scholarly journals Genomic and Chemical Diversity of Commercially Available High-CBD Industrial Hemp Accessions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Johnson ◽  
Jason G. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Certification Programs ◽  
Developing Seed ◽  
Chemical Profiles ◽  
Planting Materials ◽  
Industrial Hemp

High consumer demand for cannabidiol (CBD) has made high-CBD hemp (Cannabis sativa) an extremely high-value crop. However, high demand has resulted in the industry developing faster than the research, resulting in the sale of many hemp accessions with inconsistent performance and chemical profiles. These inconsistencies cause significant economic and legal problems for growers interested in producing high-CBD hemp. To determine the genetic and phenotypic consistency in available high-CBD hemp varieties, we obtained seed or clones from 22 different named accessions meant for commercial production. Genotypes (∼48,000 SNPs) and chemical profiles (% CBD and THC by dry weight) were determined for up to 8 plants per accession. Many accessions–including several with the same name–showed little consistency either genetically or chemically. Most seed-grown accessions also deviated significantly from their purported levels of CBD and THC based on the supplied certificates of analysis. Several also showed evidence of an active tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCa) synthase gene, leading to unacceptably high levels of THC in female flowers. We conclude that the current market for high-CBD hemp varieties is highly unreliable, making many purchases risky for growers. We suggest options for addressing these issues, such using unique names and developing seed and plant certification programs to ensure the availability of high-quality, verified planting materials.

scholarly journals Genomic and Chemical Diversity of Commercially Available Industrial Hemp Accessions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Johnson ◽  
Jason G. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Certification Programs ◽  
Developing Seed ◽  
Chemical Profiles ◽  
Planting Materials ◽  
Industrial Hemp ◽  
Female Flowers

High consumer demand for cannabidiol (CBD) has made industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) an extremely high-value crop. However, high demand has resulted in the industry developing faster than the research, resulting in the sale of many hemp accessions with inconsistent performance and chemical profiles. To determine the genetic and phenotypic consistency in available CBD hemp varieties, we obtained seed or clones from 22 different named accessions. Genotypes (~48,000 SNPs) and chemical profiles (% CBD and THC by dry weight) were determined for up to 8 plants per accession. Many accessions--including several with the same name--showed little consistency either genetically or chemically. Most seed-grown accessions deviated significantly from their purported levels of CBD and THC based on the supplied certificates of analysis. Several also showed evidence of an active tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCa) synthase gene, leading to unacceptably high levels of THC in female flowers. We conclude that the current market for CBD-hemp varieties is highly unreliable, making many purchases risky for growers. We suggest options for addressing these issues, such using unique names and developing seed and plant certification programs to ensure the availability of high-quality, verified planting materials.

scholarly journals Industrial, CBD, and Wild Hemp: How Different Are Their Essential Oil Profile and Antimicrobial Activity?

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (20) ◽  
pp. 4631
Author(s):  
Valtcho D. Zheljazkov ◽  
Vladimir Sikora ◽  
Ivayla Dincheva ◽  
Miroslava Kačániová ◽  
Tess Astatkie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Caryophyllene Oxide ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Total Oil ◽  
Industrial Hemp ◽  
Selection Of

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is currently one of the most controversial and promising crops. This study compared nine wild hemp (C. sativa spp. spontanea V.) accessions with 13 registered cultivars, eight breeding lines, and one cannabidiol (CBD) hemp strain belonging to C. sativa L. The first three groups had similar main essential oil (EO) constituents, but in different concentrations; the CBD hemp had a different EO profile. The concentration of the four major constituents in the industrial hemp lines and wild hemp accessions varied as follows: β-caryophyllene 11–22% and 15.4–29.6%; α-humulene 4.4–7.6% and 5.3–11.9%; caryophyllene oxide 8.6–13.7% and 0.2–31.2%; and humulene epoxide 2, 2.3–5.6% and 1.2–9.5%, respectively. The concentration of CBD in the EO of wild hemp varied from 6.9 to 52.4% of the total oil while CBD in the EO of the registered cultivars varied from 7.1 to 25%; CBD in the EO of the breeding lines and in the CBD strain varied from 6.4 to 25% and 7.4 to 8.8%, respectively. The concentrations of δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the EO of the three groups of hemp were significantly different, with the highest concentration being 3.5%. The EO of wild hemp had greater antimicrobial activity compared with the EO of registered cultivars. This is the first report to show that significant amounts of CBD could be accumulated in the EO of wild and registered cultivars of hemp following hydro-distillation. The amount of CBD in the EO can be greater than that in the EO of the USA strain used for commercial production of CBD. Furthermore, this is among the first reports that show greater antimicrobial activity of the EO of wild hemp vs. the EO of registered cultivars. The results suggest that wild hemp may offer an excellent opportunity for future breeding and the selection of cultivars with a desirable composition of the EO and possibly CBD-rich EO production.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Effect of Topping on Cannabidiol (CBD) Content in Two Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivars

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Antigolena FOLINA ◽  
Ioanna KAKABOUKI ◽  
Evangelia TOURKOCHORITI ◽  
Ioannis ROUSSIS ◽  
Harry PATEROULAKIS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Central Greece ◽  
Cultivation Practices ◽  
Industrial Hemp ◽  
Compactness Index

In order to define the finest cultivation practices for two of the most commercial hemp cultivars (‘Fedora 23’ and ‘Futura 75’) under the Mediterranean climate, the treatment of topping was applied in hemp crop in Central Greece. The object of the study was to assess if topping can increase the cannabidiol (CBD) production. In addition, the growth of the two cultivars was also investigated. Our results showed that the treatment of topping and cultivar affected the CBD content. The inflorescence compactness index and the number of nodes were affected by cultivar and topping. The number of inflorescences on secondary shoots was affected only by topping. The leaf area was affected by the interaction of cultivar and topping. The maximum height was recorded in un-topped Futura 75 plants, while the highest fresh and dry weight were found in topped Futura 75 plants. The total inflorescence dry matter was higher in topped plants.

scholarly journals Impact of Growth Stage and Biomass Fractions on Cannabinoid Content and Yield of Different Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Genotypes

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Burgel ◽  
Jens Hartung ◽  
Annegret Pflugfelder ◽  
Simone Graeff-Hönninger
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Weight Yield ◽  
Full Flowering ◽  
Additional Value ◽  
Industrial Hemp ◽  
The Impact

The medicinal use of cannabinoids renewed the interest in industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of growth stage and biomass fractions of seven industrial hemp genotypes. The study focused on biomass yield, content of cannabidiolic acid/cannabidiol (CBDA/CBD), cannabigerolic acid/cannabigerol (CBGA/CBG), and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA). The experiment was conducted in 2017 and 2018. The biomass samples were taken at the vegetative (S1), bud (S2), full-flowering (S3) and seed maturity stage (S4). Plants were fractionated into inflorescence, upper and lower leaves. The average inflorescence dry yield of genotypes Futura75, Fédora17, Félina32 and Ferimon ranged between 257.28 g m−2 to 442.00 g m−2, resulting in a maximum yield of CBDA at S4, with 4568.26 mg m−2, 6011.20 mg m−2, 4975.60 mg m−2 and 1929.60 mg m−2, respectively. CBGA was exclusively found in genotype Santhica27, with a maximum CBGA yield of 5721.77 mg m−2 in inflorescence at growth stage S4 and a dry weight yield of 408.99 g m−2. Although these industrial hemp genotypes are mainly cultivated for fibre and seed production, however, cannabinoids offer an additional value. For an optimized harvest result, yield of extractable material and overall yield of cannabinoids must be considered.

scholarly journals Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Growth and Yield of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panayiota PAPASTYLIANOU ◽  
Ioanna KAKABOUKI ◽  
Ilias TRAVLOS
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Industrial Hemp

Fibre hemp is grown for a multitude of end products derived from its cannabinoids, seed, fibre and wooden core. A key factor that influences the quantity and quality of the production of hemp is nitrogen fertilization. The aim of this study was to determine the response of five well-adapted industrial hemp cultivars to different nitrogen fertilization rates during the 2016 growing season. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with two replicates, five main plots (hemp cultivars: ‘Bialobrzeskie’, ‘Tygra’, ‘Felina 32’, ‘Sanhtica 27’, ‘Futura 75’) and sub-plots [fertilization treatments: control (N0), fertilizer 46-0-0 at 120 kg ha-1 (N1), 180 kg ha-1 (N2), 240 kg ha-1 (N3)]. For the computation of height, biomass yield, stem dry weight, length and weight of the inflorescences and mean seed weight, 10 plants were randomly selected in each plot. In general, increasing N fertilization rate positively impacts hemp biomass yield, stem dry weight, plant height, and inflorescence indices. Biomass yield, stem dry weight and inflorescence weight increased by 37.3%, 48.2% and 16%, respectively, with the application of 240 kg N ha-1 when compared with the unfertilized control. Plant height and inflorescence length increased from 1.66 to 1.76 m and from 66.2 to 82.9 cm, respectively, with the application of the higher N rate compared with the control, while there were no significant differences between the fertilization treatments for mean seed weight. The varieties ‘Tygra’ and ‘Futura 75’ showed the highest values for all the measurement characters. Our results indicate that hemp responded well to the addition of N fertilizer.

Did the 2018 Farm Bill’s Hemp Provisions Decriminalize Marijuana?

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Farm Bill ◽  
Agricultural Improvement ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Industrial Hemp ◽  
Based Medicine ◽  
The U.S

Abstract In 2014, Congress removed industrial hemp with a concentration of ≥0.3% tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) dry weight from the definition of marijuana in the federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA). Hemp production was authorized in a limited pilot program until 2018, when Congress passed the Agricultural Improvement Act (Farm Bill) that expanded the program to anyone licensed to produce hemp by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) or by a USDA-approved State or Indian tribe. Hemp’s greatest value is in two of its 80-plus molecules: cannabidiol (CBD) and THC. These molecules, present in all forms of Cannabis sativa L. (cannabis), including hemp, have medicinal and recreational uses. By removing hemp from the CSA, the Farm Bill altered the legal status of hemp’s extracts, including CBD and THC. In 2018, Epidiolex®, the world’s first and only CBD-based medicine, was approved in the U.S. The drug was placed in Schedule V of the CSA to comply with an international drug treaty requiring control of cannabis and all its extracts. In April 2020, Epidiolex was removed from the CSA schedules. This occurred, according to the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), because with a THC content below 0.3%, Epidiolex no longer met the Farm Bill’s criteria as a controlled substance. This review discusses the Farm Bill’s hemp provisions and how they have affected the legal status of hemp derivatives CBD and THC. The review also discusses a loophole in the Farm Bill that decriminalizes the production of marijuana by negligent hemp farmers. In passing, we discuss how lobbying by the hemp/CBD industry influenced passage of the Farm Bill.

scholarly journals Exploring the Biomethane Potential of Different Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Biomass Residues

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3361
Author(s):  
Silvio Matassa ◽  
Giovanni Esposito ◽  
Francesco Pirozzi ◽  
Stefano Papirio
Keyword(s):  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mechanical Grinding ◽  
Biochemical Methane Potential ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Biomass Residues ◽  
Methane Potential ◽  
Biomethane Production ◽  
Industrial Hemp ◽  
High Biomass Yield

Industrial hemp stands out as a promising candidate for clean and sustainable biomass-to-bioenergy systems due to its multipurpose, high biomass yield and resource efficiency features. In this study, different hemp biomass residues (HBRs) were evaluated as a potential feedstock for renewable biomethane production through anaerobic digestion (AD). The biochemical methane potential (BMP) of the raw and pretreated fibers, stalks, hurds, leaves and inflorescences was investigated by means of batch anaerobic tests. The highest BMP was obtained with the raw fibers (i.e., 422 ± 20 mL CH4·g VS−1), while hemp hurds (unretted), making up more than half of the whole hemp plant dry weight, showed a lower BMP value of 239 ± 10 mL CH4·g VS−1. The alkali pretreatment of unretted hurds and mechanical grinding of retted hurds effectively enhanced the BMP of both substrates by 15.9%. The mix of leaves and inflorescences and inflorescences alone showed low BMP values (i.e., 118 ± 8 and 26 ± 5 mL CH4·g VS−1, respectively) and a prolonged inhibition of methanogenesis. The latter could be overcome through NaOH pretreatment in the mix of leaves and inflorescences (+28.5% methane production).

From residue to resource: The multifaceted environmental and bioeconomy potential of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 105864
Author(s):  
Carlo Moscariello ◽  
Silvio Matassa ◽  
Giovanni Esposito ◽  
Stefano Papirio
Keyword(s):  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Industrial Hemp

Evaluating herbicide tolerance of industrial hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.)

Crop Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 419-427
Author(s):  
Michael L. Flessner ◽  
Jabari Bryd ◽  
Kevin W. Bamber ◽  
John H. Fike
Keyword(s):  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Industrial Hemp

scholarly journals The Influence of Different Seeding Space and Organic Fertilization Level Upon Production and Mass of 1000 Seeds, Recorded in Some Hemp Varieties

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-48
Author(s):  
Adriana Iuliana DAN ◽  
Marcel M. DUDA ◽  
Cristina MOLDOVAN ◽  
Teodora FLORIAN
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Organic Fertilization ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Production Values ◽  
Fertilization Level ◽  
Industrial Hemp ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractHemp (Cannabis sativa L.) was used for textile and cordage more than 4000 years. The cultivation of industrial hemp declined in the 19th century but it remains one of the oldest crops in history. Despite of the decline, nowadays interest for this crop has recently been renewed within various European countries (Roman et al., 2012). The aim of the research is to observe the evolution of production values and physical parameters (MMB- grain) under the influence of different seeding space and organic fertilization level recorded in some hemp varieties approved in Romania, with a low level of THC.

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