scholarly journals Strategies for Interfering With Bacterial Early Stage Biofilms

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingyuan Fu ◽  
Yuning Zhang ◽  
Shiyu Lin ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Gang Shu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resistance ◽  
Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Persistent Infections ◽  
Reversible Adhesion ◽  
Attached Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatments ◽  
Further Development

Biofilm-related bacteria show high resistance to antimicrobial treatments, posing a remarkable challenge to human health. Given bacterial dormancy and high expression of efflux pumps, persistent infections caused by mature biofilms are not easy to treat, thereby driving researchers toward the discovery of many anti-biofilm molecules that can intervene in early stage biofilms formation to inhibit further development and maturity. Compared with mature biofilms, early stage biofilms have fragile structures, vigorous metabolisms, and early attached bacteria are higher susceptibility to antimicrobials. Thus, removing biofilms at the early stage has evident advantages. Many reviews on anti-biofilm compounds that prevent biofilms formation have already been done, but most of them are based on compound classifications to introduce anti-biofilm effects. This review discusses the inhibitory effects of anti-biofilm compounds on early stage biofilms formation from the perspective of the mechanisms of action, including hindering reversible adhesion, reducing extracellular polymeric substances production, interfering in the quorum sensing, and modifying cyclic di-GMP. This information can be exploited further to help researchers in designing new molecules with anti-biofilm activity.

scholarly journals Current hurdles to the translation of nanomedicines from bench to the clinic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Snežana Đorđević ◽  
María Medel Gonzalez ◽  
Inmaculada Conejos-Sánchez ◽  
Barbara Carreira ◽  
Sabina Pozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Product ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Important Process ◽  
Close Collaboration ◽  
Critical Quality Attributes ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Clinical Models ◽  
Further Development

AbstractThe field of nanomedicine has significantly influenced research areas such as drug delivery, diagnostics, theranostics, and regenerative medicine; however, the further development of this field will face significant challenges at the regulatory level if related guidance remains unclear and unconsolidated. This review describes those features and pathways crucial to the clinical translation of nanomedicine and highlights considerations for early-stage product development. These include identifying those critical quality attributes of the drug product essential for activity and safety, appropriate analytical methods (physical, chemical, biological) for characterization, important process parameters, and adequate pre-clinical models. Additional concerns include the evaluation of batch-to-batch consistency and considerations regarding scaling up that will ensure a successful reproducible manufacturing process. Furthermore, we advise close collaboration with regulatory agencies from the early stages of development to assure an aligned position to accelerate the development of future nanomedicines. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Genes Involved in Bifidobacterium Longum FGSZY16M3 Biofilm Formation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zongmin Liu ◽  
Lingzhi Li ◽  
Qianwen Wang ◽  
Faizan Ahmed Sadiq ◽  
Yuankun Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Sequencing Analysis

Biofilm formation has evolved as an adaptive strategy for bacteria to cope with harsh environmental conditions. Currently, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of biofilm formation in bifidobacteria. A time series transcriptome sequencing analysis of both biofilm and planktonic cells of Bifidobacterium longum FGSZY16M3 was performed to identify candidate genes involved in biofilm formation. Protein–protein interaction network analysis of 1296 differentially expressed genes during biofilm formation yielded 15 clusters of highly interconnected nodes, indicating that genes related to the SOS response (dnaK, groS, guaB, ruvA, recA, radA, recN, recF, pstA, and sufD) associated with the early stage of biofilm formation. Genes involved in extracellular polymeric substances were upregulated (epsH, epsK, efp, frr, pheT, rfbA, rfbJ, rfbP, rpmF, secY and yidC) in the stage of biofilm maturation. To further investigate the genes related to biofilm formation, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed with 2032 transcript genes, leading to the identification of nine WGCNA modules and 133 genes associated with response to stress, regulation of gene expression, quorum sensing, and two-component system. These results indicate that biofilm formation in B. longum is a multifactorial process, involving stress response, structural development, and regulatory processes.

Development of peripheral periderm from cork strips in Ceratoniasiliqua

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehud Arbel ◽  
Tova Arzee
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Wing Development ◽  
Lateral Extension ◽  
Subsequent Formation ◽  
Further Development

The formation of cork in vertical strips on young branches of Ceratoniasiliqua L. is described. The cork strips represent an early stage in the development of peripheral periderm. Initiation of the cork ridges began with the differentiation of lenticels in vertical rows and further development occurred through the subsequent formation of periderm, primarily in the longitudinal direction. A circumfluent covering of periderm was formed eventually by lateral extension of phellogen leading to the gradual coalescence of the cork strips. Similarities with patterns of cork wing development are discussed.

Effects of Natural Organic Matter on TCE Removal in Groundwater by Zero-Valent Iron: Batch Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 807-809 ◽  
pp. 486-489
Author(s):  
Tong Zhou Liu ◽  
Pin Hua Rao
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Organic Contaminant ◽  
Zero Valent Iron ◽  
Contaminant Removal ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Batch Study

An investigation on the effects of humic acid (representing NOM) on TCE (a typical organic contaminant) removal by Fe0in batch settings was carried out. Inhibitory effects of humic acid on Fe0towards TCE removal were observed. At early stage of the experiments, humic acid might partition with TCE, and the adsorption or deposition of humic acid onto Fe0surface would further facilitated TCE immobilization. Once the reduction reactive sites on Fe0surfaces were covered by accumulated humic acid and the partition of TCE to humic acid became saturated, TCE removal in Fe0was observed retarded.

scholarly journals System development for its disclosure of Portuguese digital type design

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vítor Quelhas ◽  
Vasco Branco ◽  
Rui Mendonça
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
System Development ◽  
Complete Agreement ◽  
Collaborative System ◽  
Test And Evaluation ◽  
Usability Tests ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Further Development

This study aims to cover the current development of a platform for the disclosure of the Portuguese type design community, since the beginning of the desktop revolution, until today. 
To deepen our understanding, interviews were made to a selected and representative group of type designers from our sample based on several criteria. The interview tested six dimensions: people, processes, products, uses, identity and platform. The results analyzed in the last dimension, through content analysis and quantitative data, lead to the development of an online digital collaborative system – one of our specific objectives. 
Our hypothesis – that the development of a online digital collaborative system would allow further development of knowledge between products, users and authors, as well as, processes and uses – was also corroborated by the interviewers. 
Reviews have been made to reference international online projects to identify their purposes, areas of activity, objectives, mechanisms of interaction, usability and accessibility. This previous research brought together a set of notes that would become essential in the definition and development of our concept. 

The classification of typefaces is a subject of study by researchers and designers, but it is certainly not a topic for complete agreement. Organizing and balancing the content for the database was our first challenge since we were expecting users with good knowledge on the field, but also beginners. Several diagrams were put into test during the early stage of information architecture to better define categories, filters, and sorting methods, as well as users role in the system. The items and categories chosen were redefined in a second stage, and in the third stage hi-fidelity wireframes were produced, to concentrate on design aspects and decisions, and put the system into test and evaluation. 

The current results on the platform development, with the improvements made through several user tests, evaluations and refinements undertaken in all phases of the project have been crucial. We are expecting to run some pilot tests, as well as usability tests prior to the full implementation to further improve the system and meet the expectations.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3351

scholarly journals Antioxidant Capacity of Proteins and Hydrolysates from the Liver of Newborn Piglets, and Their Inhibitory Effects on Steatosis in vitro

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruilin Zhang ◽  
Lasheng Yin ◽  
Jian Chen ◽  
Xuewu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Hepg2 Cells ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Hepatic Disorder ◽  
Newborn Piglets ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Lipid Lowering Effect

Research background. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is a potentially progressive hepatic disorder that can lead to end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. The inhibitory effects of proteins and hydrolysates from the liver of newborn piglets on hepatic steatosis in oleic-acid-induced HepG2 cells were investigated in vitro. Experimental approach. The extracted proteins from the liver of newborn piglets (NPLP) were hydrolysed with papain, pepsin, trypsin and Alcalase. Based on comparison of different enzyme digestion condition, a protein hydrolysis protocol was established to obtain hydrolysates with lipid-lowering effect. Results and conclusions. NPLH-trypsin (trypsin-digested NPLP hydrolysate) exhibited strong antioxidant activity and possessed good inhibitory effects on lipogenesis and cholesterol accumulation in HepG2 cells at 150 μg/mL, with a triglyceride decrease of (43±3) % and cholesterol decrease of (31±5) %, comparing with 0.75 mM oleic acid induced model. The addition of NPLH-trypsin (300 μg/mL) decreased alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities and increased superoxide dismutase activity. Novelty and scientific contribution. This study demonstrated that NPLH-trypsin have a potential preventive effect on NAFLD in its early stage, and NPLH-trypsin has potential use as the modulator of lipid overaccumulation disease in food supplements.

Abstract P311: Cardiac Sympathetic Afferents Does Not Initiate but Contributes to the Further Development of Hypertension in Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats

Hypertension ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanjun Wang ◽  
Irving H. Zucker
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Radio Telemetry ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Shr Rats ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Novel Therapy ◽  
Cardiac Afferents ◽  
Further Development

Sympatho-excitation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. However, it is unclear what factors initiate and maintain sympatho-excitation in hypertension. Our past studies have confirmed a critical role of cardiac sensory nerve endings that mediate a sympatho-excitatory reflex called the “cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex” (CSAR) in the setting of heart failure. However, whether/when the CSAR is activated and contributes to the development of hypertension remains unclear. To address this issue, we chronically abolished the CSAR by epidural application of a selective afferent neurotoxin, resiniferatoxin (RTX) at the level of the T1-T4 dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) by destroying TRPV1-expressing neuronal soma in 8-week and 16-w old spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR). Conscious blood pressure was monitored before (baseline) and during 2 months post RTX using radio telemetry. As shown in Figure 1A, in early-hypertensive (8-w old) SHR rats, there was no difference in mean arterial pressure (MAP) between vehicle and RTX groups until 3 weeks post intervention. At that time, MAP in vehicle-treated SHR rats continued to increase whereas this increase was largely abolished in the RTX-treated group. In the established (16-w old) SHR rats (Figure 1B), treatment with RTX immediately reduced MAP by ~15 mmHg, which was maintained for the 2-month recording period. These data strongly suggest that although CSAR does not initiate hypertension at the early stage in SHR, it contributes to the further development of hypertension in the mid/late stages. These data support a potential novel therapy possibly involving cardiac afferents.

Capturing Process Knowledge for Multi-Channel Information Systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shang Gao ◽  
John Krogstie
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Process Models ◽  
System Support ◽  
Knowledge Capture ◽  
Process Knowledge ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Channel Information ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Goal Models

In this paper, a case study is used to evaluate the business process characterizing modeling (BPCM) language. The BPCM-framework is meant to guide both business stakeholders and model developers during model-based development. The focus of the approach is the use of BPCM as a starting point for capturing process knowledge when planning and developing information system support. Based on information within the BPCM models, goal models and process models can be developed and used for further development of the BPCM model. The approach in this paper is evaluated using a case study related to the arrangement of a conference series. Through the case study, the authors have confirmed the potential usability and usefulness of BPCM for early stage knowledge capture, getting input for further improvement of the approach.

scholarly journals Amelioration of metabolic syndrome by metformin associates with reduced indices of low-grade inflammation independently of the gut microbiota

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (6) ◽  
pp. E1121-E1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneseh Adeshirlarijaney ◽  
Jun Zou ◽  
Hao Q. Tran ◽  
Benoit Chassaing ◽  
Andrew T. Gewirtz
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Inflammatory Agent ◽  
Frontline Treatment ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Metformin beneficially impacts several aspects of metabolic syndrome including dysglycemia, obesity, and liver dysfunction, thus making it a widely used frontline treatment for early-stage type 2 diabetes, which is associated with these disorders. Several mechanisms of action for metformin have been proposed, including that it acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, possibly as a result of its impact on intestinal microbiota. In accord with this possibility, we observed herein that, in mice with diet-induced metabolic syndrome, metformin impacts the gut microbiota by preventing its encroachment upon the host, a feature of metabolic syndrome in mice and humans. However, the ability of metformin to beneficially impact metabolic syndrome in mice was not markedly altered by reduction or elimination of gut microbiota, achieved by the use of antibiotics or germfree mice. Although reducing or eliminating microbiota by itself suppressed diet-induced dysglycemia, other features of metabolic syndrome including obesity, hepatic steatosis, and low-grade inflammation remained suppressed by metformin in the presence or absence of gut microbiota. These results support a role for anti-inflammatory activity of metformin, irrespective of gut microbiota, in driving some of the beneficial impacts of this drug on metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals Early Autism Screening: A Comprehensive Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (18) ◽  
pp. 3502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadi Thabtah ◽  
David Peebles
Keyword(s):  
Autistic Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Lengthy Process

Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a neurodevelopmental condition associated with verbal and nonverbal communication, social interactions, and behavioural complications that is becoming increasingly common in many parts of the globe. Identifying individuals on the spectrum has remained a lengthy process for the past few decades due to the fact that some individuals diagnosed with ASD exhibit exceptional skills in areas such as mathematics, arts, and music among others. To improve the accuracy and reliability of autism diagnoses, many scholars have developed pre-diagnosis screening methods to help identify autistic behaviours at an early stage, speed up the clinical diagnosis referral process, and improve the understanding of ASD for the different stakeholders involved, such as parents, caregivers, teachers, and family members. However, the functionality and reliability of those screening tools vary according to different research studies and some have remained questionable. This study evaluates and critically analyses 37 different ASD screening tools in order to identify possible areas that need to be addressed through further development and innovation. More importantly, different criteria associated with existing screening tools, such as accessibility, the fulfilment of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) specifications, comprehensibility among the target audience, performance (specifically sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy), web and mobile availability, and popularity have been investigated.

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