scholarly journals Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Induces Cytokine Storm and Inflammation During Coronavirus Disease 19: Perspectives and Possible Therapeutic Approaches

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Mannino ◽  
Alessandra Bitto ◽  
Natasha Irrera
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches

The new coronavirus outbreak was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and has turned out to be a global health emergency, affecting millions of people worldwide. Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, can manifest with flu-like symptoms and can be complicated by severe pneumonia with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); however a large percentage of infected individuals do not have symptoms but contribute to the spread of the disease. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection has become a global public health emergency since no available treatment seems effective and it is hard to manage the several complications caused by an intense release of cytokines. This paper reviews the current options on drugs used to reduce the deadly effects of the cytokine storm.

COVID 19 and its management

2021 ◽  
pp. 117-121
Author(s):  
Subhashis Debnath ◽  
Runa Chakravorty ◽  
Donita Devi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

In December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2, a novel coronavirus, initiated an outbreak of pneumonia from Wuhan in China, which rapidly spread worldwide. The outbreak was declared as “a public health emergency of international concern” by the WHO on January 30, 2020, and as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. The disease is transmitted by inhalation or contact with infected droplets and the incubation period ranges from 2 to 14 d. The symptoms are usually fever, cough, sore throat, breathlessness, fatigue, malaise among others. The disease is mild in most people; in some (usually the elderly and those with comorbidities), it may progress to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi organ dysfunction. Many people are asymptomatic. The virus spreads faster than its two ancestors the SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), but has lower fatality.

OBESITY IN SARS-COV-2 INFECTION: LITERATURE REVIEW

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Donizete Tavares Da Silva ◽  
Priscila De Sousa Barros Lima ◽  
Renato Sampaio Mello Neto ◽  
Gustavo Magalhães Valente ◽  
Débora Dias Cabral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

In March 2020, the World Health Organization (1) declared COVID-19 as a pandemic and a threat to global public health (2). The virus mainly affects the lungs and can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In addition, coronavirus 2 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARSCOV2) also has devastating effects on other important organs, including the circulatory system, brain, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys and liver

Cytokine storm syndrome in SARS-CoV-2: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Braira Wahid ◽  
Noshaba Rani ◽  
Muhammad Idrees
Keyword(s):  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Management Option ◽  
Human Contact

Abstract After wreaking havoc on a global level with a total of 5,488,825 confirmed cases and 349,095 deaths as of May 2020, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is truly living up to the expectations of a 21st-century pandemic. Since the major cause of mortality is a respiratory failure from acute respiratory distress syndrome, the only present-day management option is supportive as the transmission relies solely on human-to-human contact. Patients suffering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) should be tested for hyper inflammation to screen those for whom immunosuppression can increases chances of survival. As more and more clinical data surfaces, it suggests patients with mild or severe cytokine storms are at greater risk of failing fatally and hence these cytokine storms should be targets for treatment in salvaging COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals Recovery of COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome with tocilizumab: successful outcome in two critically ill patients

Immunotherapy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 1127-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan David Cala-García ◽  
Juan David Sierra-Bretón ◽  
Jorge Eduardo Cavelier-Baiz ◽  
Álvaro A Faccini-Martínez ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Pérez-Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
Successful Outcome ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Principal Mechanism ◽  
Prior Administration

Background: Severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to COVID-19 is a challenge for nowadays medical practice. Although there is no clarity in the principal mechanism of lung damage and ARDS development, it has been suggested that one of the main reasons of this pathology is the hyperactivation of the immune system, better known as cytokine storm syndrome. Tocilizumab has been proposed to treat COVID-19 severe cases associated to ARDS. Results & methodology: Here we present two successful cases of tocilizumab administration in two COVID-19 patients with prior administration of antiviral therapy (hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, lopinavir and ritonavir) with adequate response and resolution of ARDS, septic shock and severe pneumonia within the first 72 h. Discussion & conclusion: This case supports the usage of tocilizumab as an effective therapy in COVID-19 associated cytokine storm syndrome. Further studies should be done in order to assess its effectiveness and security.

scholarly journals Covid 19 & vertical transmission

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-283
Author(s):  
Kanad Dev Nayar ◽  
Shweta Gupta ◽  
Sabina Sanan ◽  
Preeti Mehra ◽  
Jaya Mishra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Vulnerable Group ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Life Threatening

The current coronavirus pandemic is a serious public health emergency and has led to widespread damage globally. Although there are many coronaviruses, the particular that is responsible for this pandemic is the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).It has incubation period of around 2 to 7 days and most symptomatic patients can have fever, malaise, cough, or loss of taste or smell, with some cases developing into life threatening pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome with case fatality rates range from 1% to 2%. Pregnancy is considered as a vulnerable group for any infection and knowledge regarding the possible risk of vertical transmission of this virus is very limited but is important for counseling regarding COVID-19 related pregnancy risks and for further management. COVID 19 infection in mothers basically leads to hypoxia, inflammatory response & cytokine storm. It appears around 10% of SARS- Cov-2 infected pregnant women require hospitalization with respiratory support    COVID-19 can infect the placenta as confirmed by the presence of SARSCoV- 2 viral RNA in the placenta and evidence of virions found within the syncytiotrophoblast. The possible neonatal outcomes are increased risk of

scholarly journals SARS coronavirus 2: from genome to infectome

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghana Rastogi ◽  
Neha Pandey ◽  
Astha Shukla ◽  
Sunit K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Comorbid Conditions ◽  
The People ◽  
Multisystemic Disorders

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the group of Betacoronaviruses. The SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to SARS-CoV-1 and probably originated either from bats or pangolins. SARS-CoV-2 is an etiological agent of COVID-19, causing mild to severe respiratory disease which escalates to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or multi-organ failure. The virus was first reported from the animal market in Hunan, Hubei province of China in the month of December, 2019, and was rapidly transmitted from animal to human and human-to-human. The human-to-human transmission can occur directly or via droplets generated during coughing and sneezing. Globally, around 53.9 million cases of COVID-19 have been registered with 1.31 million confirmed deaths. The people > 60 years, persons suffering from comorbid conditions and immunocompromised individuals are more susceptible to COVID-19 infection. The virus primarily targets the upper and the lower respiratory tract and quickly disseminates to other organs. SARS-CoV-2 dysregulates immune signaling pathways which generate cytokine storm and leads to the acute respiratory distress syndrome and other multisystemic disorders.

scholarly journals Pneumomediastinum in COVID-19 Patients

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-9
Author(s):  
Sebastián Campbell-Quintero ◽  
Santiago Campbell-Quintero ◽  
Santiago Campbell-Silva
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Emerging infectious diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), present a major threat to public health. In December 2019, a novel coronavirus referred to as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the causative agent of a respiratory syndrome named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since then, the pandemic has escalated. The spectrum of COVID-19 presentations ranges from mild self-limited flulike illness to severe viral pneumonia leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome that can be potentially fatal.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 receptor mutation in Egyptian population

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed M Hafez ◽  
Zeinab K Hassan ◽  
Abeer A. Bahnasy ◽  
Ola S. Ahmed ◽  
Mohamed Abouelhoda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Viral Receptor ◽  
Egyptian Population

AbstractThe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory tract infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 triggers severe pneumonia leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in severe cases. According to WHO reported, Egypt is among the countries with low confirmed SARS CoV2 infected symptomatic cases and death. We postulate that one of the reasons for this may be due mutations in the viral receptor. Therefore this study was conducted to confirm or reject this postulation.

scholarly journals Complications and Pathophysiology of COVID-19 in the Nervous System

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiyang Yu ◽  
Tong Sun ◽  
Juan Feng
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Neurological Damage ◽  
Public Health Threat

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a global public health threat. Majority of the patients with COVID-19 have fever, cough, and fatigue. Critically ill patients can develop dyspnea and acute respiratory distress syndrome. In addition to respiratory symptoms, neurological damage also occurs in some patients. However, the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 invades the nervous system have not been elucidated yet. In order to provide some reference for designing optimal therapeutic strategies, we have discussed the complications and potential mechanisms of COVID-19 in the nervous system in this review.

scholarly journals ASUPAN GIZI SEIMBANG TINGKATKAN IMUNITAS TUBUH SAAT PANDEMI COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 503
Author(s):  
Alexander Halim Santoso ◽  
Sung Chian
Keyword(s):  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Learning System ◽  
World Health ◽  
Prevention Measures

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the Coronavirus of the genus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Human Corona virus (SARS-HCoV). Transmission of this disease occurs through close contact, especially through respiratory droplets when the patient coughs or sneezes. Most people with this disease recover spontaneously, but some experience a fatal worsening including organ failure, septic shock, pulmonary edema, severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Breaking the chain of transmission is the key to stopping the spread of this disease. The World Health Organization, WHO, said that there are three things that can be done to prevent the spread of this disease, namely by keeping a distance, not being in a closed room, and limiting mobilization (not gathering). Increasing body immunity by implementing a clean and healthy lifestyle (PHBS) such as consuming balanced nutrition, physical activity for at least 30 minutes a day, adequate rest, utilizing traditional health are part of disease prevention measures. Changes in the learning system during the pandemic made students easily exposed to various incorrect information. Efforts are needed to explain to students to increase students' awareness of the Covid-19 disease and its prevention stepsCoronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) merupakan penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh virus Coronavirus dari genus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Human Coronarvirus (SARS-HCoV). Penularan penyakit ini terjadi kontak erat terutama melalui droplets saluran napas saat penderita batuk atau bersin. Sebagian besar penderita penyakit ini sembuh secara spontan, namun beberapa mengalami perburukan yang fatal mencakup gagal organ, syok septik, edema paru-paru, pneumonia berat dan sindrom gagal napas akut (acute respiratory distress syndrome/ARDS). Pemutusan rantai penularan merupakan kunci untuk menghentikan penyebaran penyakit ini. Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia, WHO, menyampaikan ada tiga hal yang dapat dilakukan untuk mencegah penyebaran penyakit ini yaitu dengan menjaga jarak, tidak berada dalam ruangan tertutup, dan membatasi mobilisasi (tidak berkumpul). Meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh dengan menerapkan pola hidup bersih sehat (PHBS) seperti mengonsumsi gizi seimbang, beraktivitas fisik minimal 30 menit sehari, istirahat yang cukup, memanfaatkan kesehatan tradisional merupakan bagian dari langkah-langkah pencegahan penyakit. Perubahan sistem pembelajaran selama Pandemi berlangsung membuat siswa mudah terpapar dengan berbagai informasi yang tidak benar. Diperlukan upaya penjelasan pada para siswa untuk meningkatkan kesadaran para siswa terhadap penyakit Covid-19 dan langkah-langkah pencegahannya.

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