scholarly journals Ginsenoside Rb1 ameliorates Glycemic Disorder in Mice With High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity via Regulating Gut Microbiota and Amino Acid Metabolism

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueyuan Yang ◽  
Bangjian Dong ◽  
Lijun An ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Yao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Ginsenoside Rb1 ◽  
High Fat ◽  
The Impact

Accumulating evidences suggested an association between gut microbiome dysbiosis and impaired glycemic control. Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) is a biologically active substance of ginseng, which serves anti-diabetic effects. However, its working mechanism especially interaction with gut microbes remains elusive in detail. In this study, we investigated the impact of Rb1 oral supplementation on high fat diet (HFD) induced obesity mice, and explored its mechanism in regulating blood glucose. The results showed that higher liver weight and lower cecum weight were observed in HFD fed mice, which was maintained by Rb1 administration. In addition, Rb1 ameliorated HFD induced blood lipid abnormality and improved insulin sensitivity. Several mRNA expressions in the liver were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, of which UCP2, Nr1H4, and Fiaf were reversed by Rb1 treatment. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis indicated that Rb1 significantly altered gut microbiota composition and increased the abundance of mucin-degrading bacterium Akkermansia spp. compared to HFD mice. As suggested via functional prediction, amino acid metabolism was modulated by Rb1 supplementation. Subsequent serum amino acids investigation indicated that several diabetes associated amino acids, like branched-chain amino acids, tryptophan and alanine, were altered in company with Rb1 supplementation. Moreover, correlation analysis firstly implied that the circulation level of alanine was related to Akkermansia spp.. In summary, Rb1 supplementation improved HFD induced insulin resistance in mice, and was associated with profound changes in microbial composition and amino acid metabolism.

scholarly journals Metabolomic Analysis of Biochemical Changes in the Plasma of High-Fat Diet and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats after Treatment with Isoflavones Extract of Radix Puerariae

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Ping Wang ◽  
Youdong Xu ◽  
Xianli Meng ◽  
Yi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Radix Puerariae

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of total isoflavones from Radix Puerariae (PTIF) in diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by a high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of low-dose streptozotocin (STZ; 40 mg/kg). At 26 weeks onwards, PTIF 421 mg/kg was administrated to the rats once daily consecutively for 10 weeks. Metabolic profiling changes were analyzed by Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Exactive Orbitrap-Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS). The principal component discriminant analysis (PCA-DA), partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used for multivariate analysis. Moreover, free amino acids in serum were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). Additionally, oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines were evaluated. Eleven potential metabolite biomarkers, which are mainly related to the coagulation, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, have been identified. PCA-DA scores plots indicated that biochemical changes in diabetic rats were gradually restored to normal after administration of PTIF. Furthermore, the levels of BCAAs, glutamate, arginine, and tyrosine were significantly increased in diabetic rats. Treatment with PTIF could regulate the disturbed amino acid metabolism. Consequently, PTIF has great therapeutic potential in the treatment of DM by improving metabolism disorders and inhibiting oxidative damage.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota of mice putatively modifies amino acid metabolism in the host brain

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (6) ◽  
pp. 775-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Kawase ◽  
Mao Nagasawa ◽  
Hiromi Ikeda ◽  
Shinobu Yasuo ◽  
Yasuhiro Koga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
Host Brain

AbstractRecently, it has been found that the gut microbiota influences functions of the host brain by affecting monoamine metabolism. The present study focused on the relationship between the gut microbiota and the brain amino acids. Specific pathogen-free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) mice were used as experimental models. Plasma and brain regions were sampled from mice at 7 and 16 weeks of age, and analysed for free d- and l-amino acids, which are believed to affect many physiological functions. At 7 weeks of age, plasma concentrations of d-aspartic acid (d-Asp), l-alanine (l-Ala), l-glutamine (l-Gln) and taurine were higher in SPF mice than in GF mice, but no differences were found at 16 weeks of age. Similar patterns were observed for the concentrations of l-Asp in striatum, cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and l-arginine (l-Arg), l-Ala and l-valine (l-Val) in striatum. In addition, the concentrations of l-Asp, d-Ala, l-histidine, l-isoleucine (l-Ile), l-leucine (l-Leu), l-phenylalanine and l-Val were significantly higher in plasma of SPF mice when compared with those of GF mice. The concentrations of l-Arg, l-Gln, l-Ile and l-Leu were significantly higher in SPF than in GF mice, but those of d-Asp, d-serine and l-serine were higher in some brain regions of GF mice than in those of SPF mice. In conclusion, the concentration of amino acids in the host brain seems to be dependent on presence of the gut microbiota. Amino acid metabolism in the host brain may be modified by manipulating microbiota communities.

Characterization of dietary protein-dependent amino acid metabolism by linking free amino acids with transcriptional profiles through analysis of correlation

2008 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasushi Noguchi ◽  
Nahoko Shikata ◽  
Yasufumi Furuhata ◽  
Takeshi Kimura ◽  
Michio Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
The Impact

This study aims to characterize diet-dependent amino acid metabolism by linking profiles of amino acids concentrations (“aminograms”) with transcript datasets through the analysis of correlation. We used a dietary model of protein restriction-to-excess, where rats were fed diets with different levels of casein (5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, and 70%) for 2 wk. Twenty-five different amino acids in the plasma, liver, kidney, small intestine, and muscle and 71 gene transcripts in these compartments were measured together with general physiological variables. Under low-protein diet (LPD) conditions, the plasma aminogram for EAA was similar to that of the liver and the small intestine, respectively. Under the high-protein diet (HPD), however, the plasma aminogram for EAA became like that of muscle, while that of NEAA was similar with that of both liver and muscle. To assess the impact of gene expressions in each tissue on the plasma aminograms, correlations were obtained between aminograms and transcripts in each tissue under a diet with different protein levels. Based on the correlations obtained, amino acids and transcripts were systematically connected and then a metabolite-to-gene network was constructed for either LPD or HPD condition. The networks obtained and some other metabolically meaningful relationships such as ureagenesis and serine metabolism clearly illustrated activation of either body protein breakdown with LPD or amino acid catabolism with HPD.

Integrative approaches for the analysis of abiotic stress responses in the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis: from shoots to roots

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
María Isabel Rubia
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
World Population ◽  
Double Mutation ◽  
The Impact

The current world population together with the predictions of further growth suggest that it is necessary to increase crop yields worldwide. Legumes are the second most important food crop after cereals, and thanks to their ability to establish a symbiotic relationship with soil bacteria, the impact of the use of nitrogen fertilizers on the environment is reduced. This symbiosis gives rise to the process known as biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), which consists in the reduction of molecular nitrogen to ammonium, from which plants synthesize organic nitrogenous products essential for their nutrition. Unfortunately, BNF is a very sensitive process to biotic and abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, or nutrient limitation, among others. The general aim of this work was to gain further insights in the regulation of BNF and the physiological and biochemical mechanisms that plant activate in response to abiotic stresses. In order to counteract the negative effects of osmotic stresses, plant and bacteria are able to synthesise osmoprotectant compounds to maintain cell viability, e.g. the amino acid proline. A real-time monitoring of proline utilisation in both plant and bacterial systems is a first key step towards understanding the multiple roles of this molecule under osmotic stress situations. Our results in chapter one showed that, in bacteroids, proline accumulation does not occur during the stress phase, but during recovery, once optimal plant growth conditions are re-established. In chapter two, a proteomic and metabolic study was performed to gain further insights about amino acid metabolism in pea nodules. In the classical model of nutrient exchange between symbionts, plant supplies energy in the form of dicarboxylates to the N2-fixing bacteroids in exchange for ammonium. However, this classic model was challenged upon the observation that mutations in the general ABC amino-acid transporters AapJQMP and BraDEFGC in Rhizobium leguminosarum resulted in N starvation symptoms in both pea and bean plants. The uptake of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) from the plant by the bacteroid was found to be essential for an effective BNF at least in R. leguminosarum species. Another experimental approach to further understand the role of amino acid metabolism in nodules is the application of compounds that inhibit the biosynthesis of BCAAs in plant cells such as group B herbicides. These approaches allowed us to verify how the blockage of BCAA transport between symbionts had a greater effect on nodule metabolism than the inhibition of BCAA biosynthesis. In fact, BCAA biosynthesis was also inhibited due to the aap/bra double mutation. In chapter two, we also evaluate the effect of water deficit on nodule proteome, since among the strategies that plants use in response to abiotic stresses there are several related to amino acid metabolism. This study highlights the relevance of low abundant amino acids, such as methionine, aromatic amino acids or γ-aminobutyric acid, in the response to water deficit. Finally, until now no attempt has been made to carry out an integral approach in which possible changes caused by drought in carbon (C) allocation, and in addition, the effect on the consumption or accumulation of metabolites in all plant organs be analysed. For this purpose, in chapter three, the effect of drought on both the [U-13C]-sucrose distribution and ureides, organic acids and carbohydrates content were analysed. We found that drought decreased 13C transport to sink tissues and changed the priority of C allocation between sink organs.

Plasma homocysteine level and hepatic sulfur amino acid metabolism in mice fed a high-fat diet

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kang Uk Yun ◽  
Chang Seon Ryu ◽  
Jung Min Oh ◽  
Chung Hyun Kim ◽  
Kye Sook Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Homocysteine Level ◽  
Plasma Homocysteine ◽  
Sulfur Amino Acid ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Plasma Homocysteine Level

scholarly journals Protein supplementation during an energy-restricted diet induces visceral fat loss and gut microbiota amino acid metabolism activation: a randomized trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Bel Lassen ◽  
Eugeni Belda ◽  
Edi Prifti ◽  
Maria Carlota Dao ◽  
Florian Specque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
The Impact

AbstractInteractions between diet and gut microbiota are critical regulators of energy metabolism. The effects of fibre intake have been deeply studied but little is known about the impact of proteins. Here, we investigated the effects of high protein supplementation (Investigational Product, IP) in a double blind, randomised placebo-controled intervention study (NCT01755104) where 107 participants received the IP or an isocaloric normoproteic comparator (CP) alongside a mild caloric restriction. Gut microbiota profiles were explored in a patient subset (n = 53) using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Visceral fat decreased in both groups (IP group: − 20.8 ± 23.2 cm2; CP group: − 14.5 ± 24.3 cm2) with a greater reduction (p < 0.05) with the IP supplementation in the Per Protocol population. Microbial diversity increased in individuals with a baseline low gene count (p < 0.05). The decrease in weight, fat mass and visceral fat mass significantly correlated with the increase in microbial diversity (p < 0.05). Protein supplementation had little effects on bacteria composition but major differences were seen at functional level. Protein supplementation stimulated bacterial amino acid metabolism (90% amino-acid synthesis functions enriched with IP versus 13% in CP group (p < 0.01)). Protein supplementation alongside a mild energy restriction induces visceral fat mass loss and an activation of gut microbiota amino-acid metabolism.Clinical trial registration: NCT01755104 (24/12/2012). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01755104?term=NCT01755104&draw=2&rank=1.

Biochemische Aspekte des Aminosäuren-Stoffwechsels bei Psoriasis vulgaris / Biochemical Aspects of Amino Acid Metabolism in Psoriasis vulgaris

1973 ◽  
Vol 28 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 449-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Peter ◽  
H. Angst ◽  
U. Koch
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Psoriasis Vulgaris ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Pathological Process

Free and protein-bound amino acids in serum and scales were investigated. In serum the bound amino acids of psoriatics are significantly higher with exception of Pro, Met, Tyr and Phe in contrast to normal subjects. For free amino acids the differences between normal subjects and psoriatics found in serum and scales are not significant. Results are discussed in relation to the single amino acids and the biochemical correlations are outlined which takes the pathological process as a basis.

scholarly journals The Diverse Functions of Non-Essential Amino Acids in Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo-Hyun Choi ◽  
Jonathan L. Coloff
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Antioxidant Systems

Far beyond simply being 11 of the 20 amino acids needed for protein synthesis, non-essential amino acids play numerous important roles in tumor metabolism. These diverse functions include providing precursors for the biosynthesis of macromolecules, controlling redox status and antioxidant systems, and serving as substrates for post-translational and epigenetic modifications. This functional diversity has sparked great interest in targeting non-essential amino acid metabolism for cancer therapy and has motivated the development of several therapies that are either already used in the clinic or are currently in clinical trials. In this review, we will discuss the important roles that each of the 11 non-essential amino acids play in cancer, how their metabolic pathways are linked, and how researchers are working to overcome the unique challenges of targeting non-essential amino acid metabolism for cancer therapy.

IDIOPATHIC HYPERGLYCINEMIA: A NEW DISORDER OF AMINO ACID METABOLISM

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Nyhan ◽  
Margaret Borden ◽  
Barton Childs
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acute Illness ◽  
Progressive Decrease

The amino acids of blood and urine have been investigated using chromatography on cation exchange columns in the study of a patient with idiopathic hyperglycinemia. Marked increases in concentrations of glycine, serine, alanine, isoleucine and valine were found in the plasma. These changes were not reflected in increased excretion of these amino acids in the urine (with the exception of glycine). Restriction of the dietary intake of protein resulted in a decrease in the concentrations of glycine and other amino acids in the blood and urine, and there was a concomitant decrease in the frequency and severity of episodes of acute illness. The oral administration of leucine was found to induce a decrease in the levels of a number of amino acids in the patient and in controls. Continued decrease during the 3 hours of observation was noted for serine, isoleucine and valine. A mild but progressive decrease in threonine concentration was observed in the controls, while in the patient the concentration increased after the administration of leucine. Decreased levels at 1½ hours, returning toward the fasting levels at 3 hours, were observed for alanine, taurine and glycine. These apparently normal responses to leucine loads were not mediated through increase in the urinary excretion of the amino acids involved, and the data are interpreted to indicate entry of these amino acids into cells.

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