scholarly journals Co-governance, Transregional Maritime Conventions, and Indigenous Customary Practices Among Subsistence Fishermen in Ende, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria C. Ramenzoni
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Cooperative Groups ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Indigenous Institutions ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Aid Programs ◽  
Customary Practices

This article presents a case study of a fishery in the port-town community of Ende, Flores, a former littoral hub located at the periphery of major commercial systems in the Indo-Pacific region. The article argues that more attention be paid to the role of transregional maritime networks, nautical conventions, and navigational practices embedded within local tenure systems to understand the apparent absence of formal control of marine and coastal resources. Through ethnographic and archival research, this study identifies the presence of indigenous institutions for fishing grounds regulation and documents the existence of broader transregional norms dictating proper fishing and navigation. Exploring the interactions between more pluralistic customary systems that exist in port-towns such as Ende and recent fishery development policies, the article discusses some of the obstacles to implementing sustainable co-management strategies. While the Indonesian central government is strongly promoting co-governance approaches for resource management, these institutional models are based on geographically narrow definitions of tradition and customary law which can lead to management failures, such as elite capture and local fishers’ disenfranchisement. In this case, policies emphasize the formation of cooperative groups without considering transregional beliefs about independence and pre-established systems of obligations. As a result, disputes among the fishermen, conflicts with local fishery officers, and the use of non-sustainable practices continue. For example, embodying predominant Southeast Asian beliefs, Endenese are known for their entrepreneurial nature and strong self-sufficiency ethos. Yet, these notions are ignored by local government agencies that view the fishermen as selfish and disorganized. In order to formulate true participatory solutions, a careful assessment of the role played by transregional perspectives that go beyond geographically localized understandings of customary practices is needed. The article concludes with a consideration of the role played by decentralization processes, subsidies, and aid programs in entrenching poverty and inequality among local communities.

scholarly journals Toward Sustainable Development? A Bibliometric Analysis of PPP-Related Policies in China between 1980 and 2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Chen ◽  
Dan Li ◽  
Caixia Man
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Public Infrastructure ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The Public ◽  
Development Policies

This article aims to fill the void in the literature regarding the sustainable development of public–private partnerships (PPPs) by answering the following research questions: (1) Between 1980 and 2017, what were the PPP-related policy priorities in the three different historical phases of the Chinese national agenda that we have identified herein? (2) Have the PPP-related policies shown a pattern of moving toward sustainable development, and if so, to what extent? Against a criteria framework of evaluating how PPP-related policies could contribute to sustainable development, this article conducted a quantitative bibliometric analysis of 299 PPP-related policy documents issued by the Chinese central government between 1980 and 2017. By visualizing the networks of policy keywords and policy-issuing departments, this article identified the PPP-related policy priorities in the following three distinct historical phases: Phase I (1980–1997), the encouragement of foreign investment in the public infrastructure; Phase II (1998–2008), the encouragement of the marketization of the urban public utilities; and Phase III (2009–2017), the intensive institutionalization and extensive application of PPPs for solving the local debt problem. Corresponding to the abovementioned policy priorities, this article found that the pattern of PPP-related policies has shifted from the total absence of sustainable development policies in Phase I, to a few sustainable development policy attempts in Phase II, and finally, to a tendency toward policies favoring sustainable development in Phase III.

Inequality and poverty: The ill-fitting pieces in the EU’s development partnerships

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riina Pilke ◽  
Marikki Stocchetti
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Development Cooperation ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Politique Publique ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Policy Coherence ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Politica Publica ◽  
The Eu

[Full article is in English]English: This article reviews the main policy guidelines set by the European Union (EU) for eradicating poverty and inequality in the context of its development cooperation partnerships. Drawing on the structure of the EU’s treaty, the EU’s offi cial development policies since 2005, and the related European Commission documents over the past five years, it examines the conceptions of poverty and inequality and how the EU translates them into operational diff erentiation. The scope of the diff erentiated cooperation encompasses diff erent types of developing countries, including a variety of both low-income countries (LICs) and middleincome countries (MICs). The article argues that diff erentiation poses a challenge to the EU’s internal development policy coherence. While the EU has adopted a multifaceted understanding of poverty, its conception of inequality is very narrow. In addition, the authors contend that the EU lacks clear criteria for diff erentiation in diverse country contexts in both regards.Spanish: El propósito de este trabajo es revisar los principales lineamientos de política pública establecidos por la Unión Europea (UE) para la erradicación de la pobreza y la desigualdad en el contexto de sus asociaciones de cooperación al desarrollo. Con base en la estructura de los tratados de la UE, las políticas oficiales de desarrollo de la UE desde 2005, y los documentos relacionados de la Comisión Europea en los últimos cinco años, este artículo examina las concepciones de pobreza y desigualdad así como la traducción sistemática que hace la UE de dichos conceptos en una diferenciación funcional en sus asociaciones de cooperación al 22 Regions & Cohesion • Spring 2016 desarrollo. El alcance de la cooperación diferenciada abarca diferentes tipos de países en desarrollo, incluyendo una variedad de países con bajos y medios ingresos (LIC y MIC por sus siglas en inglés). El artículo sostiene que la diferenciación plantea un desafío a la coherencia de la política pública de desarrollo al interior de la UE. Mientras que la UE ha adoptado una comprensión multifacética de la pobreza, su concepción de la desigualdad es muy estrecha. Además, las autoras argumentan que la UE carece de criterios claros para una diferenciación que tome en cuenta las dimensiones tanto de pobreza como de desigualdad en diversos contextos de países.French: L’objectif de ce texte consiste à passer en revue les principales lignes de politique publique de l’Union Européenne (UE) en matière de lutte contre la pauvreté et des inégalités dans le cadre de son partenariat de coopération pour le développement. A partir d’une révision des traités de l’UE, des politiques officielles de développement depuis 2005 et de documents de la Commission Européenne datant des cinq dernières années, l’article évoque les conceptions de la pauvreté et des inégalités et comment l’UE les traduit par une différenciacion opérative en matière de coopération pour le développement. La portée de la coopération differenciée inclut différents types de pays en développement, y compris divers pays à revenus bas et intermédiaires. Cet article défend l’idée que la différentiation présente un défi pour la cohérence de la politique de développement au sein de l’UE. Alors que celle-ci a adopté un point de vue multifacétique de la pauvreté, sa conception des inégalités est extrêmement limitée. Ainsi, les auteures affirment que l’UE manque de critères clairs pour établir une différenciation qui prenne en compte à la fois les dimensions de la pauvreté et les inégalités dans les différents contextes nationaux.

scholarly journals Has Social Sector Development Catalysed the Inclusiveness of India’s Economic Growth?

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-81
Author(s):  
Vikram Chadha ◽  
Ishu Chadda
Keyword(s):  
Time Series Data ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Inclusive Growth ◽  
Social Sector ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
The Social ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Social Sectors

The study attempts to examine the impact of social sector development on inclusive growth in India. Ever since Independence, India’s encounter with gnawing poverty and stark deprivation, particularly of the weaker and the marginalised sections of society, cajoled India’s planners to moot the development policies with the sole objective of exacerbating growth with equity. That is why since the beginning of the planning era, the stress had been laid on strengthening and expanding the social sectors with the premise that it would boost the inclusive growth agenda, manifesting in equal access to employment and economic opportunities; equal participation in decision-making and reduction in poverty and inequality. In conformity with the objective of our study, we intend to gauge the effect and contribution of different components of social sector development in India, on inclusiveness of growth using time series data for the period of 1985–1986 to 2015–2016. It was found that the expenditure related to ‘social security and welfare’ contributes significantly towards inclusive growth in India while the expenditure incurred on ‘welfare of marginalised class’ and ‘rural development’ exudes negative association with inclusiveness of growth.

Trees and farm boundaries: farm forestry, land tenure and reform in Kenya

Africa ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Dewees
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
High Potential ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Colonial Administration ◽  
Farm Forestry ◽  
Land Reforms ◽  
Land Holdings ◽  
Customary Practices ◽  
Economic Considerations

Tree cultivation and management are a common form of land use in high-potential areas of Kenya. While some of these practices are related to economic considerations, such as markets and prices for specific tree products, others were derived from or developed in parallel with customary practices. This article traces the origins of contemporary demarcation practices in Kikuyu areas of Kenya, involving the planting of trees in hedges and windrows, from their customary antecedents. Customary law prescribed clear mechanisms for demarcating land to which rights of use had been acquired. These mechanisms, characterised principally by the planting of particular trees on the boundaries of land holdings, were given limited recognition by the colonial administration, and were subsequently incorporated (without any clear awareness of their customary role) in the contemporary body of land law which emerged as a result of the land reforms of the early 1960s. Land reforms tended to obscure customary distinctions between rights of control to trees and rights of use and access, by equating rights of control with rights of ownership. The result has been that rights of use and access, which had been guaranteed to the landless under customary law, were, for the most part, eliminated.

scholarly journals Strategic Ground Water Management Planning for Rice Field in Rangpur Division, Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-325
Author(s):  
Md. Tareq Bin Salam ◽  
S. M. Shahriar Zaman ◽  
Md. Nuralom ◽  
Mehjabin Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Rice Field ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Surface Water Resources ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Water Management Planning

Bangladesh is a land of agriculture and attain near self-sufficiency in rice production. In terms of rice, national output increased over 15 million tons in the last two decades. For obtaining this self sufficiency, groundwater accessibility is continuously increasing that results in expansion of deep and shallow tube wells. Available evidence suggests that the policy focus so far has been largely on “resource development”, and not on “resource management”. This has resulted in serious problems, most notably excessive drawdown in intensively irrigated areas, and the deterioration of groundwater quality. Due to this, an extensive field survey was carried out in Rangpur division (Country’s Northern part) during the year of 2018 to observe the ground water table depletion status in rice field and set up some top most strategies for reviving these problems in a sustainable way. It can be suggested that attention must be given to the development and management of surface water resources to ease pressure on groundwater. Apart from that, focus should be given on optimizing crop water demand through increasing water use efficiency by adopting water conserving management strategies and practices. As per authors’ suggestion, 6 basic strategies can be taken for long term sustainability of ground water management in Rangpur division. The strategies are: 1) Initiate right choice of rice varieties for the season 2) Implement modern water management technology (alternate wetting and drying (AWD), cut off Ratio) 3) Adopting Irrigation scheduling 4) Introduce organic fertilization 5) Apply rain water harvesting and 6) reservoir management.

scholarly journals Productivity, Wages, Profits, and Exchange Rates in an Era of Globalization

2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-81
Author(s):  
HARTMUT ELSENHANS
Keyword(s):  
Full Employment ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Marginal Product ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Structural Unemployment ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Welfare State

ABSTRACT Worldwide devaluation races lead to the globalization of rent instead of profit and autonomy of civil society. This specific pattern of today’s globalization goes with serious underconsumptionist tendencies as self-sufficiency in wage goods production is achieved in economies with a very low marginal product of labour in agriculture and structural unemployment which disempowers all labour. The 19th century likewise intensive globalization was characterized by full employment tendencies, rising real wages and an expansion of the welfare state. A return to such a convoy model of globalization is possible through marginality reducing development policies for uplifting the poor in the South.

scholarly journals Impact of decentralization on Ukraine local budgets formation

2020 ◽  
pp. 81-92
Author(s):  
Svitlana Sliusar
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Or Methodology ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Financial Base ◽  
The Impact

The subject of the research is an analysis of the decentralization impact on Ukraine local budgets formation. The purpose of this study is to find a solution to the problematic aspects of the formation of self-sufficient, financially wealthy communities by analyzing the impact of decentralization on the formation of local budgets and the budgets of the combined territorial communities. Method or methodology for conducting research. The study used a set of general scientific methods and techniques, namely: comparative analysis and synthesis, abstraction, the method of induction and deduction, idealization, generalization, analogy, modeling, as well as special - expert survey, grouping, forecasting. Results of work. Decentralization today is the most effective and efficient way to ensure the financial autonomy and sustainability of local authorities by transferring to them the powerful sources of budget revenues previously assigned to the central government, and expanding the financial base of administrative-territorial formations. That is, the introduction of a new model of financial support for local budgets consists in expanding the rights of local authorities, the sources of their formation, giving them full budgetary independence and creating real ground for the exercise of their powers. And in connection with the amendments to the Budget Code on the introduction of medium-term planning, the issue of reporting and evaluating the effectiveness of budget programs is relevant for financial services workers. The field of application of results: territorial communities of Ukraine. Conclusions according to the article. One of the important problems in the formation of local budgets is to ensure balanced socio-economic development of the regions and the formation of inter-budgetary relations in order to increase the level of financial self-sufficiency by strengthening budgetary decentralization. In order for the community to be able to carry out its tasks, it must have adequate financial resources to cover its own expenses. It is likely that the formation of financially self-sufficient administrative-territorial units requires changes not only in tax and budgetary legislation, but also in the territorial size of communities, districts and regions.

scholarly journals PPGIS applied to environmental communication and hazards for a community-based approach: a dualism in the Southern Italy "calanchi" landscape

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 490-506
Author(s):  
Francesca Romana Lugeri ◽  
◽  
Piero Farabollini ◽  
Francesco De Pascale ◽  
Nicola Lugeri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Environmental Communication ◽  
Community Based ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Innovative Management

<abstract> <p>The need of protection of the territory is a priority for the society, which is an integral part of it (unfortunately, this coincidence is often forgotten): the new environmental issues require the development of innovative management strategies and of appropriate knowledge and models. The balanced use of resources, essential for the survival and well-being of society, can be optimised through the promotion of the territory. The identification and the sustainable development of local resources can only be achieved by directing development policies towards a path of integration between ecological needs, protection of the landscape and socio-economic and cultural needs. The landscape, read as a result of the interaction between human and natural processes, is a rich heritage to safeguard, enhance and promote. The key requirement underlying each cultural and environmental enhancement project is the knowledge of the territory in its manifold aspects; knowledge that can be properly synthesised through cartographic representation: maps are tools to make data easily accessible and meaningful. In this contribution, after having carried out a review of the literature on GIS technologies and having provided some work examples, we analyse some proposals about the application of PPGIS on communication of environmental promotion initiatives; PPGIS, in fact, are effective in risk communication and information and in the consequent prevention of disasters. The mediated and participatory use of PPGIS technologies, furthermore, allows a community-based approach, fundamental for reducing the disaster risk.</p> </abstract>

scholarly journals The Ethics of Development-induced Displacement

Refuge ◽  
1997 ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Peter Penz
Keyword(s):  
Distributive Justice ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Development Ethics ◽  
Ethical Argument ◽  
The Public ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Development Policies

This concluding piece on the ethics of development-induced displacement notes how all of the preceding articles find the displacement of people by development policies and projects morally objectionable and that it should be prevented. The question of why it is morally objectionable, how states attempt to justify it nevertheless, and how acceptable such justifications are, is addressed in some detail. This is a discussion that falls into the terrain of the new field of development ethics. Development's promise to reduce poverty and inequality have been used to justify large projects and disruptive policies. In assessing these justifications, three lines of ethical argument are explored, one in terms of the public interest, a second in terms of self-determination, and third in terms of distributive justice. The conclusion is that, while forced migration cannot be categorically declared unjustifiable, the conditions that must be met for its justifiability are considerable.

scholarly journals Spatial Autocorrelation of Communes’ Income Potential in Selected Metropolitan Areas

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (330) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Bernadetta Kozera ◽  
Romana Głowicka-Wołoszyn
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Local Growth ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
Economic Capacity

A commune’s own income potential, indicative of financial self‑sufficiency, underpins the ability of its government to foster local growth. Accurate recognition of the potential levels necessary for improvement of development policies requires that, apart from considering communes’ own potential, neighbouring communes’ potential should be taken into account, especially if the neighbours are large urban centres of substantial demographic and economic capacity. This article aims to examine spatial autocorrelation of income potential of metropolitan communes of Warsaw, Poznań, Wrocław, and Cracow metro areas in 2014. The study draws on data published by the Central Statistical Office in the Local Data Bank and uses the R programme packages, such as spdep, maptools, and shapefiles for calculations.

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