scholarly journals The Risk of Some Veterinary Antimicrobial Agents on Public Health Associated with Antimicrobial Resistance and their Molecular Basis

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haihong Hao ◽  
Pascal Sander ◽  
Zahid Iqbal ◽  
Yulian Wang ◽  
Guyue Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance in ESKAPE Pathogens

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sirijan Santajit ◽  
Nitaya Indrawattana
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Drug Usage ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Public Health Challenges ◽  
Eskape Pathogens

The ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium,Staphylococcus aureus,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Acinetobacter baumannii,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, andEnterobacterspecies) are the leading cause of nosocomial infections throughout the world. Most of them are multidrug resistant isolates, which is one of the greatest challenges in clinical practice. Multidrug resistance is amongst the top three threats to global public health and is usually caused by excessive drug usage or prescription, inappropriate use of antimicrobials, and substandard pharmaceuticals. Understanding the resistance mechanisms of these bacteria is crucial for the development of novel antimicrobial agents or other alternative tools to combat these public health challenges. Greater mechanistic understanding would also aid in the prediction of underlying or even unknown mechanisms of resistance, which could be applied to other emerging multidrug resistant pathogens. In this review, we summarize the known antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of ESKAPE pathogens.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance Pilot Surveillance of Pigs and Chickens in Vietnam, 2017–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. V. Tuat ◽  
P. T. Hue ◽  
N. T. P. Loan ◽  
N. T. Thuy ◽  
L. T. Hue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The North ◽  
Disk Diffusion Assay ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

Antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are a growing public health and economic threat in Vietnam. We conducted a pilot surveillance programme in five provinces of Vietnam, two in the south and three in the north, to identify antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in rectal swab samples from pigs and fecal samples from chickens at slaughter points during three different points in time from 2017 to 2019. Escherichia coli (E. coli) and non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using disk diffusion assay for 19 antimicrobial agents belonging to nine antimicrobial classes and Etest for colistin (polymyxin). Almost all E. coli (99%; 1029/1042) and NTS (96%; 208/216) isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent; 94% (981/1042) of E. coli and 89% (193/216) of NTS isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Higher proportions of E. coli and NTS isolated from chickens were resistant to all antimicrobial classes than those isolates from pigs. There was a significantly higher proportion of MDR NTS isolates from the southern provinces of Ho Chi Minh City and Long An (p = 0.008). Although there were increasing trends of NTS in proportion of resistance to fluoroquinolone over the three surveillance rounds, there was a significant decreasing trend of NTS in proportion of resistance to polymyxin (p = 0.002). It is important to establish an annual AMR surveillance program for livestock in Vietnam to assess the impact of interventions, observe trends and drive decision making that ultimately contributes to reducing AMR public health threat.

Combating Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Microorganisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
EDWARD P. C. LAI ◽  
ZAFAR IQBAL ◽  
TYLER J. AVIS
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Important Public Health ◽  
Killing Action ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

ABSTRACT This review addresses an important public health hazard affecting food safety. Antimicrobial agents are used in foods to reduce or eliminate microorganisms that cause disease. Many traditional organic compounds, novel synthetic organic agents, natural products, peptides, and proteins have been extensively studied for their effectiveness as antimicrobial agents against foodborne Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Listeria spp. and Salmonella. However, antimicrobial resistance can develop in microorganisms, enhancing their ability to withstand the inhibiting or killing action of antimicrobial agents. Knowledge gaps still exist with regard to the actual chemical and microbiological mechanisms that must be identified to facilitate the search for new antimicrobial agents. Technical implementation of antimicrobial active packing films and coatings against target microorganisms must also be improved for extended product shelf life. Recent advances in antimicrobial susceptibility testing can provide researchers with new momentum to pursue their quest for a resistance panacea.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial sensitivity of Salmonella species isolated from University of Mkar Students

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terzulum Gwaza
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Systemic Complications ◽  
Antimicrobial Sensitivity

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance amongst pathogenic microorganisms is a worrying public health issue which needs urgent fix. Several attempts have been made to overcome this problem, most recently, the advent of broad spectrum antimicrobial agents have been one of them. In as much, antimicrobial resistance seems to persist amongst different pathogenic genera due to inappropriate use of antibiotics. Salmonella, a causative agent of typhoid and other human systemic complications have displayed multi-drug resistance to antimicrobial agents. This research work therefore aims at investigating the antimicrobial sensitivity of Salmonella species isolated from University of Mkar students. A total of 50 stool samples were collected in sterile sample containers and isolation of Salmonella was carried out using two classical selective media, Salmonella Shigella Agar and MacConkey Agar. In-vitro antimicrobial sensitivity test was carried out following the disk diffusion method using 10 antimicrobial agents. Salmonella species displayed high rate of resistance (70%) while showing a worrying low rate susceptibility (30%) to Aminoglycosides, Antifolates and even broad spectrum Fluoroquinolones. Salmonella may have adapted, or acquired resistance inherently as it was evident in very high resistance against common antimicrobial agents like Ampicillin, Co-trimoxazole, Augmentin, and Nalidixic acid. The misuse of antibiotics and therapeutics by the population is obviously the consequential factor for the acquisition of resistance among this genus. Therefore, appropriate drug administration and usage practices must be enforced by government and public health institutions to help curtail the danger of unleashing the post-antibiotic era upon us now, and in time to come.

scholarly journals Carcass Salmonella and Its Drug Resistance

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Gizachew Muluneh Amera ◽  
Amit Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Food Animals

Salmonella are the major pathogenic bacteria in humans as well as in animals. Salmonella species are leading causes of acute gastroenteritis in several countries and salmonellosis remains an important public health problem worldwide, particularly in the developing countries. Isolation of Salmonella from a wide range of sources suggests that Salmonella is widespread in food animals and meat products and underlines the necessity for a joint and coordinated surveillance and monitoring programs for salmonellosis and other major food borne zoonotic diseases. Food animals harbor a wide range of Salmonella and so act as sources of contamination, which is of paramount epidemiological importance in non-typhoid human salmonellosis. Salmonellosis is more aggravated by the ever increasing rate of antimicrobial resistance strains in food animals. The high prevalence and dissemination of multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella have become a growing public health concern. Multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of Salmonella are now encountered frequently and the rates of multidrug resistance have increased considerably in recent years. Food animal consumption is a potential cause for antimicrobial resistant Salmonella illnesses besides, the common factors such as overcrowding, poverty, inadequate sanitary conditions, and poor personal hygiene. Practicing good sanitary measures, extensive education programs for proper hygiene and improvement of managements are solutions to eliminate the high bacteriological load as well as prevalence of Salmonella in cattle carcass. Furthermore, restricting the use of antimicrobial agents in food animals, designation of multidrug-resistant Salmonella as an adulterant in ground beef, improving the mechanisms for product trace-back investigations and wise and discriminate use of antimicrobials should be practiced to combat the ever increasing situation of antimicrobial resistance. So, this review used for updating information on their prevalence and resistance patterns is very important to suggest the acceptance of the carcass in relation to the standards and for proper selection and use of antimicrobial agents in a setting.

Recent Breakthroughs in Various Antimicrobial Resistance Induced Quorum Sensing Biosynthetic Pathway Mediated Targets and Design of their Inhibitors

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 458-476
Author(s):  
Mohit Kumar ◽  
Mridula Saxena ◽  
Anil K. Saxena ◽  
Sisir Nandi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Quorum Sensing ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
World Health ◽  
Action Plans ◽  
The World

Objective: The world is under the grasp of dangerous post-antibiotics and antimicrobials attack where common infections may become untreatable, leading to premature deaths due to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). While an estimated 7,00,000 people die annually due to AMR, which is a public health threat to all communities in different parts of the world regardless of their economic status; however, this threat is serious in low- and middle-income countries having lack of sanitation and health infrastructure. The 68th World Health Assembly endorsed the Global Action Plan on antimicrobial resistance. Consequently, many countries started drafting and committing to National Action Plans against AMR. As strong as National Action Plans are in terms of prescribing rational use of antimicrobials, infection control practices, and related public health measures, without strong healthcare systems, these measures will have a limited impact on AMR in developing countries. Methods: The major reason for AMR is microbial quorum sensing (QS) that may strengthen the microbial community to generate inter-communication and virulence effects via quorum sensing mechanisms. Global stewardship to combat antimicrobial resistance aims to develop anti-quorum sensing compounds that can inhibit the biosynthetic pathway mediated different quorum sensing targets. Results: It may pave an effective attempt to minimize microbial quorum sensing mediated antimicrobial resistance. The present review describes QS mediated various potential target enzymes, their connection to AMR, and finds out the corresponding QS biosynthetic target inhibitors. Conclusion: These potential inhibitors can be derivatized to design and develop next-generation antimicrobial agents.

scholarly journals Systemic pneumococcal disease in Norway 1995–2001: capsular serotypes and antimicrobial resistance

2004 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. PEDERSEN ◽  
E. A. HØIBY ◽  
L. O. FRØHOLM ◽  
V. HASSELTVEDT ◽  
G. LERMARK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Polysaccharide Vaccine ◽  
Low Level

A total of 4624 pneumococcal isolates from episodes of systemic pneumococcal disease were received at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health during the period 1995–2001. All isolates were serotyped and tested for susceptibility to benzylpenicillin, lincomycin, erythromycin, tetracycline and trimethroprim–sulphamethoxazole. The proportion of strains resistant to these antimicrobial agents remained stable at a low level, ranging from 0·1% for benzylpenicillin to 2·5% for erythromycin. The distribution of serotypes was also stable over the 7 years: serotypes 1, 4, 9, 14, 7, 6 and 23 were the most frequent, representing 70·5% of isolates. Overall, 95·8% of the isolates were of serotypes/groups included in the current 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine, 52·2% were of serotypes/groups included in the 7-valent conjugated vaccine and 85·5% were of serotypes/groups included in the 11-valent conjugated vaccine.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance and New Drug Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S5-S13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helio S Sader ◽  
Paul R Rhomberg ◽  
Andrew S Fuhrmeister ◽  
Rodrigo E Mendes ◽  
Robert K Flamm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Drug Development ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
New Drug ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance ◽  
New Drug Development

Abstract Surveillance represents an important informational tool for planning actions to monitor emerging antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance (ARS) programs may have many different designs and can be grouped in 2 major categories based on their main objectives: (1) public health ARS programs and (2) industry-sponsored/product-oriented ARS programs. In general, public health ARS programs predominantly focus on health care and infection control, whereas industry ARS programs focus on an investigational or recently approved molecule(s). We reviewed the main characteristics of industry ARS programs and how these programs contribute to new drug development. Industry ARS programs are generally performed to comply with requirements from regulatory agencies responsible for commercial approval of antimicrobial agents, such as the US Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency, and others. In contrast to public health ARS programs, which typically collect health care and diverse clinical data, industry ARS programs frequently collect the pathogens and perform the testing in a central laboratory setting. Global ARS programs with centralized testing play an important role in new antibacterial and antifungal drug development by providing information on the emergence and dissemination of resistant organisms, clones, and resistance determinants. Organisms collected by large ARS programs are extremely valuable to evaluate the potential of new agents and to calibrate susceptibility tests once a drug is approved for clinical use. These programs also can provide early evaluations of spectrum of activity and postmarketing trends required by regulatory agencies, and the programs may help drug companies to select appropriate dosing regimens and the appropriate geographic regions in which to perform clinical trials. Furthermore, these surveillance programs provide useful information on the potency and spectrum of new antimicrobial agents against indications and organisms in which clinicians have little or no experience. In summary, large ARS programs, such as the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, contribute key data for new drug development.

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