Carcass Salmonella and Its Drug Resistance

Salmonella are the major pathogenic bacteria in humans as well as in animals. Salmonella species are leading causes of acute gastroenteritis in several countries and salmonellosis remains an important public health problem worldwide, particularly in the developing countries. Isolation of Salmonella from a wide range of sources suggests that Salmonella is widespread in food animals and meat products and underlines the necessity for a joint and coordinated surveillance and monitoring programs for salmonellosis and other major food borne zoonotic diseases. Food animals harbor a wide range of Salmonella and so act as sources of contamination, which is of paramount epidemiological importance in non-typhoid human salmonellosis. Salmonellosis is more aggravated by the ever increasing rate of antimicrobial resistance strains in food animals. The high prevalence and dissemination of multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella have become a growing public health concern. Multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of Salmonella are now encountered frequently and the rates of multidrug resistance have increased considerably in recent years. Food animal consumption is a potential cause for antimicrobial resistant Salmonella illnesses besides, the common factors such as overcrowding, poverty, inadequate sanitary conditions, and poor personal hygiene. Practicing good sanitary measures, extensive education programs for proper hygiene and improvement of managements are solutions to eliminate the high bacteriological load as well as prevalence of Salmonella in cattle carcass. Furthermore, restricting the use of antimicrobial agents in food animals, designation of multidrug-resistant Salmonella as an adulterant in ground beef, improving the mechanisms for product trace-back investigations and wise and discriminate use of antimicrobials should be practiced to combat the ever increasing situation of antimicrobial resistance. So, this review used for updating information on their prevalence and resistance patterns is very important to suggest the acceptance of the carcass in relation to the standards and for proper selection and use of antimicrobial agents in a setting.

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Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance in ESKAPE Pathogens

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2016/2475067 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 324

Author(s):

Sirijan Santajit ◽

Nitaya Indrawattana

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistance Mechanisms ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Drug Usage ◽

Inappropriate Use ◽

Public Health Challenges ◽

Eskape Pathogens

The ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium,Staphylococcus aureus,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Acinetobacter baumannii,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, andEnterobacterspecies) are the leading cause of nosocomial infections throughout the world. Most of them are multidrug resistant isolates, which is one of the greatest challenges in clinical practice. Multidrug resistance is amongst the top three threats to global public health and is usually caused by excessive drug usage or prescription, inappropriate use of antimicrobials, and substandard pharmaceuticals. Understanding the resistance mechanisms of these bacteria is crucial for the development of novel antimicrobial agents or other alternative tools to combat these public health challenges. Greater mechanistic understanding would also aid in the prediction of underlying or even unknown mechanisms of resistance, which could be applied to other emerging multidrug resistant pathogens. In this review, we summarize the known antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of ESKAPE pathogens.

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TUBERCULOSIS: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CONTROL

Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases ◽

10.4084/mjhid.2014.070 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. e2014070 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Giorgia Sulis ◽

Alberto Roggi ◽

Alberto Matteelli ◽

Mario C. Raviglione

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

World Health ◽

Health Concern ◽

Marginalized Groups ◽

Tuberculosis Epidemiology ◽

Slow Decline ◽

Health Organization ◽

And Control

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern worldwide: despite a regular, although slow, decline in incidence over the last decade, as many as 8.6 million new cases and 1.3 million deaths were estimated to have occurred in 2012. TB is by all means a poverty-related disease, mainly affecting the most vulnerable populations in the poorest countries. The presence of multidrug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis in most countries, with some where prevalence is high, is among the major challenges for TB control, which may hinder recent achievements especially in some settings. Early TB case detection especially in resource-constrained settings and in marginalized groups remains a challenge, and about 3 million people are estimated to remain undiagnosed or not notified and untreated. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently launched the new global TB strategy for the “post-2015 era” aimed at “ending the global TB epidemic” by 2035, based on the three pillars that emphasize patient-centred TB care and prevention, bold policies and supportive systems, and intensified research and innovation.This paper aims to provide an overview of the global TB epidemiology as well as of the main challenges that must be faced to eliminate the disease as a public health problem everywhere.

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Lack of Antimicrobial Resistance in Yersinia pestis Isolates from 17 Countries in the Americas, Africa, and Asia

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.05043-11 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 56 (1) ◽

pp. 555-558 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Sandra K. Urich ◽

Linda Chalcraft ◽

Martin E. Schriefer ◽

Brook M. Yockey ◽

Jeannine M. Petersen

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Yersinia Pestis ◽

Causative Agent ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Antimicrobial Treatment ◽

Health Concern ◽

Public Health Concern ◽

Content Type

ABSTRACTYersinia pestisis the causative agent of plague, a fulminant disease that is often fatal without antimicrobial treatment. Plasmid (IncA/C)-mediated multidrug resistance inY. pestiswas reported in 1995 in Madagascar and has generated considerable public health concern, most recently because of the identification of IncA/C multidrug-resistant plasmids in other zoonotic pathogens. Here, we demonstrate no resistance in 392Y. pestisisolates from 17 countries to eight antimicrobials used for treatment or prophylaxis of plague.

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Antimicrobial Resistance Pilot Surveillance of Pigs and Chickens in Vietnam, 2017–2019

Frontiers in Veterinary Science ◽

10.3389/fvets.2021.618497 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

C. V. Tuat ◽

P. T. Hue ◽

N. T. P. Loan ◽

N. T. Thuy ◽

L. T. Hue ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

E Coli ◽

The North ◽

Disk Diffusion Assay ◽

Almost All ◽

The Impact

Antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are a growing public health and economic threat in Vietnam. We conducted a pilot surveillance programme in five provinces of Vietnam, two in the south and three in the north, to identify antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in rectal swab samples from pigs and fecal samples from chickens at slaughter points during three different points in time from 2017 to 2019. Escherichia coli (E. coli) and non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using disk diffusion assay for 19 antimicrobial agents belonging to nine antimicrobial classes and Etest for colistin (polymyxin). Almost all E. coli (99%; 1029/1042) and NTS (96%; 208/216) isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent; 94% (981/1042) of E. coli and 89% (193/216) of NTS isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Higher proportions of E. coli and NTS isolated from chickens were resistant to all antimicrobial classes than those isolates from pigs. There was a significantly higher proportion of MDR NTS isolates from the southern provinces of Ho Chi Minh City and Long An (p = 0.008). Although there were increasing trends of NTS in proportion of resistance to fluoroquinolone over the three surveillance rounds, there was a significant decreasing trend of NTS in proportion of resistance to polymyxin (p = 0.002). It is important to establish an annual AMR surveillance program for livestock in Vietnam to assess the impact of interventions, observe trends and drive decision making that ultimately contributes to reducing AMR public health threat.

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628. Integrated Surveillance for Antimicrobial-Resistance in Salmonella From Clinical and Retail Meat Sources—Pennsylvania, 2015–2017

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofz360.696 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. S291-S292

Author(s):

Nkuchia M M’ikanatha ◽

Kelly E Kline ◽

Sameh W Boktor ◽

Xin Yin ◽

Lisa Dettinger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Food Sources ◽

Health Concern ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanate

Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in foodborne pathogens of animal origin, including nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS), is a public health concern. Pennsylvania conducts integrated surveillance for AMR in NTS from human and animal sources in collaboration with the FDA and CDC National Antimicrobial Resistant Monitoring System (NARMS). Methods We reviewed pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), antimicrobial susceptibility (SST) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data for isolates from animal and food sources, including 96 NTS from 2,520 meat samples (poultry, ground beef and pork chops) purchased during 2015–2017 from randomly selected retail outlets in Pennsylvania. SST to 15 antimicrobial agents was done on 109 NTS clinical isolates that had similar PFGE patterns to meat isolates. SST and WGS were used to characterize all isolates from meat and two clinical isolates from 2017. Results 28 (29.2%) and 17 (17.7%) NTS isolated from meat sources were resistant to ≥3 and ≥5 antibiotics classes, respectively. Resistance to ceftriaxone rose from 12% (3/25) in 2015 to 27% (10/37) in 2016 and resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate also increased. Plasmid-mediated bla CMY-2 β-lactam resistance genes that hydrolyze extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) increased from 12% in 2015 (3/25) to 18.9% (7/37) in 2016. Four blaCTX-M-65 genes that confer resistance to extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) were identified in 2016 (n = 3) and 2017. Of the 109 clinical isolates, 25.7% demonstrated resistance to ≥3 and 11% to ≥5 antibiotics classes, respectively. No clinical isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone in 2015, 12.5% (6/48) and 24.3% (9/37) were resistant in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate was demonstrated in 8.3% (4/48) of isolates in 2016 (figure). Two clinical isolates carried blaCTX-M-65 ESB Ls genes and were resistant to eight antimicrobial agents (ACSSuTCxNalCot. Phenotype). Conclusion NTS (≥25%) from animal and human sources were multidrug-resistant and harbored CMY-2 and CTX-M-65 genes. Dissemination of genes that confer resistance to ESBLs and ESCs in NTS undermines recommended treatment for severe infections and underscores the need for One-Health surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship efforts. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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A Review of Superbug: A Global Threat in Health Care System

Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.3329/bjid.v4i1.37678 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 25-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Bhuiyan Mohammad Mahtab Uddin ◽

Md Abdullah Yusuf ◽

Zubair Ahmed Ratan

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Health Problem ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Hospital Acquired

The rapid spread and dissemination of the multidrug-resistant bacteria worldwide represents a major public health problem. The development of antibiotics decreased the mortality among the human and animals leading to a better life expectancy. But the injudicious use of antimicrobials and selection pressure the microbes have developed resistance which became more prominent during last few decades. With the evolution of Methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Hospital-acquired MRSA, Communityacquired MRSA and MDR TB (Multidrug resistant tuberculosis) challenge for the clinicians have increased to a greater extent. The global emergence and dissemination of acquired carbapenemases among gram negative bacteria are considered a major public health problem. Gram-negative bacteria, most notably Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii, are among the most important causes of serious hospital-acquired and community-onset bacterial infections in humans, and resistance to antimicrobial agents in these bacteria has become an increasingly relevant problem. Recent development in nanotechnology based drug delivery system may prove to be solution for combating these resistant bacteria. However policies and regulations for antibiotic use should be formulated to control the further development of resistance among the microbes.Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases 2017;4(1):25-28

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Harnessing the Intriguing Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles to Detect and Treat Bacterial Infections

Magnetochemistry ◽

10.3390/magnetochemistry7080112 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 112

Author(s):

Lingchao Xiang ◽

Ozioma Udochukwu Akakuru ◽

Chen Xu ◽

Aiguo Wu

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Detection ◽

Prevention And Treatment ◽

Further Development

Infections caused by pathogenic bacteria, especially multidrug-resistant bacteria, have become a serious worldwide public health problem. Early diagnosis and treatment can effectively prevent the adverse effects of such infections. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop effective methods for the early detection, prevention, and treatment of diseases that are caused by bacterial infections. So far, magnetic material nanoparticles (MNPs) have been widely used in the detection and treatment of bacterial infections as detection agents and therapeutics. Therefore, this review describes the recent research on MNPs in bacterial detection and treatment. Finally, a brief discussion of challenges and perspectives in this field is provided, which is expected to guide the further development of MNPs for bacterial detection and treatment.

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Study of antibiotics resistance in bacteria isolated from retailed eggshell in three major markets in Minna, Nigeria

Nigerian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences ◽

10.48198/njpas/20.a03 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 3709-3719

Author(s):

N.U. Adabara ◽

C.E. Amarachi ◽

A.S. Adedeji ◽

A. Usman ◽

M. Maude ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Total Coliform ◽

Health Concern ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotics Resistance ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

Food borne disease associated with inappropriately treated or untreated eggs is a major public health problem affecting developing and developed countries. This study isolated, identified and determined the Antibiogram of bacteria isolates from eggshell of eggs obtained from three major markets in Minna, Nigeria. A total of ten (10) duplicate egg samples were purchased from egg retailers. The egg samples were analyzed for the enumeration and isolation of bacteria. The isolated bacteria were identified using biochemical methods. Antibiotic susceptibility test to prescribed commercially available antibiotic discs was also investigated. The total viable bacteria count (TVBC) ranged from 1.38×104 - 2.52×104 cfu/mL while the total coliform count (TCC) ranged from 8.5×103 - 2.02×104 cfu/mL. Escherichia coli (9.1%), Streptococcus pyogenes (4.5%), Enterococcus sp. (4.5%), Shigella sp. (13.6%), Salmonella sp. (13.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (36.4%), Clostridium sp. (9.1%) and Neisseria sp. (9.1%) were isolated and identified from eggshells. Gram positive bacteria showed highest sensitivity to gentamycin (100%) however, resist cloxacillin, ceftadizime and erythromycin (100%). Similarly, there was no ciprofloxacin resistant Gram-negative bacteria though E. coli, Salmonella sp. and Shigella sp. isolated from eggshells were resistant to augmentin and amoxicillin. Further analysis of result revealed that all the isolated bacteria from eggshells were multidrug resistant except Neisseria sp. with multidrug resistant index greater than 0.2. The fact that these antibiotic resistant bacteria can be transferred to humans is of public health concern. Therefore, stringent use of public health regulations for cleaning eggs before retailing is advocated.

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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter Species in Diarrheal Patients in Mymensingh, Bangladesh

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2021/9229485 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Md. Ashikur Rahman ◽

Priyanka Rani Paul ◽

Nazmul Hoque ◽

Sk Shaheenur Islam ◽

A. K. M. Ziaul Haque ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Agar Disc ◽

Campylobacter Species ◽

Campylobacter Spp

Campylobacter enteritis is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans worldwide including Bangladesh. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and antimicrobial-resistance status of Campylobacter spp. in human diarrheal samples collected from Surya Kanta Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. In this study, we evaluated a total of 330 clinical samples for the presence Campylobacter spp. via cultural and biochemical tests and molecular assays. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility testing for Campylobacter species was accomplished by the standard agar disc diffusion technique against eight commercially available antimicrobial agents. A pretested semistructured questionnaire was used to capture the data on socioanthropological factors from the diarrheal patients. Pearson’s chi-square test was performed, and a p value of <0.05 was considered for the level of significance. Nearly one in three diarrheal patients admitted in this hospital were infected with Campylobacter spp. Overall prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was estimated to be 31.5% (104/330) that comprised the prevalence of C. jejuni, 21.8% ( n = 72 ), and C. coli, 9.6% ( n = 32 ). Among the positive cases, the prevalence of Campylobacter was higher in the age group 0-5 years (52%) followed by 6-18 years (42.7%), 19-40 years (34.0%), 41-60 years (25.4%), and >60 years (10.5%). Age, family level’s personal hygiene, and involvement with animal husbandry were captured as potential determinants to be associated with the Campylobacter positive status. Among the isolates, 27.3% ( n = 20 ) of C. jejuni and 31.2% ( n = 10 ) of C. coli demonstrated as multidrug-resistant (MDR) to three or more antimicrobial agents. The present study shows that Campylobacter spp. is most prevalent among the hospital-admitted diarrheal patients, and proper measures should be taken to reduce the burden focusing on the potential determinants.

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Characterization of Two New Multidrug-Resistant Strains of Mycobacterium smegmatis: Tools for Routine In Vitro Screening of Novel Anti-Mycobacterial Agents

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics8010004 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 4 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Patrick K. Arthur ◽

Vincent Amarh ◽

Precious Cramer ◽

Gloria B. Arkaifie ◽

Ethel J. S. Blessie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mycobacterium Smegmatis ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Health Concern ◽

Model Organisms ◽

In Vitro Screening ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Wide Range ◽

Resistant Strains

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a pathogen of global public health concern. This threat is exacerbated by the emergence of multidrug-resistant and extremely-drug-resistant strains of the pathogen. We have obtained two distinct clones of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium smegmatis after gradual exposure of Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2 155 to increasing concentrations of erythromycin. The resulting resistant strains of Mycobacterium smegmatis exhibited robust viability in the presence of high concentrations of erythromycin and were found to be resistant to a wide range of other antimicrobials. They also displayed a unique growth phenotype in comparison to the parental drug-susceptible Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2 155, and a distinct colony morphology in the presence of cholesterol. We propose that these two multidrug-resistant clones of Mycobacterium smegmatis could be used as model organisms at the inceptive phase of routine in vitro screening of novel antimicrobial agents targeted against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterial tuberculosis.

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