scholarly journals Nanocarriers-Assisted Needle-Free Vaccine Delivery Through Oral and Intranasal Transmucosal Routes: A Novel Therapeutic Conduit

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharti Mangla ◽  
Shamama Javed ◽  
Muhammad H. Sultan ◽  
Waquar Ahsan ◽  
Geeta Aggarwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Function ◽  
Vaccine Delivery ◽  
Drug Distribution ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Efficient Delivery ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Systemic Drug ◽  
Transmucosal Delivery

Drug delivery using oral route is the most popular, convenient, safest and least expensive approach. It includes oral transmucosal delivery of bioactive compounds as the mucosal cavity offers an intriguing approach for systemic drug distribution. Owing to the dense vascular architecture and high blood flow, oral mucosal layers are easily permeable and can be an ideal site for drug administration. Recently, the transmucosal route is being investigated for other therapeutic candidates such as vaccines for their efficient delivery. Vaccines have the potential to trigger immune reactions and can act as both prophylactic and therapeutic conduit to a variety of diseases. Administration of vaccines using transmucosal route offers multiple advantages, the most important one being the needle-free (non-invasive) delivery. Development of needle-free devices are the most recent and pioneering breakthrough in the delivery of drugs and vaccines, enabling patients to avoid needles, reducing anxiety, pain and fear as well as improving compliance. Oral, nasal and aerosol vaccination is a novel immunization approach that utilizes a nanocarrier to administer the vaccine. Nanocarriers improve the bioavailability and serve as adjuvants to elicit a stronger immune response, resulting in increased effectiveness of vaccination. Drugs and vaccines with lower penetration abilities can also be delivered transmucosally while maintaining their biological function. The development of micro/nanocarriers for transmucosal delivery of macromolecules, vaccines and other substances is currently drawing much attention and a number of studies were performed recently. This comprehensive review is aimed to summarize the most recent investigations on needle-free and non-invasive approaches for the delivery of vaccines using oral transmucosal route, their strengths and associated challenges. The oral transmucosal vaccine delivery by nanocarriers is the most upcoming advancement in efficient vaccine delivery and this review would help further research and trials in this field.

scholarly journals Non-Invasive Delivery of Therapeutics into the Brain: The Potential of Aptamers for Targeted Delivery

Biomedicines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bakhtiar Bukari ◽  
Rasika M. Samarasinghe ◽  
Jinjutha Noibanchong ◽  
Sarah L. Shigdar
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Focused Ultrasound ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Therapeutic Delivery ◽  
Macromolecular Drugs ◽  
Efficient Delivery ◽  
Alternative Delivery ◽  
The Brain

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly specialised network of blood vessels that effectively separates the brain environment from the circulatory system. While there are benefits, in terms of keeping pathogens from entering the brain, the BBB also complicates treatments of brain pathologies by preventing efficient delivery of macromolecular drugs to diseased brain tissue. Although current non-invasive strategies of therapeutics delivery into the brain, such as focused ultrasound and nanoparticle-mediated delivery have shown various levels of successes, they still come with risks and limitations. This review discusses the current approaches of therapeutic delivery into the brain, with a specific focus on non-invasive methods. It also discusses the potential for aptamers as alternative delivery systems and several reported aptamers with promising preliminary results.

Non-invasive vaccine delivery in transfersomes, niosomes and liposomes: a comparative study

2005 ◽  
Vol 293 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 73-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prem N. Gupta ◽  
Vivek Mishra ◽  
Amit Rawat ◽  
Praveen Dubey ◽  
Sunil Mahor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Vaccine Delivery ◽  
Non Invasive

scholarly journals Skin Autofluorescence – A Non-invasive Measurement for Assessing Cardiovascular Risk and Risk of Diabetes

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alin Stirban ◽  
Lutz Heinemann ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Control ◽  
Glycated Haemoglobin ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Skin Autofluorescence ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
Other Substances

The results of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial-Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT-EDIC) study have strengthened the ‘glycaemic memory’ concept, postulating that the quality of metabolic control over several years predicts the development of diabetic complications. To mirror long-term metabolic control, the degree of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) might not represent the optimal biomarker. Other substances with a longer persistence, like the so-called advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which probably form the substrate of the glycaemic memory, might perform better. Newly developed methods such as the assessment of skin autofluorescence (SAF), enable fast, uncomplicated and non-invasive AGEs assessment. SAF was validated for diabetes screening and shows a good predictive value for the development of diabetic and cardiovascular complications. This article deals with the theoretical background and with available clinical data on this new variable.

Abnormal endothelial vasomotor and secretory function

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thimoteus Speer ◽  
Danilo Fliser
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Vascular Inflammation ◽  
Secretory Function ◽  
Vascular Integrity ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Modified Lipoproteins ◽  
And Function

The endothelium plays a crucial role in the maintenance of vascular integrity and function. Nitric oxide produced by endothelial cells is a key player, inducing relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells, inhibition of vascular inflammation, and prevention of coagulatory activation. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by deterioration of different protective endothelial properties, collectively described as endothelial dysfunction. Several factors such as methylarginines, modified lipoproteins, and other substances that accumulate may be involved in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction of CKD. Endothelial dysfunction is suggested to be the first critical step in the initiation of atherosclerosis. Clinical assessment of endothelial function may become important in recognition of patients with increased cardiovascular risk. Beside several invasive and non-invasive methods to assess endothelial function in vivo, measurement of circulating (bio)markers may be useful for the evaluation of endothelial dysfunction.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review on the Implications of O-linked Glycan Branching and Truncating Enzymes on Cancer Progression and Metastasis

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohitesh Gupta ◽  
Frank Leon ◽  
Sanchita Rauth ◽  
Surinder K. Batra ◽  
Moorthy P. Ponnusamy
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Biological Function ◽  
Cancer Growth ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Multiple Cancers ◽  
Glycan Modification

Glycosylation is the most commonly occurring post-translational modifications, and is believed to modify over 50% of all proteins. The process of glycan modification is directed by different glycosyltransferases, depending on the cell in which it is expressed. These small carbohydrate molecules consist of multiple glycan families that facilitate cell–cell interactions, protein interactions, and downstream signaling. An alteration of several types of O-glycan core structures have been implicated in multiple cancers, largely due to differential glycosyltransferase expression or activity. Consequently, aberrant O-linked glycosylation has been extensively demonstrated to affect biological function and protein integrity that directly result in cancer growth and progression of several diseases. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of several initiating enzymes involved in the synthesis of O-linked glycosylation that significantly contribute to a number of different cancers.

An efficient delivery of photosensitizers and hypoxic prodrugs for a tumor combination therapy by membrane camouflage nanoparticles

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (14) ◽  
pp. 2876-2886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanjie Wang ◽  
Chaonan Zhang ◽  
Yingying Zhang ◽  
Ran Tian ◽  
Guohui Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Invasive Cancer ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Efficient Delivery

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an oxygen-dependent, non-invasive cancer treatment.

Expedition of Eudragit® Polymers in the Development of Novel Drug Delivery Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 448-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Kumar Jain ◽  
Akhlesh K. Jain ◽  
Kuldeep Rajpoot
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Film Coating ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Intestinal Delivery ◽  
Efficient Delivery ◽  
Ophthalmic Delivery ◽  
Quality Of Products ◽  
Novel Drug

Eudragit® polymer has been widely used in film-coating for enhancing the quality of products over other materials (<i>e.g</i>., shellac or sugar). Eudragit® polymers are obtained synthetically from the esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid. For the last few years, they have shown immense potential in the formulations of conventional, pH-triggered, and novel drug delivery systems for incorporating a vast range of therapeutics including proteins, vitamins, hormones, vaccines, and genes. Different grades of Eudragit® have been used for designing and delivery of therapeutics at a specific site <i>via</i> the oral route, for instance, in stomach-specific delivery, intestinal delivery, colon-specific delivery, mucosal delivery. Further, these polymers have also shown their great aptitude in topical and ophthalmic delivery. Moreover, available literature evidences the promises of distinct Eudragit® polymers for efficient targeting of incorporated drugs to the site of interest. This review summarizes some potential researches that are being conducted by eminent scientists utilizing the distinct grades of Eudragit® polymers for efficient delivery of therapeutics at various sites of interest.

scholarly journals Foregut organ progenitors and their niche display distinct viscoelastic properties in vivo during early morphogenesis stages

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliaksandr Dzementsei ◽  
Younes F. A Barooji ◽  
Elke A Ober ◽  
Lene Broeng Oddershede
Keyword(s):  
Optical Tweezers ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Biological Function ◽  
Living Matter ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Neighboring Cell ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
Non Invasive

Material properties of living matter play an important role for biological function and development. Yet, quantification of material properties of internal organs in vivo, without causing physiological damage, remains challenging. Here, we present a non-invasive approach based on modified optical tweezers for quantifying sub-cellular material properties deep inside living zebrafish. Material properties of cells within the gut region of living zebrafish are quantified as deep as 150 μ into the biological tissue. The measurements demonstrate differential mechanical properties of the developing foregut organs progenitors: Gut progenitors are more elastic than any of the neighboring cell populations at the time when the developing organs undergo substantial displacements during morphogenesis. The higher elasticity of gut progenitors correlates with an increased cellular concentration of microtubules. The results infer a role of material properties during morphogenesis and the approach paves the way for quantitative material investigations in vivo of embryos, explants, or organoids.

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