scholarly journals Impact of Growth Stage and Biomass Fractions on Cannabinoid Content and Yield of Different Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Genotypes

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Burgel ◽  
Jens Hartung ◽  
Annegret Pflugfelder ◽  
Simone Graeff-Hönninger
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Weight Yield ◽  
Full Flowering ◽  
Additional Value ◽  
Industrial Hemp ◽  
The Impact

The medicinal use of cannabinoids renewed the interest in industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of growth stage and biomass fractions of seven industrial hemp genotypes. The study focused on biomass yield, content of cannabidiolic acid/cannabidiol (CBDA/CBD), cannabigerolic acid/cannabigerol (CBGA/CBG), and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA). The experiment was conducted in 2017 and 2018. The biomass samples were taken at the vegetative (S1), bud (S2), full-flowering (S3) and seed maturity stage (S4). Plants were fractionated into inflorescence, upper and lower leaves. The average inflorescence dry yield of genotypes Futura75, Fédora17, Félina32 and Ferimon ranged between 257.28 g m−2 to 442.00 g m−2, resulting in a maximum yield of CBDA at S4, with 4568.26 mg m−2, 6011.20 mg m−2, 4975.60 mg m−2 and 1929.60 mg m−2, respectively. CBGA was exclusively found in genotype Santhica27, with a maximum CBGA yield of 5721.77 mg m−2 in inflorescence at growth stage S4 and a dry weight yield of 408.99 g m−2. Although these industrial hemp genotypes are mainly cultivated for fibre and seed production, however, cannabinoids offer an additional value. For an optimized harvest result, yield of extractable material and overall yield of cannabinoids must be considered.

scholarly journals Biological Control of the Weedy Plant (Rumex crispus) at the Seedling Growth Stage by the Green Dock Beetle (Gastrophysa viridula)

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
Khalid S. Alshallash Khalid S. Alshallash
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Rumex Crispus ◽  
Shoot Number ◽  
The Impact

In four glasshouse experiments, the effectiveness of the adult green dock beetle Gastrophysa viridula (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), at the effective number of applied individuals, for use as a biological control agent of curled dock, Rumex crispus (Polygonaceae) were studied. The feeding of the beetle was investigated at four different numbers of beetle (0, 1, 2, 3) and at four seedling growth stages of the plant, defined by the average of leaf area per plant (1-1.22 , 2-4.45, 3-11.56, and 4-71.52 cm2/plant). Grazing by one, two or three dock beetles did not result in a significant reduction in dock dry weight or shoot numbers at the youngest growth stage. However, both at later seedling growth stages were significantly affected (P ? 0.0001), at any beetles number. The increase of beetle numbers caused nonsignificant increased effect, in some trials, confirming the impact of a single beetle. Three months after beetle grazing, dock seedlings of first, second and third growth stages were not able to regrow, however, some plants at the 4th growth stage, re-emerged. This suggested that the highest effect of beetle's feeding occurs on the early seedling stages. Statistical analysis showed a positive correlation (0.77) between dry weight and shoot number at all the four seedling growth stages, thus confirming the impact of the beetle on both the dry weight and shoot numbers. Combining beetle grazing with other control methods at older dock seedling stages could, therefore, provide better suppression

scholarly journals Chemical Composition of Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis Bracts Cultivated in Central Greece: The Impact of Harvesting Time

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1976
Author(s):  
Filipa Mandim ◽  
Spyridon A. Petropoulos ◽  
Kyriakos D. Giannoulis ◽  
Celestino Santos-Buelga ◽  
Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Harvesting Time ◽  
Late Maturity ◽  
The Impact

The present study evaluated the effect of maturity stage on the chemical composition of cardoon bracts. Plant material was collected in Greece at eight different maturation stages (C1–C8) and the chemical composition was analyzed in regard to lipidic fraction and the content in fatty acids, tocopherols, organic acids, and free sugars. Samples of late maturity (C6–C8) revealed the lowest lipidic content, while a total of 29 fatty acids was identified in all the samples, with palmitic, stearic, oleic, and eicosatrienoic acids present in the highest levels depending on harvesting time. Immature (C1) and mature (C8) bracts were more abundant in saturated fatty acids (SFA) than bracts of medium-to-late maturity (C5, C6), where the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were the prevalent class. The α- and γ-tocopherols were the only identified isoforms of vitamin E, while the highest content was observed in sample C8 (199 µg/100 g dry weight (dw). The detected organic acids were oxalic, quinic, malic, citric, and fumaric acids, while fructose, glucose, sucrose, trehalose, and raffinose were the main detected sugars. The results of the present study allowed us to reveal the effect of maturity stage on cardoon bracts chemical composition and further valorize this byproduct by improving its bioactive compounds content.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Effect of Topping on Cannabidiol (CBD) Content in Two Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivars

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Antigolena FOLINA ◽  
Ioanna KAKABOUKI ◽  
Evangelia TOURKOCHORITI ◽  
Ioannis ROUSSIS ◽  
Harry PATEROULAKIS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Central Greece ◽  
Cultivation Practices ◽  
Industrial Hemp ◽  
Compactness Index

In order to define the finest cultivation practices for two of the most commercial hemp cultivars (‘Fedora 23’ and ‘Futura 75’) under the Mediterranean climate, the treatment of topping was applied in hemp crop in Central Greece. The object of the study was to assess if topping can increase the cannabidiol (CBD) production. In addition, the growth of the two cultivars was also investigated. Our results showed that the treatment of topping and cultivar affected the CBD content. The inflorescence compactness index and the number of nodes were affected by cultivar and topping. The number of inflorescences on secondary shoots was affected only by topping. The leaf area was affected by the interaction of cultivar and topping. The maximum height was recorded in un-topped Futura 75 plants, while the highest fresh and dry weight were found in topped Futura 75 plants. The total inflorescence dry matter was higher in topped plants.

scholarly journals Yield and Biochemical Attributes of Brri Dhan-44 (Oryza Sativa L.) as Affected by Tiba Application

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-125
Author(s):  
AMM Golam Adam ◽  
Rasedul Islam ◽  
Hasna Hena Begum
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Weight Yield ◽  
Panicle Number ◽  
1000 Grain Weight ◽  
Plant Length

A pot experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different concentrations (0, 10, 25, 50 and 100 ppm) of TIBA on yield and biochemical attributes of BRRI dhan-44. Results revealed that number of effective tillers and dry weight of panicle per plant, length of panicle, number of grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, yield per plant and harvest index increased due to all concentrations of TIBA treatments where, treatments mean varied significantly in majority of cases. The stimulatory effect of TIBA treatments on number of effective tillers and dry weight of panicles per plant, length of panicle, number of grains per panicle and 1000-grain weight resulted significant increase in grain yield per plant. The maximum yield per plant (17.83 g) was obtained from 10 ppm TIBA treatment which was 59.76 % higher over the control. Increases in yield per plant due to 25, 50 and 100 ppm TIBA were 50.53, 47.58 and 28.49%, respectively. Findings of this investigation showed that foliar application of TIBA had beneficial effect on pigment content of leaves at tillering and grain filling stages with a few exceptions. Protein content of leaves was also positively influenced by most of the treatment at tillering stage. Out of five treatments, 10 ppm TIBA produced better results. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 44(2): 117-125, December 2018

scholarly journals Genomic and Chemical Diversity of Commercially Available Industrial Hemp Accessions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Johnson ◽  
Jason G. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Certification Programs ◽  
Developing Seed ◽  
Chemical Profiles ◽  
Planting Materials ◽  
Industrial Hemp ◽  
Female Flowers

High consumer demand for cannabidiol (CBD) has made industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) an extremely high-value crop. However, high demand has resulted in the industry developing faster than the research, resulting in the sale of many hemp accessions with inconsistent performance and chemical profiles. To determine the genetic and phenotypic consistency in available CBD hemp varieties, we obtained seed or clones from 22 different named accessions. Genotypes (~48,000 SNPs) and chemical profiles (% CBD and THC by dry weight) were determined for up to 8 plants per accession. Many accessions--including several with the same name--showed little consistency either genetically or chemically. Most seed-grown accessions deviated significantly from their purported levels of CBD and THC based on the supplied certificates of analysis. Several also showed evidence of an active tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCa) synthase gene, leading to unacceptably high levels of THC in female flowers. We conclude that the current market for CBD-hemp varieties is highly unreliable, making many purchases risky for growers. We suggest options for addressing these issues, such using unique names and developing seed and plant certification programs to ensure the availability of high-quality, verified planting materials.

scholarly journals The Impact of Insect Herbivory in the Level of Cannabinoids in CBD Hemp Varieties

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon Jackson ◽  
Lenneisha Gilbert ◽  
Tigist Tolosa ◽  
Shellyann Henry ◽  
Victoria Volkis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Helicoverpa Zea ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Insect Herbivory ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Corn Earworm ◽  
Herbivore Damage ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background In the United States, industrial hemp is defined as a Cannabis sativa L. plant not containing more than 0.3% delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (D9THC) by dry weight. Plants respond to insect herbivore damage by changing their chemistry to counter the effects of herbivore attack. Here, we hypothesized that the corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea) infestation might impact the level of cannabinoids (Cannabidiol (CBD) and D9THC). Results In a laboratory trial, the CBD hemp, Cherry Blossom, and The Wife varieties were subjected to herbivore damage (HD), Mechanical damage (MD), and Control. After 24hrs of the treatments, we found a significant increase in CBD and D9THC in HD plants compared with MD and Control plants. Similar experiments were conducted in the field condition. A substantial increase in CBD and D9THC observed in herbivore damaged hemp plants compared to the control plants. However, in the field trial, the levels of cannabinoids were not significantly higher in The wife variety. Interestingly, the Corn earworm larvae fed with CBD and D9THC spiked diet showed a significant reduction in body mass, as compared to the larvae fed with the control diets.ConclusionsThe level of cannabinoids seems not genetically fixed somewhat; it is affected by insect herbivory. Our results suggest that CBD hemp plants are exposed to insect herbivory spikes in cannabinoid production and surpass the 0.3 % legal limit of D9THC. The growth and development of Corn earworm, the number one hemp pest in North America affected by cannabinoids. The increased concentration of CBD and D9THC observed in herbivore damaged hemp plants might be associated with the direct deterrence of the corn earworm larvae. Further research underway using different hemp varieties to assess if herbivory and other biotic stressors impact the level of cannabinoids.

scholarly journals The Impact of Business Life Cycle and Performance Discrepancy on R&D Expenditures-Evidence from Taiwan

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Chin Chang ◽  
She-Chih Chiu ◽  
Pei-Cheng Wu
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Mature Stage ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Taiwan Stock Exchange ◽  
Cycle Growth ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Discrepancy ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of business life cycle and performance discrepancy on Research and Development (R&D) expenditure. Specifically, we argue that managers of firms in different stages of business life cycle make R&D decisions according to their perception of performance discrepancy. We investigate three stages of business life cycle: growth stage, maturity stage, and stagnant stage. Based on a sample of firms listed in Taiwan Stock Exchange, we find that managers of firms in the growth stage tend to increase R&D expenditure when they experience positive performance discrepancy. This implies that growing firms’ slack-resource-driven behavior is leads to the increase in R&D expenditure. There is some evidence that managers of firms in the mature stage tend to increase R&D spending when they experience negative performance discrepancy, indicate that negative performance discrepancy triggers the problem-driven search behavior of managers of mature firms.

scholarly journals Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Growth and Yield of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panayiota PAPASTYLIANOU ◽  
Ioanna KAKABOUKI ◽  
Ilias TRAVLOS
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Industrial Hemp

Fibre hemp is grown for a multitude of end products derived from its cannabinoids, seed, fibre and wooden core. A key factor that influences the quantity and quality of the production of hemp is nitrogen fertilization. The aim of this study was to determine the response of five well-adapted industrial hemp cultivars to different nitrogen fertilization rates during the 2016 growing season. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with two replicates, five main plots (hemp cultivars: ‘Bialobrzeskie’, ‘Tygra’, ‘Felina 32’, ‘Sanhtica 27’, ‘Futura 75’) and sub-plots [fertilization treatments: control (N0), fertilizer 46-0-0 at 120 kg ha-1 (N1), 180 kg ha-1 (N2), 240 kg ha-1 (N3)]. For the computation of height, biomass yield, stem dry weight, length and weight of the inflorescences and mean seed weight, 10 plants were randomly selected in each plot. In general, increasing N fertilization rate positively impacts hemp biomass yield, stem dry weight, plant height, and inflorescence indices. Biomass yield, stem dry weight and inflorescence weight increased by 37.3%, 48.2% and 16%, respectively, with the application of 240 kg N ha-1 when compared with the unfertilized control. Plant height and inflorescence length increased from 1.66 to 1.76 m and from 66.2 to 82.9 cm, respectively, with the application of the higher N rate compared with the control, while there were no significant differences between the fertilization treatments for mean seed weight. The varieties ‘Tygra’ and ‘Futura 75’ showed the highest values for all the measurement characters. Our results indicate that hemp responded well to the addition of N fertilizer.

N, P, and S fertilization effects on industrial hemp in Saskatchewan

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
C L Vera ◽  
S S Malhi ◽  
S M Phelps ◽  
W E May ◽  
E N Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Industrial Hemp ◽  
N Fertilizer Rate

Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has become a well-known crop in western Canada in recent years, but insufficient information is available on its nutrient requirements for optimum yield. Our objective was to confirm the response of two hemp cultivars to increasing levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) in various sites in the province of Saskatchewan, during 2006-2008. Increasing N rates significantly increased plant height, biomass, and seed yield, when data were averaged across all sites (location-years), reaching maximum values at about 150 kg N ha-1 of applied N fertilizer. The cultivar Crag was taller and produced greater biomass than the cultivar Finola over all levels of N fertilizer rate. The minimum rate of N fertilizer to achieve maximum height/biomass for Crag, relative to Finola, was 5 kg N ha-1 lower for height (Finola: 163 kg N ha-1) but 9 kg N ha-1 higher for biomass (Finola: 180 kg N ha-1). Finola seed yield was more responsive to progressively greater rates of N fertilizer. Consequently, maximum seed yield (plateau) was 27% greater for Finola than for Crag, but 198 kg N ha-1 of fertilizer was required to achieve this maximum yield vs. 175 kg N ha-1 for Crag. There was generally little or no response to P fertilizer, on soils with adequate available P, or to S fertilizer on an S-deficient soil. Results from this study indicate that N fertilizer rate and cultivar choice are important management parameters to consider for industrial hemp production.Key words: Fertilizer, hemp cultivars, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, soil extractable P, soil nitrate-N

Did the 2018 Farm Bill’s Hemp Provisions Decriminalize Marijuana?

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Farm Bill ◽  
Agricultural Improvement ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Industrial Hemp ◽  
Based Medicine ◽  
The U.S

Abstract In 2014, Congress removed industrial hemp with a concentration of ≥0.3% tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) dry weight from the definition of marijuana in the federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA). Hemp production was authorized in a limited pilot program until 2018, when Congress passed the Agricultural Improvement Act (Farm Bill) that expanded the program to anyone licensed to produce hemp by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) or by a USDA-approved State or Indian tribe. Hemp’s greatest value is in two of its 80-plus molecules: cannabidiol (CBD) and THC. These molecules, present in all forms of Cannabis sativa L. (cannabis), including hemp, have medicinal and recreational uses. By removing hemp from the CSA, the Farm Bill altered the legal status of hemp’s extracts, including CBD and THC. In 2018, Epidiolex®, the world’s first and only CBD-based medicine, was approved in the U.S. The drug was placed in Schedule V of the CSA to comply with an international drug treaty requiring control of cannabis and all its extracts. In April 2020, Epidiolex was removed from the CSA schedules. This occurred, according to the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), because with a THC content below 0.3%, Epidiolex no longer met the Farm Bill’s criteria as a controlled substance. This review discusses the Farm Bill’s hemp provisions and how they have affected the legal status of hemp derivatives CBD and THC. The review also discusses a loophole in the Farm Bill that decriminalizes the production of marijuana by negligent hemp farmers. In passing, we discuss how lobbying by the hemp/CBD industry influenced passage of the Farm Bill.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document