scholarly journals Resistance to Antibiotics in Thermophilic Campylobacters

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ema Aleksić ◽  
Biljana Miljković-Selimović ◽  
Zoran Tambur ◽  
Nikola Aleksić ◽  
Vladimir Biočanin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cell Membrane Permeability ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Resistance To Antibiotics ◽  
Permeability Alteration

Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is one of the most frequent causes of bacterial enterocolitis globally. The disease in human is usually self-limiting, but when complications arise antibiotic therapy is required at a time when resistance to antibiotics is increasing worldwide. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria are diverse depending on antibiotic type and usage and include: enzymatic destruction or drug inactivation; alteration of the target enzyme; alteration of cell membrane permeability; alteration of ribosome structure and alteration of the metabolic pathway(s). Resistance of Campylobacter spp. to antibiotics, especially fluoroquinolones is now a major public health problem in developed and developing countries. In this review the mechanisms of resistance to fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracycline, aminoglycoside and the role of integrons in resistance of Campylobacter (especially at the molecular level) are discussed, as well as the mechanisms of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, sulphonamides and trimethoprim. Multiple drug resistance is an increasing problem for treatment of campylobacter infections and emergence of resistant strains and resistance are important One Health issues.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 strains circulating in Assam: a north eastern state of India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajanta Sharma ◽  
Bornali Sarmah Dutta ◽  
Debajit Rabha ◽  
Elmy Samsun Rasul ◽  
Naba Kumar Hazarika
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
El Tor

Background and Objectives: Information on the genetic epidemiology of cholera in Assam, a northeastern state of India is lacking despite cholera being a major public health problem. The study aimed to determine the virulence genes and genes encoding antibiotic resistance in Vibrio cholerae isolates and to determine the prevalent genotypes based on the presence or absence of the virulence genes and ctxB genotype. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five V. cholerae strains were subjected to conventional biotyping and serotyping followed by multiplex PCR to detect ctxA, ctxB, zot, ace, O1rfb, tcpA, ompU, ompW, rtxC, hly and toxR and antibiotic resistance genes. Cholera toxin B (ctxB) gene was amplified followed by sequencing. Results: All the V. cholerae O1 isolates were El Tor Ogawa and showed the presence of the core toxin region representing the genome of the filamentous bacteriophage CTXø. The complete cassette of virulence genes was seen in 48% of the isolates which was the predominant genotype. All the isolates possessed amino acid sequences identical to the El Tor ctxB subunit of genotype 3. sulII gene was detected in 68% of the isolates, dfrA1 in 88%, strB in 48% and SXT gene was detected in 36% of the isolates. Conclusion: Toxigenic V. cholerae O1 El Tor Ogawa strains of ctxB genotype 3 carrying a large pool of virulence genes are prevailing in Assam. Presence of a transmissible genetic element SXT in 36% of the strains is of major concern as it indicates the emergence of multiple drug resistance among the V. cholerae isolates.  

Crucial role of physiotherapy in treating COVID-19 patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 967-971
Author(s):  
Poonam Thakre ◽  
Waqar M. Naqvi ◽  
Trupti Deshmukh ◽  
Nikhil Ingole ◽  
Sourabh Deshmukh
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Front Line ◽  
The Many ◽  
Sixth International

The emergence in China of 2019 of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2) previously provisionally names 2019-nCoV disease (COVID19) caused major global outbreak and is a major public health problem. On 30 January 2020, the WHO declared COVID19 to be the sixth international public health emergency. This present pandemic has engrossed the globe with a high rate of mortality. As a front line practitioner, physiotherapists are expected to be getting in direct contact with patients infected with the virus. That’s why it is necessary for understanding the many aspects of their role in the identification, contains, reduces and treats the symptoms of this disease. The main presentation is the involvement of respiratory system with symptoms like fever, cough, sore throat, sneezing and characteristics of pneumonia leads to ARDS(Acute respiratory distress syndrome) also land up in multiorgan dysfunction syndrome. This text describes and suggests physiotherapy management of acute COVID-19 patients. It also includes recommendations and guidelines for physiotherapy planning and management. It also covers the guidelines regarding personal care and equipment used for treatment which can be used in the treatment of acute adult patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19.

A review of the evidence to explain pharmacological basis of injection (ab)use of buprenorphine–naloxone tablets

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 141-152
Author(s):  
Tamoud Modak, MD, DM ◽  
Siddharth Sarkar, MD, MRCPsych ◽  
Yatan Pal Singh Balhara, MD
Keyword(s):  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Opioid Use Disorder ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Evidence Based Treatment ◽  
Opioid Replacement Therapy ◽  
Pharmacological Basis

Opioid use disorder is a major public health problem, and opioid replacement therapy with buprenorphine (BPN) is a clinically effective and evidence-based treatment for it. To deter misuse of the tablet through the injecting route, BPN coformulated with naloxone (BNX) in 4:1 ratio is available in many countries. Despite this, significant diversion and injecting use of the BNX combination has been reported from across the world. In this article, the pharmacological properties of BPN and BNX and the evidence for their diversion are reviewed. Also, a critical examination is made of the evidence supporting the role of naloxone in reducing the agonist effects of BPN when used through the injecting route. Based on this evidence, a hypothesis explaining the continued diversion of BNX has been proposed.

scholarly journals CECT in Pulmonary Thrombolism

2021 ◽  
pp. 284-293
Author(s):  
Shaha Pramod ◽  
Ragi Skanda ◽  
Bhoite Amol ◽  
Tamboli Asif ◽  
Gautama Amol
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Pulmonary Angiography ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Associated Conditions

Introduction: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the third most common acute heart disease after myocardial infarction and stroke and is a major public health problem. PE is a disease that has high morbidity and mortality, yet it is challenging to obtain a diagnosis. Objective: The study aims to assess the role of MDCT-PA in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, and it's associated conditions in suspected cases of pulmonary embolism. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the department of radiology in KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY situated in KARAD equipped with a 16 slice MDCT scanner (EMOTION) manufactured by Siemens. Results: Through the study period of one and half year and have met the inclusion criteria, a total of 90 consecutive patients who presented with suspicion of PE were referred for MDCT-PA in the department of radio-diagnosis, Krishna Hospital, Karad. A review of all the cases was done, and the results were presented in the form of tables. Conclusion: Multidetector computed tomography pulmonary angiography can be used to confidently diagnose pulmonary embolism in which it is not contraindicated. MDCT-PA is the investigation of choice because it is a rapid, non-invasive study, highly sensitive and specific.

Role of integrons in the proliferation of multiple drug resistance in selected bacteria occurring in poultry production

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-131
Author(s):  
P. Racewicz ◽  
M. Majewski ◽  
Z. E. Madeja ◽  
A. Łukomska ◽  
M. Kubiak
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Poultry Production

scholarly journals Role of NADPH Phagocyte Oxidase in Host Defense against Acute Respiratory Acinetobacter baumannii Infection in Mice

2008 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 1015-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyu Qiu ◽  
Rhonda KuoLee ◽  
Greg Harris ◽  
Wangxue Chen
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Phagocyte Oxidase ◽  
Bacterial Replication

ABSTRACT Acinetobacter baumannii is an emerging bacterial pathogen that rapidly develops multiple-drug resistance and is responsible for many nosocomial pulmonary infections. This study investigated the role of the NADPH phagocyte oxidase (phox) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) in the host defense against respiratory infection with A. baumannii in mouse models of intranasal A. baumannii infection. gp91phox−/− mice showed higher susceptibility to A. baumannii infection than wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice, with significantly greater bacterial counts in their lungs (1,000-fold) (P < 0.005) and spleens (10-fold) (P < 0.05). Moreover, all of the gp91phox−/− mice succumbed to infection within 48 h. In contrast, only a moderate increase in bacterial burdens was detected in the lungs of NOS2−/− mice, and all NOS2−/− mice survived infection. Compared to WT mice, the pulmonary influx of inflammatory cells and serum and local inflammatory cytokine/chemokine responses were not obviously impaired at 4 h and were significantly higher at 24 h (P < 0.05) in gp91phox−/− mice, but NADPH-deficient neutrophils were unable to control bacterial replication and extrapulmonary dissemination. Thus, NADPH phagocyte oxidase appears to play a crucial role in the neutrophil-mediated host defense against A. baumannii.

scholarly journals The Role of Village Surveillance Officer to Prevent Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 433
Author(s):  
Sunarsih Sunarsih ◽  
Kuntoro Kuntoro ◽  
Chatrin U.W ◽  
Nugroho Susanto
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Community Involvement ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Index Study ◽  
Mosquito Breeding ◽  
Community Workshops ◽  
The Village

Dengue is a major public health problem in Indonesia. The program of elimination of mosquito breeding places is still low. This study was aimed to analyze the effectiveness of village surveillance officer for decrease container index. Study design was quasy experiment. The intervention included: community workshops; community involvement in clean-up campaigns; and distribution of information, education and communication materials in the village surveillans officer. Data were analyzed with t test, and path way analyzed. There is significantly differences knowdlege, attitude, behaviour, sanitation, and container index p&lt;0.05. Based on the path analysis was concluded that village surveillance officer increased knowledge, attitude, behavior, sanitation and container index.Surveillance village officer is concluded to be more effectively decreased of larva index through comunity behavior. Surveillance village officer is important because it effectively the coverage of larva index through community behaviour participation.

scholarly journals Cytomegalovirus congenital infection – cause of neurosensorial hearing loss

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-53
Author(s):  
Dana-Teodora Anton-Păduraru ◽  
◽  
Ana Simona Drochioi ◽  
Delia Bizim ◽  
Angelica-Cristina Marin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Congenital Infection ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Seroprevalence Rate ◽  
Specific Symptoms ◽  
The Relationship

Cytomegalovirus infection is a major public health problem, because annually there are born increasingly more children with this infection. Numerous studies have shown that cytomegalovirus infection is an important cause of hearing loss. Cytomegalovirus infection specific symptoms present at birth are a strong predictor for hearing loss, even in populations with low maternal seroprevalence rate. The severity of deafness due to cytomegalovirus infection is variable. Pathophysiology of deafness caused by cytomegalovirus infection is not well known, the mechanisms possible involved being impaired endolymphatic structures, cytopathic effect of the virus and the host response to the inner ear structures. The relationship between viral load and increased likelihood of deafness in infants supports the role of antiviral therapy in decreasing the incidence and the severity of deafness caused by cytomegalovirus. We consider that monitoring children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection should include also hearing monitoring.

scholarly journals Co-Existence of TB & Leprosy in the same patient – A Case Report

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-105
Author(s):  
Md Azraf Hossain Khan ◽  
Samir C Majumder
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Lepromatous Leprosy ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Common Infectious Disease ◽  
Positive Smear ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
Nodular Lesions ◽  
One Year

Leprosy is one of the more serious health issues in a number of developing countries. Although it seldom kills, leprosy is nonetheless a deforming, disabling and stigmatizing disease.1, 2 Tuberculosis is also a major public health problem affecting nearly one third of the global population. Though leprosy and tuberculosis are common infectious disease, yet co-infection of Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis is rare possibly due to cross-immunity. A male patient of about 70 years presented with widespread shinny hypesthetic nodular lesions symmetrically located mainly in upper extremities, trunk and a little in lower extremities about 3 years back. Slit skin smear and histopathology studies showed significant amount of bacterial load which suggested lepromatous leprosy. About after one year of starting MDT treatment, the patient developed type-2 reaction of intermittent variety. During the episodic attacks of this reaction, the patient developed pulmonary TB supported by positive smear of sputum and patchy opacities of chest x-ray about 2½ years back TAJ 2010; 23(1): 103-105

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