scholarly journals Bovine Coronavirus Immune Milk Against COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Arenas ◽  
Carmen Borge ◽  
Alfonso Carbonero ◽  
Ignacio Garcia-Bocanegra ◽  
David Cano-Terriza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Measure ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Partial Inactivation ◽  
Cross Immunity ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Shared Epitopes

After a year of evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, there is still no specific effective treatment for the disease. Although the majority of infected people experience mild disease, some patients develop a serious disease, especially when other pathologies concur. For this reason, it would be very convenient to find pharmacological and immunological mechanisms that help control SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since the COVID-19 and BCoV viruses are very close phylogenetically, different studies demonstrate the existence of cross-immunity as they retain shared epitopes in their structure. As a possible control measure against COVID-19, we propose the use of cow’s milk immune to BCoV. Thus, the antigenic recognition of some highly conserved structures of viral proteins, particularly M and S2, by anti-BCoV antibodies present in milk would cause a total or partial inactivation of SARS-COV-2 (acting as a particular vaccine) and be addressed more easily by GALT’s highly specialized antigen-presenting cells, thus helping the specific immune response.

scholarly journals THE EGGPLANT BLIGHT AND FRUIT ROT IN PORTO RICO

1969 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-57
Author(s):  
J. A. B. Nolla
Keyword(s):  
Bordeaux Mixture ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
The United States ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Stem Blight ◽  
Phomopsis Vexans ◽  
Serious Disease

1. A serious disease of eggplants known in Porto Rico as "lunares de la hoja y tallo" and "podredumhre de la fruta", in the United States of North America as leaf blight, foot-rot, leaf-spot, stem-blight. fruit-rot, eggplant-blight and seedling-stem-blight and in Cuba as "mancha de la hoja" and "enfermedad del tallo" exists in Porto Rico. 2. All varieties of eggplant are more or less equally susceptible under Porto Rican conditions. Color of plant or of fruit has no bearing on susceptibility or resistance. 3. The disease usually brings a loss of 50 per cent or over of the crop. 4. The symptoms of the disease appear on all above-ground parts of the plant. A seedling blight, stem and petiole cankers, spots on leaf blades, fruit stalks and calices and a rotting of the young and mature fruit are produced. 5. The fungus may occur inside the seed. 6. The pathogene responsible for the malady is Phomopsis vexans (Sacc. & Sydow) Harter. 7. Variations of the fungus as have been observed elsewhere do not appear to occur in the fungus in Porto Rico. 8. The size of the pyenidiospores ranges from 5 to 8 microns in length to 1.3 to 3 microns in width. 9. The germ tube of a germinating spore may either enter through a stoma, enter through a wound or force its penetration through the cuticle. 10. Secondary cycles repeatedly occur in fields. 11. The fungus is capable of a saprophytic existence. 12. The prevailing temperature in Porto Rico seems adequate for spore germination. 13. Moisture is a very important factor in outbreaks of the disease. 14. The disease is probably controlled by a three- or four-years rotation. 15. Plants with the symptoms of the disease should be promptly removed from fields. 16. Although seed treatment is beneficial it never completely eliminates the pathogene. 17. Clean seed from unaffected fruit should be demanded. 18. Infested soils should be avoided in preparing seedbeds. 19. Inoculated soils can he rendered safe for seedlings if drenched with a 1-50 formaldehyde solution at the rate of one-half gallon per square foot of soil surface. An application of 4-4-50 Bordeaux mixture is highly beneficial but the formaldehyde treatment is to be preferred. The latter treatment will cost about two-thirds of one cent per seedling. 20. Bordeaux mixture (4-4-50) is quite effective in preventing seedling blight. The treatment is too expensive and therefore inapplicable under ordinary conditions. Bordeaux mixture may be of practical application where labor cost is reduced. The safest and cheapest control measure is to grow healthy seedlings and set them on in uninfested soils.

scholarly journals Cross-immunity between strains explains the dynamical pattern of paramyxoviruses

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (43) ◽  
pp. 13396-13400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samit Bhattacharyya ◽  
Per H. Gesteland ◽  
Kent Korgenski ◽  
Ottar N. Bjørnstad ◽  
Frederick R. Adler
Keyword(s):  
Protective Immunity ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Region ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Cross Immunity ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Human Parainfluenza Virus ◽  
Dynamical Pattern ◽  
Viral Respiratory

Viral respiratory tract diseases pose serious public health problems. Our ability to predict and thus, be able to prepare for outbreaks is strained by the complex factors driving the prevalence and severity of these diseases. The abundance of diseases and transmission dynamics of strains are not only affected by external factors, such as weather, but also driven by interactions among viruses mediated by human behavior and immunity. To untangle the complex out-of-phase annual and biennial pattern of three common paramyxoviruses, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Human Parainfluenza Virus (HPIV), and Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV), we adopt a theoretical approach that integrates ecological and immunological mechanisms of disease interactions. By estimating parameters from multiyear time series of laboratory-confirmed cases from the intermountain west region of the United States and using statistical inference, we show that models of immune-mediated interactions better explain the data than those based on ecological competition by convalescence. The strength of cross-protective immunity among viruses is correlated with their genetic distance in the phylogenetic tree of the paramyxovirus family.

scholarly journals Abortive versus Productive Viral Infection of Dendritic Cells with a Paramyxovirus Results in Differential Upregulation of Select Costimulatory Molecules

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (12) ◽  
pp. 7544-7557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharmila S. Pejawar ◽  
Griffith D. Parks ◽  
Martha A. Alexander-Miller
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Simian Virus ◽  
Costimulatory Molecules ◽  
Productive Infection ◽  
Additional Signal ◽  
Antigen Presenting

ABSTRACT Dendritic cells are the most potent antigen-presenting cell for priming naive T cells. Optimal activation of T cells requires that dendritic cells undergo a process of maturation resulting in the increased expression of costimulatory molecules, such as CD40, CD86, and CD80, and the production of cytokines. In this study we analyzed the effect of infection of dendritic cells obtained from two strains of mice, BALB/c and C57BL/6, with the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 (SV5). Our results show that C57BL/6 bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) are much more permissive to infection with SV5 at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10 PFU/cell compared to BALB/c BMDC, as determined by the production of viral proteins and progeny. However, infection of BALB/c BMDC with a higher MOI of 50 PFU/cell resulted in a productive infection with the production of significant amounts of viral proteins and progeny. Regardless of the permissivity to infection, both BALB/c and C57BL/6 BMDC efficiently upregulated CD40 and CD86. However, CD80 upregulation correlated with the level of expression of viral proteins and the production of viral progeny. While secreted alpha/beta interferon was required for increased expression of all three molecules, optimal CD80 expression was dependent on an additional signal provided by a productive viral infection. These findings provide evidence that the signals controlling the expression of costimulatory molecules following viral infection are distinct. Further, they suggest that the amount of virus encountered and/or the permissivity of a dendritic cell to infection can alter the resulting maturation phenotype and functional capacity of the infected dendritic cell.

scholarly journals Macrophages govern antiviral responses in human lung tissues protected from SARS-CoV-2 infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin J. Kenney ◽  
Aoife K. O'Connell ◽  
Jacquelyn Turcinovic ◽  
Paige Montanaro ◽  
Ryan M. Hekman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Fetal Lung ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Interferon Response ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Antiviral Responses ◽  
Tissue Protection ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms

The majority of SARS-CoV-2 infections among healthy individuals result in asymptomatic to mild disease. However, the immunological mechanisms defining effective lung tissue protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection remain elusive. Unlike mice solely engrafted with human fetal lung xenograft (fLX), mice co-engrafted with fLX and a myeloid-enhanced human immune system (HNFL mice) are protected against SARS-CoV-2 infection, severe inflammation, and histopathology. Effective control of viral infection in HNFL mice associated with significant macrophage infiltration, and the induction of a potent macrophage-mediated interferon response. The pronounced upregulation of the USP18-ISG15 axis (a negative regulator of IFN responses), by macrophages was unique to HNFL mice and represented a prominent correlate of reduced inflammation and histopathology. Altogether, our work shed light on unique cellular and molecular correlates of lung tissue protection during SARS-CoV-2 infection, and underscores macrophage IFN responses as prime targets for developing immunotherapies against coronavirus respiratory diseases.

scholarly journals Promising Extracellular Vesicle-Based Vaccines against Viruses, Including SARS-CoV-2

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Berina Sabanovic ◽  
Francesco Piva ◽  
Monia Cecati ◽  
Matteo Giulietti
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Design ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Further Development

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted from almost all human cells and mediate intercellular communication by transferring heterogeneous molecules (i.e., DNA, RNAs, proteins, and lipids). In this way, EVs participate in various biological processes, including immune responses. Viruses can hijack EV biogenesis systems for their dissemination, while EVs from infected cells can transfer viral proteins to uninfected cells and to immune cells in order to mask the infection or to trigger a response. Several studies have highlighted the role of native or engineered EVs in the induction of B cell and CD8(+) T cell reactions against viral proteins, strongly suggesting these antigen-presenting EVs as a novel strategy for vaccine design, including the emerging COVID-19. EV-based vaccines overcome some limitations of conventional vaccines and introduce novel unique characteristics useful in vaccine design, including higher bio-safety and efficiency as antigen-presenting systems and as adjuvants. Here, we review the state-of-the-art for antiviral EV-based vaccines, including the ongoing projects of some biotech companies in the development of EV-based vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we discuss the limits for further development of this promising class of therapeutic agents.

scholarly journals Role of high-dose exposure in transmission hot zones as a driver of SARS-CoV-2 dynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (176) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Wodarz ◽  
Natalia L. Komarova ◽  
Luis M. Schang
Keyword(s):  
Severe Disease ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Successful Infection ◽  
Hot Zone ◽  
Infection Spread

Epidemiological data about SARS-CoV-2 spread indicate that the virus is not transmitted uniformly in the population. The transmission tends to be more effective in select settings that involve exposure to relatively high viral dose, such as in crowded indoor settings, assisted living facilities, prisons or food processing plants. To explore the effect on infection dynamics, we describe a new mathematical model where transmission can occur (i) in the community at large, characterized by low-dose exposure and mostly mild disease, and (ii) in so-called transmission hot zones, characterized by high-dose exposure that can be associated with more severe disease. The model yields different types of epidemiological dynamics, depending on the relative importance of hot zone and community transmission. Interesting dynamics occur if the rate of virus release/deposition from severely infected people is larger than that of mildly infected individuals. Under this assumption, we find that successful infection spread can hinge upon high-dose hot zone transmission, yet the majority of infections are predicted to occur in the community at large with mild disease. In this regime, residual hot zone transmission can account for continued virus spread during community lockdowns, and the suppression of hot zones after community interventions are relaxed can cause a prolonged lack of infection resurgence following the reopening of society. This gives rise to the notion that targeted interventions specifically reducing virus transmission in the hot zones have the potential to suppress overall infection spread, including in the community at large. Epidemiological trends in the USA and Europe are interpreted in light of this model.

scholarly journals DAY LEVEL FORECASTING FOR CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19)

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Infected People ◽  
The Public ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Current Outbreak ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Death Cases

Corona virus (COVID-19) was recently spread quickly all over the world. Most infected people with the Corona virus may experience mild to moderate respiratory illness, but elderly people, and those with chronic diseases are more likely to suffer from serious disease, often leading to death. According to the Egyptian Ministry of Health, there are 96336 confirmed infected cases with Corona virus and 5141 confirmed deaths from the current outbreak. Accurate forecasting of the spread of confirmed and death cases as well as analysis of the number of infected and deaths are crucially required. The present study aims to explore the usage of support vector machine (SVM) in the prediction of coronavirus infected and death cases in Egypt which help in decision-making process. The forecasting model suggest that the number of coronavirus cases grows exponentially in Egypt and more efforts shall be directed to increase the public awareness with this disease. The proposed method is shown to achieve good accuracy and precision results.

scholarly journals Perreyia flavipes larvae toxicity

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 735-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djeison L. Raymundo ◽  
Pedro S. Bezerra Jr ◽  
Paulo M. Bandarra ◽  
André G.C. Dalto ◽  
Mauro P. Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Clinicopathological Findings ◽  
Enzymatic Changes

Fresh or thawed Perreyia flavipes larvae were ground and mixed with water and orally ad ministered to sheep. At 5mg/kg, neither clinical nor enzymatic changes were observed. Unique do ses of 7.5 and 10mg/kg induced characteristic clinical signs of Perreyia sp. larvae poisoning, increased GGT and AST values, and decreased glycemic curves. However, doses of 5, 10, and 15mg/kg repeated at 30 or 15 days intervals caused no disease and mild disease followed by death, respectively. These fin dings indicate that these animals probably developed some degree of tolerance to the toxins in P. flavipes larvae. Ultrastru ctural examination of liver revealed proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the hepatocytes, which may be associated with an increased ability to metabolize toxins and could consequently lead to the tolerance observed in the present study. Further investigations may elucidate whether such tolerance effects could be applied as a control measure for P. flavipes poioning or other hepatotoxic diseases. In addition, clinicopathological findings were discussed.

scholarly journals Local Response to Microneedle-Based Influenza Immunization in the Skin

mBio ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria del Pilar Martin ◽  
William C. Weldon ◽  
Vladimir G. Zarnitsyn ◽  
Dimitrios G. Koutsonanos ◽  
Hamed Akbari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Virus Antigen ◽  
Large Network ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Lethal Infection ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Antigen Presenting

ABSTRACTMicroneedle patches (MN) provide a novel method of vaccine delivery to the skin with the objective of targeting the large network of resident antigen-presenting cells to induce an efficient immune response. Our previous reports demonstrated that cutaneous delivery of inactivated influenza virus-coated MN to mice protects against lethal infection. Protection is correlated with sustained levels of anti-influenza virus serum antibodies, hemagglutination inhibition titers, and robust cellular responses that are often stronger than those generated by intramuscular vaccination. Here we dissect the early events occurring in murine skin after microneedle delivery of inactivated influenza virus. We demonstrate correlation of immunization against influenza virus with a local increase of cytokines important for recruitment of neutrophils, monocytes and dendritic cells at the site of immunization. We also observed prolonged antigen deposition, and migration of matured dendritic cells bearing influenza virus antigen from the skin.IMPORTANCEThe immunological mechanisms by which MN vaccination confers protective immunity are not well understood. The present study provides a first analysis of the early immune events after microneedle-based vaccination.

scholarly journals Immunogenic nature of a Pol gene product of HTLV-III/LAV

Blood ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 331-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Allan ◽  
JE Coligan ◽  
TH Lee ◽  
F Barin ◽  
PJ Kanki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Amino Acid Sequence ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Seroprevalence Rate ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Amino Acid Sequence Analysis ◽  
Infected People

Abstract The present studies were initiated to define the coding region of a 34 kilodalton (kd) protein (p34) frequently observed with antibodies from HTLV-III/LAV-infected people by immunoblotting and radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) techniques. We have directly mapped this viral protein to the pol gene of HTLV-III/LAV by radiolabeled amino acid sequence analysis. This region at the 3′ end of the pol gene is predicted to encode the endonuclease/integrase of the virus. The seroprevalence rate of antibodies to the pol gene products p64 and p53 and to the endonuclease p34 were evaluated. Of 161 HTLV-III/LAV seropositive people tested by immunoblotting procedures, greater than 98% had antibodies which reacted to p64/p53 and 92.6% reacted to p34 indicating that these viral proteins are highly immunogenic in nature. We have also analyzed the serum of nine healthy people living in West Africa who were infected with HTLV-IV, a closely related retrovirus. Nine of nine seropositive people had antibodies that cross-reacted to p34 of HTLV-III/LAV, whereas only seven of nine reacted to p64/p53. These studies and our earlier observations indicate that current diagnostic procedures for screening for HTLV-III/LAV infection may also detect HTLV-IV seropositive individuals, pointing to a need for more specific assay systems.

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