by bioenergetics models.

Synthesis of Polyurethane Dendrimers and Transfer Properties of Dye

2013 ◽  
Vol 457-458 ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
Jing Ru Jia
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Orange ◽  
Phase Transfer ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Toluene Diisocyanate ◽  
Polymerization Process ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Addition Polymerization ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Transfer Properties

The polyfunctional organic compounds 2- hydroxymethyl -1,4- butanediol (trihydric alcohol) and toluene diisocyanate -2, 4- diisocyanate (TDI) were taken as the raw materials in this study. A polyurethane dendrimer was synthesized by utilizing the difference in the reaction activity of two isocyanate groups of TDI at different temperatures. The polymerization process conditions were studied. The addition polymerization of para-position NCO groups occurred at 50 °C, and that of ortho NCO groups occurred at 90 °C. According to the structure of the dendrimer synthesized, methyl orange was used as the guest molecule. Consequently, the aqueous methyl orange showed a phase transfer. With the increase of dendrimer concentration, the transfer rate of methyl orange increased.

scholarly journals V. Electrolytic conduction in solids.—First example. hot glass

1875 ◽  
Vol 23 (156-163) ◽  
pp. 463-464 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Voltaic Cell

Many years ago I projected an experiment to test the voltaic relations between different metals with glass substituted for the electrolytic liquid of an ordinary simple voltaic cell, and with so high a temperature that the glass would have conducting-power sufficient to allow induction through it to rule the difference of potentials between the two metals. Imperfect instrumental arrangements, and want of knowledge of the temperature at which glass would have sufficient conductivity to give satisfactory results, have hitherto prevented me from carrying out the proposed investigation. The quadrant electrometer has supplied the first of these deficiencies, and Mr. Perry’s recent experiments on the conductivity of glass at different temperatures the second. The investigation has now been resumed; and in a preliminary experiment I have already obtained a very decided result.

The kinetics of Ge lateral overgrowth on SiO2

MRS Advances ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (23) ◽  
pp. 1703-1708 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yako ◽  
N. J. Kawai ◽  
Y. Mizuno ◽  
K. Wada
Keyword(s):  
Growth Kinetics ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Film Formation ◽  
Lateral Overgrowth ◽  
Flat Film ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Kinetics Of

ABSTRACTThe kinetics of Ge lateral overgrowth on SiO2 with line-shaped Si seeds is examined. The growth process is described by the difference between the growth rates of Ge on (100) planes (GR100) and <311> facets (GR311). The theoretical calculations well reproduce the growth kinetics. It is shown that narrowing the line-seeds helps Ge coalescence and flat film formation.

scholarly journals Quasi-biennial and quasi-triennial oscillations in the growth rates of atmospheric chlorofluorocarbons 11 and 12

MAUSAM ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-358
Author(s):  
R. P. KANE
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Prominent Peak

The 12-monthly running means of CFC-11 and CFC-12 were examined for 1977-1992. As observed by earlier workers, during 1977-1988, there was a rapid, almost linear increase of these compounds, ~70% in the northern and ~77% in the southern hemisphere. From 1988 up to 1992, growth rates were slower, more so for CFC-11 in the northern hemisphere. Superposed on this pattern were QBO, QTO (Quasi-Biennial and Quasi-Triennial Oscillations). A spectral analysis of the various series indicated the following. The 50 hPa low latitude zonal wind had one prominent QBO peak at 2.58 years and much smaller peaks at 2.00 (QBO) and 5.1 years. The Southern oscillation index represented by (T-D), Tahiti minus Darwin atmospheric pressure, had a prominent peak at 4.1 years and a smaller peak at 2.31 years. CFC-11 had only one significant peak at 3.7 years in the southern hemisphere, roughly similar to the 4.1 year (T-D) peak. CFC-12 had prominent QBO (2.16-2.33 years) in both the hemispheres and a QTO (3.6 years) in the southern hemisphere. For individual locations, CFC-11 showed barely significant QBO in the range (1.95-3.07 years), while CFC 12 showed strong QBO in the range (1.86-2.38 years). The difference in the spectral characteristics of CFC-11 and CFC 12 time series is attributed to differences in their lifetimes (44 and 180 years), source emission rates and transport processes.

scholarly journals Seasonal patterns of pasture production in the Bay of Plenty and Waikato

1991 ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
J.A. Baars ◽  
G.J. Goold ◽  
M.F. Hawke ◽  
P.J. Kilgarriff ◽  
M.D. Rolm
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Large Contribution ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Summer Peak ◽  
The Difference

Patterns of pasture growth were measured on 3 farms in the Bay of Plenty (BOP) and at No2 Dairy (Ruakura Agricultural Centre) in the Waikato from 1989 to 199 1. A standardised trim technique with cages and 4-weekly cutting under grazing was used. Long-term seasonal growth patterns, using a predictive pasture model, were also simulated. Simulated pasture growth from long-term climatic data shows that pasture growth rates are higher in winter, early spring and late autumn in the BOP than the Waikato. However, the actual measurements over the 2 years show that pasture growth over the latter periods is lower at the BOP sites than at the Waikato site. In the BOP the spring peak is much later than in the Waikato while an early summer peak, with higher growth rates than in the Waikato, occurred in the BOP. No such summer peak was evident in the Waikato. The difference between the two regions is caused by the large contribution of subtropical grasses to sward production in summer and autumn, The prolific summer growth of subtropical grasses may explain the low ryegrass content and low pasture production in winter. The lower than expected autumn, winter, spring production may also becaused by low clover content, possibly a result of competition from subtropical grasses and a sulphur deficiency. The apparent low amount of nitrogen fixed by clover may explain the low rates of pasture production over the cooler season. Applications of nitrogen fertiliser may substantially increase dry matter production from April to September. Keywords pasture,simulation,subtropical grasses, Paspalum, Digitaria sanguinalis, growth rates

scholarly journals Influence of different method and different storage life on moisture and senzorial evaluation of durable salamis

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 183-196
Author(s):  
Hana Šulcerová ◽  
Jiří Štencl ◽  
A. Šulcová
Keyword(s):  
Storage Time ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Total Difference ◽  
Cut Surface ◽  
Sausage Casing ◽  
General Appearance

Heat-treated salamis “Vysočina“ were produced with standard way in a meat factory; their diameter was 55 mm. Samples were stored under laboratory conditions at different temperatures: 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C and sensory analysed every week during one month storage. The dry matter (d.m.) was measured, too. Descriptors of general appearance, sausage casing, texture, cut surface, dry edge, smell, taste, and salty were monitored. Biggest changes were in descriptors general appearance and sausage casing (P < 0.001) and also in dry edge (P < 0.010) during the month period. Germs of moulds were found only at 5 and 10 °C. Rapid increase of d.m. in samples was noticeable in the first week of the storage time. It was 3 % d.m. at 5 °C and 11 % d.m. at 25 °C. Increase of d.m. of salamis continues slowly in the next three weeks period; the total difference was about 10 % d.m. in the temperature range measured. Decrease of d.m. at 5 °C was noticed in the last week of the measurement. The difference was 3.5 % d.m. This change means that the equilibrium moisture content of the samples of salamis has been reached at the temperature 5 °C. The best sensorial quality of salamis “Vysočina” was in the storage temperature ranged from 15 to 20 °C.

scholarly journals INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ORDER: ON THE ISSUE OF ITS PROPERTIES (THEORETICAL ASPECTS)

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (127) ◽  
pp. 115-122
Author(s):  
I. Zabara
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
General Context ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Ability To Act ◽  
The Status ◽  
International Legal Order ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Internal And External Factors

The article deals with one of the theoretical aspects of international legal order issues – the question of its properties. The author summarizes the doctrinal views of international law and regards the basic properties of the phenomenon of international legal order as its ability to act as system complexity, dynamism, orderliness, the reality and legitimacy of actions of subjects. The author notes that there is a common position in the doctrine, according to which the international legal order is a system. However, he notes that the difference in views on the international legal order as a system consists in the components the researchers include in its composition; the author examines two theoretical approaches. The complexity of the international legal order is determined from the standpoint of the number of its elements and components, as well as the number of their connections. This opinion highlights the fact that the predominant role is played by the quantity of links between elements and components, and indicates the international legal order capacity for permanent changes under the influence of the relevant internal and external factors. The dynamism of the international legal order is characterized from the point of capacity for the development and modification. It is stated that the state of the dynamics is effected by several circumstances. The author concludes that this international legal order’s property as a dynamism is one of the qualities that characterizes its condition as a system. The orderliness of the international legal order is considered from a consistency point, the interaction of parts of the whole, due to its structure. The author notes that the ordering of the international legal order displays its internal relationships and emphasizes its status as a system. The reality of the international legal order is characterized from the point of objectively existing phenomenon. The author concludes that the allocation of the international legal order of reality as one of its properties is intended to emphasize the status of one of its most important components - the state of international relations. Separately, the author considers the question of the legality of actions of subjects of international law, which are discussed in the doctrine from the standpoint of the conditions necessary for its maintenance. The author points out that in the general context of the properties that characterize the international legal order, it can be considered as an aspect wich together with other characterizes the state of the international legal order.

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