scholarly journals Glucose Metabolism: The Metabolic Signature of Tumor Associated Macrophage

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Junli Wang ◽  
Dipesh Kumar Yadav ◽  
Xueli Bai ◽  
Tingbo Liang
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cancer Targeting ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Tumor Associated Macrophage ◽  
Metabolic Signature ◽  
Major Energy Source ◽  
Macrophage Phenotypes

Macrophages exist in most tissues of the body, where they perform various functions at the same time equilibrating with other cells to maintain immune responses in numerous diseases including cancer. Recently, emerging investigations revealed that metabolism profiles control macrophage phenotypes and functions, and in turn, polarization can trigger metabolic shifts in macrophages. Those findings implicate a special role of metabolism in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) because of the sophisticated microenvironment in cancer. Glucose is the major energy source of cells, especially for TAMs. However, the complicated association between TAMs and their glucose metabolism is still unclearly illustrated. Here, we review the recent advances in macrophage and glucose metabolism within the tumor microenvironment, and the significant transformations that occur in TAMs during the tumor progression. Additionally, we have also outlined the potential implications for macrophage-based therapies in cancer targeting TAMs.

Role of convalescent plasma therapy in new Coronavirus disease (nCOVID-19): A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 546-549
Author(s):  
Shweta Dadarao Parwe ◽  
Milind Abhimanyu Nisargandha ◽  
Rishikesh Thakre
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Antibodies ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Transparent Liquid

Hitherto, there is no proper line of treatment for the new (nCOVID19). The development of unique antiviral drugs has taken precedence. Therapeutic antibodies () will be a significantly beneficial agent against nCOVID-19. Here the host immune responses to new discussed in this review provide strategy and further treatment and understanding of clinical interventions against nCOVID-19. Plasma therapy uses the antibodies found in the blood of people recovering (or convalesced) from an infection to treat infected patients. When an infection occurs, the body begins producing proteins specially made to kill the germ, called antibodies. Those antibodies coat specifically plasma in the blood of survivors, the yellow transparent liquid blood portion for months or even years. research assesses plasma use from Convalescent patients of infected with nCOVID-19 as a possible preventive treatment. But it is not yet recommended as a line of treatment, and it is used as a clinical trial in the new in Indian population.

scholarly journals Role of small leucine zipper protein in hepatic gluconeogenesis and metabolic disorder

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minsoo Kang ◽  
Sun Kyoung Han ◽  
Suhyun Kim ◽  
Sungyeon Park ◽  
Yerin Jo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Disorder ◽  
Leucine Zipper ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hepatic Gluconeogenesis ◽  
Leucine Zipper Protein

Abstract Hepatic gluconeogenesis is the central pathway for glucose generation in the body. The imbalance between glucose synthesis and uptake leads to metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Small leucine zipper protein (sLZIP) is an isoform of LZIP and it mainly functions as a transcription factor. Although sLZIP is known to regulate the transcription of genes involved in various cellular processes, the role of sLZIP in hepatic glucose metabolism is not known. In this study, we investigated the regulatory role of sLZIP in hepatic gluconeogenesis and its involvement in metabolic disorder. We found that sLZIP expression was elevated during glucose starvation, leading to the promotion of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and glucose-6-phosphatase expression in hepatocytes. However, sLZIP knockdown suppressed the expression of the gluconeogenic enzymes under low glucose conditions. sLZIP also enhanced glucose production in the human liver cells and mouse primary hepatic cells. Fasting-induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate impeded sLZIP degradation. Results of glucose and pyruvate tolerance tests showed that sLZIP transgenic mice exhibited abnormal blood glucose metabolism. These findings suggest that sLZIP is a novel regulator of gluconeogenic enzyme expression and plays a role in blood glucose homeostasis during starvation.

scholarly journals The Essential Role of anxA2 in Langerhans Cell Birbeck Granules Formation

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shantae M. Thornton ◽  
Varsha D. Samararatne ◽  
Joseph G. Skeate ◽  
Christopher Buser ◽  
Kim P. Lühen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antigen Processing ◽  
Viral Antigen ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Birbeck Granules ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Langerhans cells (LC) are the resident antigen presenting cells of the mucosal epithelium and play an essential role in initiating immune responses. LC are the only cells in the body to contain Birbeck granules (BG), which are unique cytoplasmic organelles comprised of c-type lectin langerin. Studies of BG have historically focused on morphological characterizations, but BG have also been implicated in viral antigen processing which suggests that they can serve a function in antiviral immunity. This study focused on investigating proteins that could be involved in BG formation to further characterize their structure using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Here, we report a critical role for the protein annexin A2 (anxA2) in the proper formation of BG structures. When anxA2 expression is downregulated, langerin expression decreases, cytoplasmic BG are nearly ablated, and the presence of malformed BG-like structures increases. Furthermore, in the absence of anxA2, we found langerin was no longer localized to BG or BG-like structures. Taken together, these results indicate an essential role for anxA2 in facilitating the proper formation of BG.

scholarly journals Glyoxalase System in the Progression of Skin Aging and Skin Malignancies

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 310
Author(s):  
Silvia Yumnam ◽  
Lalita Subedi ◽  
Sun Yeou Kim
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Skin Aging ◽  
The Body ◽  
Glyoxalase I ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Glyoxalase System ◽  
Skin Abnormalities ◽  
Anticancer Drug Development

Dicarbonyl compounds, including methylglyoxal (MGO) and glyoxal (GO), are mainly formed as byproducts of glucose metabolism. The main glyoxalase system consists of glyoxalase I and II (Glo1 and Glo2) and is the main enzyme involved in the detoxification of dicarbonyl stress, which occurs as an accumulation of MGO or GO due to decreased activity or expression of Glo1. Dicarbonyl stress is a major cause of cellular and tissue dysfunction that causes various health issues, including diabetes, aging, and cancer. The skin is the largest organ in the body. In this review, we discuss the role of the glyoxalase system in the progression of skin aging, and more importantly, skin malignancies. We also discuss the future prospects of the glyoxalase system in other skin abnormalities such as psoriasis and vitiligo, including hyperpigmentation. Finally, in the present review, we suggest the role of glyoxalase in the progression of skin aging and glyoxalase system as a potential target for anticancer drug development for skin cancer.

scholarly journals The Role of Centres of German Culture in Preserving the Ethnic Identity of Russian Germans

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1 (25)) ◽  
pp. 180-186
Author(s):  
Elena A. Shlegel
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Body System ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
German Culture ◽  
Ethnic Germans ◽  
Russian Germans

The ethnic identity of Russian Germans is formed by various factors. A special role in the self-identification of ethnic Germans are played the body system of self-organization at present stage, most of which is represented by the Centers of German Culture located in different regions of the country. The article analyses the activities of the Centers for German Culture, as well as their contribution of the formation and preservation of the ethnic identity of Russian Germans through project activities implemented in recent years.

scholarly journals Harnessing immunological targets for COVID-19 immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishesh Kumar Mehata ◽  
Matte Kasi Viswanadh ◽  
Vishnu Priya ◽  
Vikas ◽  
Madaswamy S Muthu
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Molecular Alteration ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
Permanent Cure

COVID-19 is an infectious and highly contagious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. The immunotherapy strategy has a great potential to develop a permanent cure against COVID-19. Innate immune cells are in constant motion to scan molecular alteration to cells led by microbial infections throughout the body and helps in clearing invading viruses. Harnessing immunological targets for removing viral infection, generally based on the principle of enhancing the T-cell and protective immune responses. Currently-approved COVID-19 vaccines are mRNA encapsulated in liposomes that stimulate the host immune system to produce antibodies. Given the vital role of innate immunity, harnessing these immune responses opens up new hope for the generation of long-lasting and protective immunity against COVID-19.

scholarly journals Febrile temperatures increase in vitro antibody affinity for malaria and dengue antigens

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Razvan C. Stan ◽  
Katia S. Françoso ◽  
Rubens P.S. Alves ◽  
Luís Carlos S. Ferreira ◽  
Irene S. Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Binding Affinity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Antibody Affinity ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Protein Partners ◽  
Adaptive Role

AbstractFever is a regulated elevation in the body setpoint temperature and may arise as a result of infectious and noninfectious causes. While beneficial in modulating immune responses to infection, the potential of febrile temperatures in regulating antigen binding affinity to antibodies has not been explored. We have investigated this process under in vitro conditions using selected malaria or dengue antigens and specific monoclonal antibodies, and observed a marked increase in the affinity of these antibody-antigen complexes at 40°C, compared to physiological (37°C) or pathophysiological temperatures (42°C). Induced thermal equilibration of the protein partners at these temperatures, prior to measurements, further increased their binding affinity. These results may indicate an unexpected beneficial and adaptive role for fever in vivo, and highlight the positive role of thermal priming in enhancing protein-protein affinity for samples of scarce availability.

scholarly journals The role of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides of xylan and mannan in gut health of monogastric animals

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Utsav P. Tiwari ◽  
Stephen A. Fleming ◽  
Muhammed S. Abdul Rasheed ◽  
R. Jha ◽  
Ryan N. Dilger
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Immune Organ ◽  
Feed Ingredient ◽  
Cereal Grain

Abstract Apart from its role as a digestive and absorptive organ, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a vital immune organ that encompasses roughly 70 % of the total immune cells of the body. As such, the physical, chemical and nutrient composition of the diet influences overall GI function, effectively as an immune organ. With the improvement in feed technology, agro-industrial co-products that are high in fibre have been widely used as a feed ingredient in the diets of pigs and poultry. Arabinoxylan (AX) and mannan are the most abundant hemicellulosic polysaccharides present in cereal grain and co-product ingredients used in the livestock industry. When monogastric animals consume diets containing high amounts of AX and mannans, stimulation of GI immune cells may occur. This involves the activation of several cellular and molecular pathways of the immune system and requires a considerable amount of energy and nutrients to be expended by the animal, which may ultimately influence overall health and growth performance of animals. Therefore, a better understanding of the role of AX and mannan in immune modulation will be helpful in modulating untoward GI immune responses, thereby minimising nutrient and energy expenditure toward this effort. This review will summarise pertinent research on the role of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides containing AX and mannans in immune modulation in order to preserve gut integrity.

scholarly journals Macrophages and the maintenance of homeostasis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Mosser ◽  
Kajal Hamidzadeh ◽  
Ricardo Goncalves
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tissue Responses ◽  
Different Response

Abstract There have been many chapters written about macrophage polarization. These chapters generally focus on the role of macrophages in orchestrating immune responses by highlighting the T-cell-derived cytokines that shape these polarizing responses. This bias toward immunity is understandable, given the importance of macrophages to host defense. However, macrophages are ubiquitous and are involved in many different cellular processes, and describing them as immune cells is undoubtedly an oversimplification. It disregards their important roles in development, tissue remodeling, wound healing, angiogenesis, and metabolism, to name just a few processes. In this chapter, we propose that macrophages function as transducers in the body. According to Wikipedia, “A transducer is a device that converts energy from one form to another.” The word transducer is a term used to describe both the “sensor,” which can interpret a wide range of energy forms, and the “actuator,” which can switch voltages or currents to affect the environment. Macrophages are able to sense a seemingly endless variety of inputs from their environment and transduce these inputs into a variety of different response outcomes. Thus, rather than functioning as immune cells, they should be considered more broadly as cellular transducers that interpret microenvironmental changes and actuate vital tissue responses. In this chapter, we will describe some of the sensory stimuli that macrophages perceive and the responses they make to these stimuli to achieve their prime directive, which is the maintenance of homeostasis.

scholarly journals Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Cell Death and Inflammation

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2663
Author(s):  
Rahul Sanwlani ◽  
Lahiru Gangoda
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Lung Inflammation ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Immune Mediators

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified as novel mediators of intercellular communication. They work via delivering the sequestered cargo to cells in the close vicinity, as well as distant sites in the body, regulating pathophysiological processes. Cell death and inflammation are biologically crucial processes in both normal physiology and pathology. These processes are indistinguishably linked with their effectors modulating the other process. For instance, during an unresolvable infection, the upregulation of specific immune mediators leads to inflammation causing cell death and tissue damage. EVs have gained considerable interest as mediators of both cell death and inflammation during conditions, such as sepsis. This review summarizes the types of extracellular vesicles known to date and their roles in mediating immune responses leading to cell death and inflammation with specific focus on sepsis and lung inflammation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document