Cereus sinensis Polysaccharide Alleviates Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea Based on Modulating the Gut Microbiota in C57BL/6 Mice

The present study investigated whether the purified polysaccharide from Cereus sinensis (CSP-1) had beneficial effects on mice with antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). The effects of CSP-1 on gut microbiota were evaluated by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. Results showed that CSP-1 increased the diversity and richness of gut microbiota. CSP-1 enriched Phasecolarctobacterium, Bifidobacterium and reduced the abundance of Parabacteroides, Sutterella, Coprobacillus to near normal levels, modifying the gut microbial community. Microbial metabolites were further analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results indicated CSP-1 promoted the production of various short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and significantly improved intestinal microflora dysfunction in AAD mice. In addition, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and hematoxylin-eosin staining were used to assess the effects of CSP-1 on cytokine levels and intestinal tissue in AAD mice. Results demonstrated that CSP-1 inhibited the secretion of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and improved the intestinal barrier. Correspondingly, the daily records also showed that CSP-1 promoted recovery of diarrhea status score, water intake and body weight in mice with AAD. In short, CSP-1 helped alleviate AAD by regulating the inflammatory cytokines, altering the composition and richness of intestinal flora, promoting the production of SCFAs, improving the intestinal barrier as well as reversing the dysregulated microbiota function.

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Modulation of gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function during alleviation of antibiotic-associated diarrhea with Rhizoma Zingiber officinale (Ginger) extract

Food & Function ◽

10.1039/d0fo01536a ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 10839-10851

Author(s):

Zhi-jie Ma ◽

Huan-jun Wang ◽

Xiao-jing Ma ◽

Yue Li ◽

Hong-jun Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Barrier Function ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Zingiber Officinale ◽

Underlying Mechanism ◽

Intestinal Barrier Function ◽

Ginger Extract ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea

Ginger extract showed beneficial effects on rats with antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and the underlying mechanism might be associated with the recovery of gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function.

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Myristoleic acid produced by enterococci reduces obesity through brown adipose tissue activation

Gut ◽

10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319114 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 69 (7) ◽

pp. 1239-1247 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Lin-Hu Quan ◽

Chuanhai Zhang ◽

Meng Dong ◽

Jun Jiang ◽

Hongde Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Brown Adipose Tissue ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Ginseng Extract ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Brown Adipose ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

ObjectiveDietary fibre has beneficial effects on energy metabolism, and the majority of studies have focused on short-chain fatty acids produced by gut microbiota. Ginseng has been reported to aid in body weight management, however, its mechanism of action is not yet clear. In this study, we focused on the potential modulating effect of ginseng on gut microbiota, aiming to identify specific strains and their metabolites, especially long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), which mediate the anti-obesity effects of ginseng.DesignDb/db mice were gavaged with ginseng extract (GE) and the effects of GE on gut microbiota were evaluated using 16S rDNA-based high throughput sequencing. To confirm the candidate fatty acids, untargeted metabolomics analyses of the serum and medium samples were performed.ResultsWe demonstrated that GE can induce Enterococcus faecalis, which can produce an unsaturated LCFA, myristoleic acid (MA). Our results indicate that E. faecalis and its metabolite MA can reduce adiposity by brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation and beige fat formation. In addition, the gene of E. faecalis encoding Acyl-CoA thioesterases (ACOTs) exhibited the biosynthetic potential to synthesise MA, as knockdown (KD) of the ACOT gene by CRISPR-dCas9 significantly reduced MA production. Furthermore, exogenous treatment with KD E. faecalis could not reproduce the beneficial effects of wild type E. faecalis, which work by augmenting the circulating MA levels.ConclusionsOur results demonstrated that the gut microbiota-LCFA-BAT axis plays an important role in host metabolism, which may provide a strategic advantage for the next generation of anti-obesity drug development.

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Shifts in microbiota species and fermentation products in a dietary model enriched in fat and sucrose

Beneficial Microbes ◽

10.3920/bm2013.0097 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 97-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

U. Etxeberria ◽

N. Arias ◽

N. Boqué ◽

M.T. Macarulla ◽

M.P. Portillo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Intestinal Barrier Function ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Fermentation Products ◽

Inflammatory Status ◽

Male Wistar Rats

The gastrointestinal tract harbours a ‘superorganism’ called the gut microbiota, which is known to play a crucial role in the onset and development of diverse diseases. This internal ecosystem, far from being a static environment, can be manipulated by diet and dietary components. Feeding animals with high-fat sucrose (HFS) diets entails diet-induced obesity, a model which is usually used in research to mimic the obese phenotype of Western societies. The aim of the present study was to identify gut microbiota dysbiosis and associated metabolic changes produced in male Wistar rats fed a HFS diet for 6 weeks and compare it with the basal microbial composition. For this purpose, DNA extracted from faeces at baseline and after treatment was analysed by amplification of the V4-V6 region of the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene using 454 pyrosequencing. Short-chain fatty acids, i.e. acetate, propionate and butyrate, were also evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. At the end of the treatment, gut microbiota composition significantly differed at phylum level (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria) and class level (Erisypelotrichi, Deltaproteobacteria, Bacteroidia and Bacilli). Interestingly, the class Clostridia showed a significant decrease after HFS diet treatment, which correlated with visceral adipose tissue, and is likely mediated by dietary carbohydrates. Of particular interest, Clostridium cluster XIVa species were significantly reduced and changes were identified in the relative abundance of other specific bacterial species (Mitsuokella jalaludinii, Eubacterium ventriosum, Clostridium sp. FCB90-3, Prevotella nanceiensis, Clostridium fusiformis, Clostridium sp. BNL1100 and Eubacterium cylindroides) that, in some cases, showed opposite trends to their relative families. These results highlight the relevance of characterising gut microbial population differences at species level and contribute to understand the plausible link between diet and specific gut bacterial species that are able to influence the inflammatory status, intestinal barrier function and obesity development.

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Stachyose improves the anti-diabetic effects of berberine by regulating intestinal microbiota and SCFAs in spontaneous type 2 diabetic KKAy mice

10.21203/rs.3.rs-30055/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hui Cao ◽

Cai-Na Li ◽

Lei Lei ◽

Xing Wang ◽

Shuai-Nan Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Blood Glucose Control ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Combination Treatments ◽

Kkay Mice ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

Abstract Background: Berberine (BBR) has the beneficial effects of anti-inflammation, anti-bacteria, and anti-diabetes. The clinical application of BBR has been hindered by its poor gastrointestinal absorption. Stachyose (Sta), a prebiotic agent, improves the composition of gut microbiota and benefits for diabetes. We therefore investigated whether Sta improves the anti-diabetic actions of BBR using type 2 diabetic KKAy mice.Methods: KKAy mice were randomly divided into four groups: Con, Sta (200 mg/kg), BBR (100 mg/kg), and BBR+Sta (BBR: 100 mg/kg, Sta: 200 mg/kg). Mice were administered intragastrically once daily for 8 weeks. The mice weight, glycemia, glycated hemoglobin, and levels of insulin, glucagon, and inflammatory cytokines were monitored. Oral glucose tolerance tests and insulin tolerance tests were performed; protein and gene expression levels were detected by Western blot and qRT-PCR, respectively; gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were analyzed.Results: The combination of BBR and Sta is more effective than BBR alone in blood glucose control, improvement of insulin resistance and islet functions, inflammatory mediators decrease, and maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. Gut microbiota analysis demonstrates that both BBR and combination treatments enhance the abundance of Bacteroidaceae and Akkermansiaceae and decrease Lachnospiraceae levels, whereas Akkermansiaceae elevation due to the administration of BBR with Sta is more significant than BBR alone. Interestingly, the proportion of Lactobacillaceae increases with combination treatment, but is diminished by BBR treatment. Additionally, BBR with Sta significantly reduces the concentrations of fecal SCFAs compared to BBR.Conclusions: The combination of BBR and Sta imparts better effects on the maintenance of glycemia and intestinal homeostasis than BBR alone by modulating gut microbiota and SCFAs, thereby providing a novel approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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The Protective Effects of 2’-Fucosyllactose Against E. Coli O157 Infection Are Mediated by the Regulation of Gut Microbiota and the Inhibition of Pathogen Adhesion

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12051284 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 1284 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yuanyifei Wang ◽

Yan Zou ◽

Jin Wang ◽

Hui Ma ◽

Bowei Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Intestinal Inflammation ◽

Foodborne Pathogen ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Intestinal Barrier Function ◽

Protective Effects ◽

E Coli ◽

Beneficial Effects

As the richest component in human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), 2’-fucosyllactose (2’-FL) can reduce the colonization of harmful microbiota in vivo, thus lowering the risk of infection; however, the mechanism for this is still unclear. In this study, a model of Escherichia coli O157 infection in healthy adult mice was established to explore the effect of 2’-FL intervention on E. coli O157 colonization and its protective effects on mice. The results showed that 2’-FL intake reduced E. coli O157 colonization in mice intestine by more than 90% (p < 0.001), and it also reduced intestinal inflammation, increased the content of fecal short-chain fatty acids, and enhanced intestinal barrier function. These beneficial effects were attributed to the increased expression of mucins such as MUC2 (increased by more than 20%, p < 0.001), and inhibition of E. coli O157 cell adhesion (about 30% reduction, p < 0.001), and were associated with the modulation of gut microbiota composition. 2’-FL significantly increased the abundance of Akkermansia, a potential probiotic, which may represent the fundamental means by which 2’-FL enhances the expression of mucin and reduces the colonization of harmful bacteria. The current study may support the use of 2’-FL in the prevention of foodborne pathogen infections in human.

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Effect of Dapagliflozin on Intestinal Flora in MafA-deficient Mice

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612824666180912143434 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (27) ◽

pp. 3223-3231 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Luyao Li ◽

Shiyao Xu ◽

Tingting Guo ◽

Shouliang Gong ◽

Chuan Zhang

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Intestinal Flora ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

The Body ◽

Short Chain ◽

Control Group ◽

Deficient Mice

Objective: To investigate the effect of dapagliflozin on intestinal microflora in MafA-deficient mice using an animal model of diabetes. Methods: Male MafA-deficient mice were administered dapagliflozin (1.0 mg/kg/d) intragastrically for 6 weeks. Mouse body weights and fasting blood glucose levels were measured, and intestinal short-chain fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography. A series of methods was used to analyse the number of primary harmful bacteria in the faeces, and high-throughput sequencing was used to sequence the changes in intestinal flora. Results: The weight of the mice decreased after dapagliflozin gavage, and fasting blood glucose was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.001). Acetic acid and butyric acid contents in the intestinal tracts of the mice increased, and the growth of harmful microorganisms, such as Clostridium perfringens, enterococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and intestinal enterococci, was inhibited. Blautia is a species found in the experimental group and was significantly different from the control and blank groups as determined by the LDA score from highthroughput sequencing. Conclusion: Dapagliflozin can reduce fasting blood glucose, decrease body weight, increase short-chain fatty acid content, regulate the intestinal microecological balance of the body and promote blood glucose and energy homeostasis.

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Intestinal microbiota and their metabolic contribution to type 2 diabetes and obesity

Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders ◽

10.1007/s40200-021-00858-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

A. L. Cunningham ◽

J. W. Stephens ◽

D. A. Harris

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Global Epidemic ◽

Technological Advances ◽

Diabetes And Obesity

AbstractObesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are common, chronic metabolic disorders with associated significant long-term health problems at global epidemic levels. It is recognised that gut microbiota play a central role in maintaining host homeostasis and through technological advances in both animal and human models it is becoming clear that gut microbiota are heavily involved in key pathophysiological roles in the aetiology and progression of both conditions. This review will focus on current knowledge regarding microbiota interactions with short chain fatty acids, the host inflammatory response, signaling pathways, integrity of the intestinal barrier, the interaction of the gut-brain axis and the subsequent impact on the metabolic health of the host.

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The ameliorative effect of the Pyracantha fortuneana (Maxim.) H. L. Li extract on intestinal barrier dysfunction through modulating glycolipid digestion and gut microbiota in high fat diet-fed rats

Food & Function ◽

10.1039/c9fo01599j ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 6517-6532 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hang Xu ◽

Chunfang Zhao ◽

Yutian Li ◽

Ruiyu Liu ◽

Mingzhang Ao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

High Fat Diet ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

High Fat ◽

Barrier Dysfunction ◽

Fruit Extract ◽

Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Obese Rats ◽

Ameliorative Effect

Pyracantha fortuneana fruit extract (PFE) exhibits beneficial effects on IBF in association with the modulation of glycolipid digestion and gut microbiota in HFD-fed obese rats.

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Association of Increased Circulating Acetic Acid With Poor Survival in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Patients

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fcimb.2021.669409 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaoling Qi ◽

Li Zhang ◽

Jing Xu ◽

Zheying Tao ◽

Xiaoli Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Acetic Acid ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Ventilator Associated Pneumonia ◽

Fermentation Products ◽

Spectrometry Analysis ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Microbial Dysbiosis

BackgroundWe previously found that microbial disruption in Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventilator-associated pneumonia (PA-VAP) patients are long-lasting. Long-term microbial dysbiosis may lead to changes in metabolites. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are microbial fermentation products and show beneficial effects in patients with pneumonia. In this study, we aimed to explore the association between circulating SCFA levels and clinical outcomes in patients with PA-VAP.MethodsIn this study, we analyzed SCFAs in the serum of 49 patients with PA-VAP by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Twenty of these patients died, and 29 survived. The correlation between serum SCFAs and patient survival and immune parameters was analyzed.ResultsWe developed a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model to examine differential SCFAs in 49 patients with PA-VAP. Among the seven SCFAs, only acetic acid was increased in non-survivors (P = 0.031, VIP > 1). Furthermore, high levels of acetic acid (>1.96ug/ml) showed increased 90-day mortality compared to low levels of acetic acid (<1.96ug/ml) in Kaplan-Meier survival analyses (P = 0.027). Increased acetic acid also correlated with reduced circulating lymphocyte and monocyte counts.ConclusionOur study showed that increased circulating acetic acid is associated with 90-day mortality in PA-VAP patients. The decrease in lymphocytes and monocytes might be affected by acetic acid and involved in the poor prognosis.

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