scholarly journals Conversion of Rutin, a Prevalent Dietary Flavonol, by the Human Gut Microbiota

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Riva ◽  
Ditta Kolimár ◽  
Andreas Spittler ◽  
Lukas Wisgrill ◽  
Craig W. Herbold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cell Sorting ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Activity Marker ◽  
Dietary Flavonoids ◽  
Activity Measure

The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in the conversion of dietary flavonoids, which can affect their bioavailability and bioactivity and thereby their health-promoting properties. The ability of flavonoids to metabolically-activate the microbiota has, however, not been systematically evaluated. In the present study, we used a fluorescence-based single-cell activity measure [biorthogonal non-canonical ammino acid-tagging (BONCAT)] combined with fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to determine which microorganisms are metabolically-active after amendment of the flavonoid rutin. We performed anaerobic incubations of human fecal microbiota amended with rutin and in the presence of the cellular activity marker L-azidohomoalanine (AHA) to detect metabolically-active cells. We found that 7.3% of cells in the gut microbiota were active after a 6 h incubation and 26.9% after 24 h. We then sorted BONCAT-positive cells and observed an enrichment of Lachnospiraceae (Lachnoclostridium and Eisenbergiella), Enterobacteriaceae, Tannerellaceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae species in the rutin-responsive fraction of the microbiota. There was marked inter-individual variability in the appearance of rutin conversion products after incubation with rutin. Consistent with this, there was substantial variability in the abundance of rutin-responsive microbiota among different individuals. Specifically, we observed that Enterobacteriaceae were associated with conversion of rutin into quercetin-3-glucoside (Q-glc) and Lachnospiraceae were associated with quercetin (Q) production. This suggests that individual microbiotas differ in their ability to metabolize rutin and utilize different conversion pathways.

scholarly journals HUMAN GUT MICROBIOTA AND ITS EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH IN NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-193
Author(s):  
Anca Magdalena Munteanu ◽  
◽  
Raluca Cursaru ◽  
Loreta Guja ◽  
Simona Carniciu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Host ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota

The medical research of the last 1-2 decades allows us to look at the human gut microbiota and microbiome as to a structure that can promote health and sometimes initiate disease. It works like an endocrine organ: releasing specific metabolites, using environmental inputs, e.g. diet, or acting through its structural compounds, that signal human host receptors, to finally contributing to the pathogenesis of several gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal diseases. The same commensal microbes were found as shapers of the human host response to drugs (cardiovascular, oncology etc.). New technologies played an important role in these achievements, facilitating analysis of the genetic and metabolic profile of this microbial community. Once the inputs, the pathways and a lot of human host receptors were highlighted, the scientists were encouraged to go further into research, in order to develop new pathogenic therapies, targeting the human gut flora. Dual therapies, evolving these “friend microbes”, are another actual research subjects. This review gives an update on the current knowledge in the area of microbiota disbalances under environmental factors, the contribution of gut microbiota and microbiome to the pathogenesis of obesity, obesity associated metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease, as well as new perspectives in preventing and treating these diseases, with high prevalence in contemporary, economically developed societies. It brings the latest and most relevant evidences relating to: probiotics, prebiotics, polyphenols and fecal microbiota transplantation, dietary nutrient manipulation, microbial as well as human host enzyme manipulation, shaping human responses to currently used drugs, manipulating the gut microbiome by horizontal gene transfer.

scholarly journals 90. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Metastatic Melanoma Patients Resistant to Anti-PD-1 Treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S7-S7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilan Youngster ◽  
Erez Baruch ◽  
Lior Katz ◽  
Adi Lahat ◽  
Tal Brosh-Nissimov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metastatic Melanoma ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Durable Response ◽  
Melanoma Patients

Abstract Background Most metastatic melanoma patients treated with Programed cell Death (PD)-1 blockers fail to achieve a durable response. The gut microbiota profoundly affects host immunity, and fecal microbiota transplantations (FMT) have been shown to enhance anti-PD-1 effectiveness in murine models. We report initial safety and efficacy results from the first patients treated in a Phase I study of FMT and re-induction anti-PD-1 therapy in anti-PD-1 refractory metastatic melanoma. Methods FMT donors were two metastatic melanoma patients who achieved a durable complete response to treatment. FMT recipients were metastatic melanoma patients who failed at least one anti-PD-1 line of treatment. FMT was conducted by both colonoscopic and oral administration, followed by anti-PD-1 re-treatment. Each recipient underwent pre- and post-treatment stool sampling, tissue biopsy of both gut and tumor, and total body imaging. Results Five patients with treatment-resistant metastatic melanoma were recruited. No FMT-related or immunotherapy-related adverse events were observed. To assess engraftment of the new microbiota, recipients were paired with their respective donors and stool 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis was performed. Sequencing results demonstrated post-FMT compositional dissimilarity (Unweighted UniFrac, P = 0.04, FDR q = 0.22) between the two recipient–donor groups. Specific taxonomic dynamics included post-FMT increased abundance of Paraprevotellaceae, previously associated in descriptive studies with responsiveness to treatment, and significant reductions in abundance of β-proteobacteria, previously associated with reduced response to treatment. Immunohistochemical stains of biopsies demonstrated an increased post-FMT infiltration of antigen presenting cells (CD68+) in the gut (paired T-test, P = 0.008) and in the tumor (P = 0.0076). Post-treatment intra-tumoral CD8+ T-cell infiltration was also increased. Three patients had a partial or complete response to treatment post-FMT. Conclusion FMT in metastatic melanoma patients seems to be safe and may alter recipient gut microbiota to resemble that of a responder donor. This alteration may result in intra-tumoral T-cell activity, and conferred clinical and radiological benefit in several recipients previously unresponsive to treatment. Disclosures All Authors: No reported Disclosures.

scholarly journals Natural and after colon washing fecal samples: the two sides of the coin for investigating the human gut microbiome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Piancone ◽  
Bruno Fosso ◽  
Mariangela De Robertis ◽  
Elisabetta Notario ◽  
Annarita Oranger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Digital Pcr ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Gut Microbiome ◽  
Taxonomic Analysis ◽  
Paired Samples

To date there are several studies focusing on the importance of gut microbiome for human health, however the selection of a universal sampling matrix representative of the microbial biodiversity associated to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, still represents a challenge. Here we present a study in which, through a deep metabarcoding analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, we compared two sampling matrices, feces (F) and colonic lavage liquid (LL), in order to evaluate their accuracy to represent the complexity of the human gut microbiome. A training set of 37 volunteers was attained and paired F and LL samples were collected from each subject. A preliminary absolute quantification of total 16S rDNA, performed by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), confirmed that sequencing and taxonomic analysis were performed on same total bacterial abundance obtained from the two sampling methods. The taxonomic analysis of paired samples revealed that, although specific taxa were predominantly or exclusively observed in LL samples, as well as other taxa were detectable only or were predominant in stool, the microbiomes of the paired samples F and LL in the same subject hold overlapping taxonomic composition. Moreover, LL samples revealed a higher biodiversity than stool at all taxonomic ranks, as demonstrated by the Shannon Index and the Inverse Simpson's Index. We also found greater inter-individual variability than intra-individual variability in both sample matrices. Finally, functional differences were unveiled in the gut microbiome detected in the F and LL samples. A significant overrepresentation of 22 and 13 metabolic pathways, mainly occurring in Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, was observed in gut microbiota detected in feces and LL samples, respectively. This suggests that LL samples may allow for the detection of microbes adhering to the intestinal mucosal surface as members of the resident flora that are not easily detectable in stool, most likely representative of a diet-influenced transient microbiota. This first comparative study on feces and LL samples for the study of the human gut microbiome demonstrates that the use of both types of sample matrices may represent a possible choice to obtain a more complete view of the human gut microbiota in response to different biological and clinical questions.

scholarly journals Modulation of Gut Microbiota for Health by Current and Next-Generation Probiotics

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reetta Satokari
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Complex Ecosystem ◽  
Systemic Health ◽  
Specific Health

The human gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem and has an essential role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Microbiota dysbiosis is associated with a number of intestinal and systemic conditions and its modulation for human health is of great interest. Gut microbiota is a source of novel health-promoting bacteria, often termed as next-generation probiotics in order to distinguish them from traditional probiotics. The previous lessons learned with traditional probiotics can help the development of next-generation probiotics that target specific health issues and needs.

scholarly journals Perspectives on the role of the human gut microbiota and its modulation by pro- and prebiotics

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toni Steer ◽  
Hollie Carpenter ◽  
Kieran Tuohy ◽  
Glenn R. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Gut Microflora ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Micro Organisms

AbstractOne of the most topical areas of human nutrition is the role of the gut in health and disease. Specifically, this involves interactions between the resident microbiota and dietary ingredients that support their activities. Currently, it is accepted that the gut microflora contains pathogenic, benign and beneficial components. Some microbially induced disease states such as acute gastroenteritis and pseudomembranous colitis have a defined aetiological agent(s). Speculation on the role of microbiota components in disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome, bowel cancer, neonatal necrotising enterocolitis and ulcerative colitis are less well defined, but many studies are convincing. It is evident that the gut microflora composition can be altered through diet. Because of their perceived health-promoting status, bifidobacteria and lactobacilli are the commonest targets. Probiotics involve the use of live micro-organisms in food; prebiotics are carbohydrates selectively metabolized by desirable moieties of the indigenous flora; synbiotics combine the two approaches. Dietary intervention of the human gut microbiota is feasible and has been proven as efficacious in volunteer trials. The health bonuses of such approaches offer the potential to manage many gut disorders prophylactically. However, it is imperative that the best methodologies available are applied to this area of nutritional sciences. This will undoubtedly involve a genomic application to the research and is already under way through molecular tracking of microbiota changes to diet in controlled human trials.

scholarly journals Insights into the reason of Human-Residential Bifidobacteria (HRB) being the natural inhabitants of the human gut and their potential health-promoting benefits

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chyn Boon Wong ◽  
Toshitaka Odamaki ◽  
Jin-zhong Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
Practical Consideration ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Ecological Fitness ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Shed Light

ABSTRACT Members of Bifidobacterium are among the first microbes to colonise the human gut, and certain species are recognised as the natural resident of human gut microbiota. Their presence in the human gut has been associated with health-promoting benefits and reduced abundance of this genus is linked with several diseases. Bifidobacterial species are assumed to have coevolved with their hosts and include members that are naturally present in the human gut, thus recognised as Human-Residential Bifidobacteria (HRB). The physiological functions of these bacteria and the reasons why they occur in and how they adapt to the human gut are of immense significance. In this review, we provide an overview of the biology of bifidobacteria as members of the human gut microbiota and address factors that contribute to the preponderance of HRB in the human gut. We highlight some of the important genetic attributes and core physiological traits of these bacteria that may explain their adaptive advantages, ecological fitness, and competitiveness in the human gut. This review will help to widen our understanding of one of the most important human commensal bacteria and shed light on the practical consideration for selecting bifidobacterial strains as human probiotics.

scholarly journals Microbiota-Orientated Treatments for Major Depression and Schizophrenia

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume B. Fond ◽  
Jean-Christophe Lagier ◽  
Stéphane Honore ◽  
Christophe Lancon ◽  
Théo Korchia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Safe Technique ◽  
Illness Outcomes ◽  
New Hypothesis

Background and significance. There is a need to develop new hypothesis-driven treatment for both both major depression (MD) and schizophrenia in which the risk of depression is 5 times higher than the general population. Major depression has been also associated with poor illness outcomes including pain, metabolic disturbances, and less adherence. Conventional antidepressants are partly effective, and 44% of the subjects remain unremitted under treatment. Improving MD treatment efficacy is thus needed to improve the SZ prognosis. Microbiota-orientated treatments are currently one of the most promising tracks. Method. This work is a systematic review synthetizing data of arguments to develop microbiota-orientated treatments (including fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)) in major depression and schizophrenia. Results. The effectiveness of probiotic administration in MD constitutes a strong evidence for developing microbiota-orientated treatments. Probiotics have yielded medium-to-large significant effects on depressive symptoms, but it is still unclear if the effect is maintained following probiotic discontinuation. Several factors may limit MD improvement when using probiotics, including the small number of bacterial strains administered in probiotic complementary agents, as well as the presence of a disturbed gut microbiota that probably limits the probiotics’ impact. FMT is a safe technique enabling to improve microbiota in several gut disorders. The benefit/risk ratio of FMT has been discussed and has been recently improved by capsule administration. Conclusion. Cleaning up the gut microbiota by transplanting a totally new human gut microbiota in one shot, which is referred to as FMT, is likely to strongly improve the efficacy of microbiota-orientated treatments in MD and schizophrenia and maintain the effect over time. This hypothesis should be tested in future clinical trials.

scholarly journals Variation in rural African gut microbiota is strongly correlated with colonization by Entamoeba and subsistence

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise R Morton ◽  
Joshua Lynch ◽  
Alain Froment ◽  
Sophie Lafosse ◽  
Evelyne Heyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Relative Contribution

The human gut microbiota is impacted by host nutrition and health status and therefore represents a potentially adaptive phenotype influenced by metabolic and immune constraints. Previous studies contrasting rural populations in developing countries to urban industrialized ones have shown that industrialization is strongly correlated with patterns in human gut microbiota; however, we know little about the relative contribution of factors such as climate, diet, medicine, hygiene practices, host genetics, and parasitism. Here, we focus on fine-scale comparisons of African rural populations in order to (i) contrast the gut microbiota of populations inhabiting similar environments but having different traditional subsistence modes and either shared or distinct genetic ancestry, and (ii) examine the relationship between gut parasites and bacterial communities. Characterizing the fecal microbiota of Pygmy hunter-gatherers as well as Bantu individuals from both farming and fishing populations in Southwest Cameroon, we found that the gut parasite Entamoeba is significantly correlated with microbiome composition and diversity. We show that across populations, colonization by this protozoa can be predicted with 79% accuracy based on the composition of an individual's gut microbiota, and that several of the taxa most important for distinguishing Entamoeba absence or presence are signature taxa for autoimmune disorders. We also found gut communities to vary significantly with subsistence mode, notably with some taxa previously shown to be enriched in other hunter-gatherers groups (in Tanzania and Peru) also discriminating hunter-gatherers from neighboring farming or fishing populations in Cameroon.

scholarly journals Consistent alterations of human fecal microbes after transplanted to germ-free mice

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanze Li ◽  
Wenming Cao ◽  
Na L Gao ◽  
Xing-Ming Zhao ◽  
Wei-Hua Chen
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplant ◽  
Change Rate ◽  
Gut Microbes ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Human And Mouse

AbstractBackgroundFecal microbiota transplant (FMT) of human fecal samples to germ-free (GF) mice is useful for establishing causal relationships between gut microbiota and human phenotypes. However, due to intrinsic differences between human and mouse intestines and distinct diets between the two organisms, replicating human phenotypes in mouse through FMT is not guaranteed; similarly, treatments that are effective in mouse models do not guarantee their success in human either.ResultsIn this study, we aimed to identify human gut microbes that have undergone significant and consistent changes after transplanted to GF mice across multiple experimental settings. By comparing gut microbiota profiles in 1,713 human-mouse pairs, we found strikingly on average <50% of the human gut microbes can be re-established in mice at the species level; among which, more than 1/3 have undergone significant changes (referred as to “variable microbes”), most of which were consistent across multiple human-mouse pairs and experimental settings. Consistently, one-third of human samples had changed their enterotypes, i.e. significant changes in their leading species after FMT. Mice fed with controlled diet showed significant decrease in the enterotype change rate (~25%) as compared those with non-controlled diet (~50%), suggesting a possible solution for rescue. Strikingly, most of the variable microbes have been implicated in human diseases, with some being recognized as causing species.ConclusionsOur results highlighted the challenges of using mouse model in replicating human gut microbiota-associated phenotypes, provided useful information for researchers using mice in their gut microbiota studies and call for additional validations after FMT.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document