scholarly journals Personalized Immunotherapy in Colorectal Cancers: Where Do We Stand?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Feng Hu ◽  
Huan-Rong Lan ◽  
Dong Huang ◽  
Xue-Min Li ◽  
Ke-Tao Jin
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Adoptive Cell Therapy ◽  
Recent Decade ◽  
Review Article ◽  
New Era ◽  
The World ◽  
Tumor Phenotype

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in the world. Immunotherapy using monoclonal antibodies, immune-checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy, and cancer vaccines has raised great hopes for treating poor prognosis metastatic CRCs that are resistant to the conventional therapies. However, high inter-tumor and intra-tumor heterogeneity hinder the success of immunotherapy in CRC. Patients with a similar tumor phenotype respond differently to the same immunotherapy regimen. Mutation-based classification, molecular subtyping, and immunoscoring of CRCs facilitated the multi-aspect grouping of CRC patients and improved immunotherapy. Personalized immunotherapy using tumor-specific neoantigens provides the opportunity to consider each patient as an independent group deserving of individualized immunotherapy. In the recent decade, the development of sequencing and multi-omics techniques has helped us classify patients more precisely. The expansion of such advanced techniques along with the neoantigen-based immunotherapy could herald a new era in treating heterogeneous tumors such as CRC. In this review article, we provided the latest findings in immunotherapy of CRC. We elaborated on the heterogeneity of CRC patients as a bottleneck of CRC immunotherapy and reviewed the latest advances in personalized immunotherapy to overcome CRC heterogeneity.

Immunotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma: a 2021 update

Immunotherapy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Charalampakis ◽  
Georgios Papageorgiou ◽  
Sergios Tsakatikas ◽  
Rodanthi Fioretzaki ◽  
Christo Kole ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Adoptive Cell Therapy ◽  
Oncolytic Viruses ◽  
Dismal Prognosis ◽  
Rare Malignancy

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare malignancy with generally dismal prognosis. Immunotherapy has revolutionized the management of cancer patients during the last decade, offering durable responses with an acceptable safety profile, but there are still no significant advances regarding CCA. Novel immunotherapeutic methods, such as cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses, adoptive cell therapy and combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors with other agents are currently under investigation and may improve prognosis. Efforts to find robust biomarkers for response are also ongoing. In this review, we discuss the rationale for the use of immunotherapy in CCA and available clinical data. Ongoing trials will also be presented, as well as key findings from each study.

scholarly journals Recent Progress in Dendritic Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2495
Author(s):  
Kazuhiko Matsuo ◽  
Osamu Yoshie ◽  
Kosuke Kitahata ◽  
Momo Kamei ◽  
Yuta Hara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Identification And Characterization

Cancer immunotherapy aims to treat cancer by enhancing cancer-specific host immune responses. Recently, cancer immunotherapy has been attracting much attention because of the successful clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 pathways. However, although highly effective in some patients, immune checkpoint inhibitors are beneficial only in a limited fraction of patients, possibly because of the lack of enough cancer-specific immune cells, especially CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), in the host. On the other hand, studies on cancer vaccines, especially DC-based ones, have made significant progress in recent years. In particular, the identification and characterization of cross-presenting DCs have greatly advanced the strategy for the development of effective DC-based vaccines. In this review, we first summarize the surface markers and functional properties of the five major DC subsets. We then describe new approaches to induce antigen-specific CTLs by targeted delivery of antigens to cross-presenting DCs. In this context, the chemokine receptor XCR1 and its ligand XCL1, being selectively expressed by cross-presenting DCs and mainly produced by activated CD8+ T cells, respectively, provide highly promising molecular tools for this purpose. In the near future, CTL-inducing DC-based cancer vaccines may provide a new breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy alone or in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

scholarly journals New drug developments in metastatic gastric cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 175628481880807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron C. Tan ◽  
David L. Chan ◽  
Wasek Faisal ◽  
Nick Pavlakis
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Targeted Therapies ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
Metastatic Gastric Cancer ◽  
New Era

Metastatic gastric cancer is associated with a poor prognosis and novel treatment options are desperately needed. The development of targeted therapies heralded a new era for the management of metastatic gastric cancer, however results from clinical trials of numerous targeted agents have been mixed. The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors has yielded similar promise and results from early trials are encouraging. This review provides an overview of the systemic treatment options evaluated in metastatic gastric cancer, with a focus on recent evidence from clinical trials for targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors. The failure to identify appropriate predictive biomarkers has hampered the success of many targeted therapies in gastric cancer, and a deeper understanding of specific molecular subtypes and genomic alterations may allow for more precision in the application of novel therapies. Identifying appropriate biomarkers for patient selection is essential for future clinical trials, for the most effective use of novel agents and in combination approaches to account for growing complexity of treatment options.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors for BCG-resistant NMIBC: the dawn of a new era

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone ALBISINNI ◽  
Nieves MARTINEZ CHANZA ◽  
Fouad AOUN ◽  
Romain DIAMAND ◽  
Georges MJAESS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
New Era

scholarly journals Syngeneic animal models of tobacco-associated oral cancer reveal the activity of in situ anti-CTLA-4

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyong Wang ◽  
Victoria H. Wu ◽  
Michael M. Allevato ◽  
Mara Gilardi ◽  
Yudou He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Model System ◽  
Main Risk Factor ◽  
Common Cancer ◽  
Immunocompetent Mice

AbstractHead and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. Tobacco use is the main risk factor for HNSCC, and tobacco-associated HNSCCs have poor prognosis and response to available treatments. Recently approved anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors showed limited activity (≤20%) in HNSCC, highlighting the need to identify new therapeutic options. For this, mouse models that accurately mimic the complexity of the HNSCC mutational landscape and tumor immune environment are urgently needed. Here, we report a mouse HNSCC model system that recapitulates the human tobacco-related HNSCC mutanome, in which tumors grow when implanted in the tongue of immunocompetent mice. These HNSCC lesions have similar immune infiltration and response rates to anti-PD-1 (≤20%) immunotherapy as human HNSCCs. Remarkably, we find that >70% of HNSCC lesions respond to intratumoral anti-CTLA-4. This syngeneic HNSCC mouse model provides a platform to accelerate the development of immunotherapeutic options for HNSCC.

scholarly journals Cancer Vaccines, Adjuvants, and Delivery Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha J. Paston ◽  
Victoria A. Brentville ◽  
Peter Symonds ◽  
Lindy G. Durrant
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Early Cancer ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Preclinical Models ◽  
Current Vaccine ◽  
Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines ◽  
The Impact

Vaccination was first pioneered in the 18th century by Edward Jenner and eventually led to the development of the smallpox vaccine and subsequently the eradication of smallpox. The impact of vaccination to prevent infectious diseases has been outstanding with many infections being prevented and a significant decrease in mortality worldwide. Cancer vaccines aim to clear active disease instead of aiming to prevent disease, the only exception being the recently approved vaccine that prevents cancers caused by the Human Papillomavirus. The development of therapeutic cancer vaccines has been disappointing with many early cancer vaccines that showed promise in preclinical models often failing to translate into efficacy in the clinic. In this review we provide an overview of the current vaccine platforms, adjuvants and delivery systems that are currently being investigated or have been approved. With the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors, we also review the potential of these to be used with cancer vaccines to improve efficacy and help to overcome the immune suppressive tumor microenvironment.

scholarly journals Multimodal Treatment in Glioblastomas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ercan Çetin ◽  
Serdar Kabataş
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Multimodal Treatment ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Tumor Vaccines ◽  
Tumor Treating Fields ◽  
The Poor ◽  
New Treatment

Glioblastomas are the most common primary brain tumors. Despite aggressive resection, radiotherapy and concomitant chemotheraphy overall survival is 14-16 months, and 5 year survivial rate is only 2%. The poor prognosis required development of new treatment modalities. Tumor Treating Fields, molecularly targetted drugs, antiangiogenic molecules, immune checkpoint inhibitors, tumor vaccines, Chimeric Antigen Receptor-T cell, viral theraphy and oncolytic viruse and mesenchymal stem cell vectors are some of the modalities that are currently being developed.

scholarly journals Application of Immunotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lele Miao ◽  
Zhengchao Zhang ◽  
Zhijian Ren ◽  
Yumin Li
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Adoptive Cell Therapy ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Tumor Vaccines ◽  
Immunosuppressive Microenvironment

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies globally. It not only has a hidden onset but also progresses rapidly. Most HCC patients are already in the advanced stage of cancer when they are diagnosed, and have even lost the opportunity for surgical treatment. As an inflammation-related tumor, the immunosuppressive microenvironment of HCC can promote immune tolerance through a variety of mechanisms. Immunotherapy can activate tumor-specific immune responses, which brings a new hope for the treatment of HCC. At the present time, main immunotherapy strategies of HCC include immune checkpoint inhibitors, tumor vaccines, adoptive cell therapy, and so on. This article reviews the application and research progress of immune checkpoint inhibitors, tumor vaccines, and adoptive cell therapy in the treatment of HCC.

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