Antimicrobial and Anti-inflammatory Effects of a Novel Peptide From the Skin of Frog Microhyla pulchra

Brevinins are an important antimicrobial peptide (AMP) family identified in the skin of Ranidae frogs and generally contain a characteristic ranabox structure at their C-terminal sequence. Herein a novel AMP named brevinin-2MP has been identified from the skin of the frog Microhyla pulchra by molecular cloning. Brevinin-2MP (GVITDTLKGVAKTVAAELLRKAHCKLTNSC) with a high amphipathic α-helix in sodium dodecyl sulfate solutions can destroy bacterial cell membrane and kill microbes. Furthermore, brevinin-2MP has been found to inhibit the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of pro-inflammatory NO, MCP-1, IL-6, and TNF-α via binding unidentified targets on the cell membrane and consequently suppressing the activation of MAPK/NF-κB signaling cascades induced by LPS in RAW 264.7 cells. Consistently, brevinin-2MP significantly alleviates the acute inflammatory response in carrageenan-induced mice paw. In conclusion, brevinin-2MP with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties will be an ideal candidate drug molecule for bacterial inflammation treatment.

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Processed Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Extract Alleviates LPS-Induced Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress through a Crosstalk between NF-κB and KEAP1/NRF2 Signaling in Macrophage Cells

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11136055 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (13) ◽

pp. 6055

Author(s):

Akhtar Ali ◽

En-Hyung Kim ◽

Jong-Hyun Lee ◽

Kang-Hyun Leem ◽

Shin Seong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Scutellaria Baicalensis ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Prostaglandin E ◽

Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi ◽

Anticancer Effects ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Clinical Benefits ◽

Anti Oxidant ◽

Cox 2 ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Prolonged inflammation results in chronic diseases that can be associated with a range of factors. Medicinal plants and herbs provide synergistic benefits based on the interaction of multiple phytochemicals. The dried root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and its compounds possess anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anticancer effects. Processing is a traditional method to achieve clinical benefits by improving therapeutic efficacy and lowering toxicity. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effect of processed Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extract (PSGE) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Data using Griess assay and ELISA showed that PSGE decreased nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels against LPS. PSGE treatment up-regulated 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH), while cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES)-1 expression did not change. Interestingly, PGE2 inhibition was regulated by prostaglandin catabolic enzyme 15-PGDH rather than COX-2/mPGES-1, enzymes essential for PGE2 synthesis. Additionally, PSGE-suppressed LPS-induced IL-6 and TNF-α production through NF-κB signaling. NF-κB release from an inactive complex was inhibited by HO-1 which blocked IκBα phosphorylation. The ROS levels lowered by PSGE were measured with the H2DCFDA probe. PSGE activated NRF2 signaling and increased antioxidant Hmox1, Nqo1, and Txn1 gene expression, while reducing KEAP1 expression. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of HO-1 confirmed that the antioxidant enzyme induction by PSGE was responsible for ROS reduction. In conclusion, PSGE demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects due to NRF2/HO-1-mediated NF-κB and ROS inhibition.

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A New Flavonol From Saussurea involucrata With Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x211007638 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. 1934578X2110076

Author(s):

Sheng Pan ◽

Zi-Guan Zhu

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Aerial Part ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Spectroscopic Methods ◽

Soluble Extract ◽

Saussurea Involucrata ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

A new flavonol named 6-(2'',3''-epoxy-3''-methylbutyl)-resokaempferol (1), together with five known compounds (2-6) were isolated from the EtOAc-soluble extract of the aerial part of Saussurea involucrata. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods. All compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory effects by measuring the production of nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α in vitro. Among them, compound 1 showed potential inhibitory activity on the production of NO and TNF-α in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells with IC50 values of 48.0 ± 1.5 and 41.4 ± 1.7 µM, respectively.

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Abstract 393: Anti-inflammatory Properties of Aqueous Extracts of Sesame Oil

Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology ◽

10.1161/atvb.33.suppl_1.a393 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 33 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Krithika Selvarajan ◽

Chandrakala Aluganti Narasimhulu ◽

Reena Bapputty ◽

Sampath Parthasarathy

Keyword(s):

Protein Expression ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Dietary Intervention ◽

Sesame Oil ◽

Luciferase Assay ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Background Dietary intervention to prevent atherosclerosis and inflammation has been a major focus in recent years. Sesame oil (SO), widely used in many Asian countries, has been reported to help reduce high blood pressure. It has also been shown to reduce plasma cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglyceride levels. We previously reported that SO was effective in inhibiting atherosclerosis in LDL-receptor negative mice. In this study we tested whether the aqueous, non-lipid components of SO might have anti-inflammatory effects. Methods Sesame oil was extracted using ethanol:water mixture, lyophilized and reconstituted in water. To study anti-inflammatory effect, RAW 264.7 cells (macrophage cell line) were treated with the aqueous extract in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 hours. RNA was extracted using Trizol. mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1α, IL-6 and TNF-α were analyzed by real time PCR. Protein expression was determined by western blot analysis. To identify the mechanism of action, we performed luciferase assay using HepG2-LXR reporter cell lines. Results LPS induced the expression of IL-1α, IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA levels in RAW cells. The extract alone did not significantly affect the expressions of inflammatory cytokine genes. However, when treated together with LPS, sesame oil aqueous extract inhibited the mRNA levels of these cytokines significantly. Treatment with LPS together with SO extract also decreased the protein expression of these cytokines. The SO extract induced LXR expression as identified by the luciferase assay system in HepG2-LXR reporter cells. Conclusion These findings suggest that the aqueous portion of SO might be effective in preventing inflammation. Furthermore, the activation of LXR might suggest additional effects on lipid metabolism. Identifying the specific components present in the aqueous extract will be instrumental in developing treatment modalities for atherosclerosis and other inflammatory conditions.

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Canscora lucidissima, a Chinese folk medicine, exerts anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in LPS-activated macrophages

BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12906-019-2783-2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Qiao-ling Fei ◽

Xiao-yu Zhang ◽

Rui-juan Qi ◽

Yun-feng Huang ◽

Yi-xin Han ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Southern China ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Luciferase Reporter ◽

Effective Treatment Option ◽

Proinflammatory Mediators ◽

Inflammatory Models ◽

Inflammatory Mechanism ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Abstract Background Canscora lucidissima (Levl. & Vaniot) Hand.-Mazz. (C. lucidissima), mainly distributed in southern China, has been shown to be effective in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. However, the underlying mechanism of its anti-inflammatory effect is not fully understood. Methods In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory mechanism of ethanol extract of C. lucidissima (Cl-EE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory models. ELISA, real-time PCR, Western blot and luciferase reporter assay were used for the experiments in vitro, and ICR mouse endotoxemia model was used for in vivo test. Results Our data showed that Cl-EE reduced the production of NO by down-regulating the mRNA and protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells. Meanwhile, it potently decreased other proinflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1 and IL-1β at the transcriptional and translational levels. Further study indicated that Cl-EE did not affect NF-κB signaling pathway but significantly suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, rather than JNK or p38. In a LPS-induced endotoxemia mouse model, a single intraperitoneal injection of Cl-EE (75–300 mg/kg) could lower circulatory TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 levels. Conclusions Collectively, our results indicated that Cl-EE suppressed the phosphorylation level of ERK1/2 thus reducing the transcription and translation of inflammatory genes, thereby exerted anti-inflammatory activity. This study reveals the anti-inflammatory mechanism of C. lucidissima and may provide an effective treatment option for a variety of inflammatory diseases.

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Asperuloside and Asperulosidic Acid Exert an Anti-Inflammatory Effect via Suppression of the NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms19072027 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (7) ◽

pp. 2027 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Jingyu He ◽

Xianyuan Lu ◽

Ting Wei ◽

Yaqian Dong ◽

Zheng Cai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Signaling Pathways ◽

Mapk Signaling ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Mapk Signaling Pathways ◽

Inflammatory Effect

Hedyotis diffusa is a folk herb that is used for treating inflammation-related diseases in Asia. Previous studies have found that iridoids in H. diffusa play an important role in its anti-inflammatory activity. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect and potential mechanism of five iridoids (asperuloside (ASP), asperulosidic acid (ASPA), desacetyl asperulosidic acid (DAA), scandoside methyl ester (SME), and E-6-O-p-coumaroyl scandoside methyl ester (CSME)) that are presented in H. diffusa using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)—induced RAW 264.7 cells. ASP and ASPA significantly decreased the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in parallel with the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), TNF-α, and IL-6 mRNA expression in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. ASP treatment suppressed the phosphorylation of the inhibitors of nuclear factor-kappaB alpha (IκB-α), p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). The inhibitory effect of ASPA was similar to that of ASP, except for p38 phosphorylation. In summary, the anti-inflammatory effects of ASP and ASPA are related to the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines and mediators via suppression of the NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, which provides scientific evidence for the potential application of H. diffusa.

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Fermentation Improves Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Sipjeondaebotang on LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells

The American Journal of Chinese Medicine ◽

10.1142/s0192415x12500619 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 40 (04) ◽

pp. 813-831 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

You-Chang Oh ◽

Won-Kyung Cho ◽

Yun Hee Jeong ◽

Ga Young Im ◽

Min Cheol Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Inflammatory Mediators ◽

High Performance ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Cox 2 ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Sipjeondaebotang (SJ) has been used as a traditional drug in east-Asian countries. In this study, to provide insight into the biological effects of SJ and SJ fermented by Lactobacillus, we investigated their effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammation in macrophages. The investigation was focused on whether SJ and fermented SJ could inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandin (PG) E2 and nitric oxide (NO) as well as the expressions of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. We found that SJ modestly inhibited LPS-induced PGE2, NO and TNF-α production as well as the expressions of COX-2 and iNOS. Interestingly, fermentation significantly increased its inhibitory effect on the expression of all pro-inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, fermented SJ exhibited increased inhibition of p38 MAPK and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPK phosphorylation as well as NF-κB p65 translocation by reduced IκBα degradation compared with either untreated controls or unfermented SJ. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed fermentation by Lactobacillus increases liquiritigenin and cinnamyl alcohol contained in SJ, which are known for their anti-inflammatory activities. Finally, SJ fermented by Lactobacillus exerted potent anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB signaling in RAW 264.7 cells.

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Effects of Sibseonsan as an Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Wrinkle, and Skin Whitening Treatment

Journal of Acupuncture Research ◽

10.13045/jar.2020.00024 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 88-93

Author(s):

Na Young Jo

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Cell Line ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

No Production ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Concentration Dependent Manner ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Sibseonsan (SSS) is an effective anti-inflammatory, anti-wrinkling, and whitening agent.Methods: To determine whether SSS had an anti-inflammatory effect, a murine macrophage cell line was used (RAW 264.7) and production of DPPH, NO, TNF-α, and PGE2 were measured. To ascertain potential anti-wrinkle effects of SSS in these cells, collagenase and elastase production were measured. To verify whether SSS had a whitening effect, tyrosinase activity and DOPA staining were performed using a melanoma cell line (B16/F10).Results: There was no significant reduction in survival of SSS-treated RAW 264.7 cells, up to 400 μg/mL. Free radical scavenging (23.96 ± 1.85%) was observed in RAW 264.7 cells treated with SSS at a concentration of 400 μg/mL. The SSS treatment group (400 μg/mL) significantly inhibited NO production compared with the LPS stimulated treatment group. The SSS treatment of macrophage cells appeared to reduce production of TNF-α in a concentration dependent manner. There was a significant reduction in the concentration of PGE2 by about 25% in the SSS treatment (400 μg/mL) group (p = 0.05). Compared with the control, the production of collagenase and elastase in B16/F10 cells treated with SSS (400 μg/mL) was greater by 26.37% and 45.71%, respectively. The SSS treatment (400 μg/mL) group showed a significant reduction by about 17% in tyrosinase production in B16/F10 cells. The SSS treatment group showed little change in DOPA staining. Conclusion: SSS extract may be useful for the treatment and prevention of inflammatory diseases and may have anti-wrinkle and whitening effects. These results may support the use of SSS in clinical practice.

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Chemical Composition and Anti-inflammation Activity of Essential Oils from Citrus unshiu Flower

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1400900538 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 1934578X1400900 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Min-Jin Kim ◽

Kyong-Wol Yang ◽

Sang Suk Kim ◽

Suk Man Park ◽

Kyung Jin Park ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Prostaglandin E ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Though many essential oils from citrus peels are claimed to have several medicinal functions, the chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oils of Citrus flowers have not been well described. Therefore, this study intended to investigate the chemical composition and anti-inflammatory potential of essential oils from C. unshiu flower (CEO) to support its purported beneficial health effects. The chemical constituents of the CEO, analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), included γ-terpinene (24.7%), 2-β-pinene (16.6%), 1-methyl-2-isopropylbenzene (11.5%), L-limonene (5.7%), β-ocimene (5.6%), and α-pinene (4.7%). The effects of the CEO on nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages were also examined. The results indicate that the CEO is an effective inhibitor of LPS-induced NO and PGE2 production in RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, CEO was shown to suppress the production of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-6. Based on these results, CEO may be considered a potential anti-inflammatory candidate with human health benefits.

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Protective Effect of the Fruit Hull ofGleditsia sinensison LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury Is Associated with Nrf2 Activation

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2012/974713 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Jun-Young Choi ◽

Min Jung Kwun ◽

Kyun Ha Kim ◽

Ji Hyo Lyu ◽

Chang Woo Han ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Lung Injury ◽

Lung Injury ◽

Lung Inflammation ◽

Therapeutic Option ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Inflammatory Factor ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Reporter Assays ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Underlying Mechanisms

The fruit hull ofGleditsia sinensis(FGS) has been prescribed as a traditional eastern Asian medicinal remedy for the treatment of various respiratory diseases, but the efficacy and underlying mechanisms remain poorly characterized. Here, we explored a potential usage of FGS for the treatment of acute lung injury (ALI), a highly fatal inflammatory lung disease that urgently needs effective therapeutics, and investigated a mechanism for the anti-inflammatory activity of FGS. Pretreatment of C57BL/6 mice with FGS significantly attenuated LPS-induced neutrophilic lung inflammation compared to sham-treated, inflamed mice. Reporter assays, semiquantitative RT-PCR, and Western blot analyses show that while not affecting NF-κB, FGS activated Nrf2 and expressed Nrf2-regulated genes including GCLC, NQO-1, and HO-1 in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with FGS enhanced the expression of GCLC and HO-1 but suppressed that of proinflammatory cytokines in including TNF-α and IL-1β in the inflamed lungs. These results suggest that FGS effectively suppresses neutrophilic lung inflammation, which can be associated with, at least in part, FGS-activating anti-inflammatory factor Nrf2. Our results suggest that FGS can be developed as a therapeutic option for the treatment of ALI.

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Inhibitory Effect of Asplenium incisum on Bacterial Growth, Inflammation, and Osteoclastogenesis

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina57070641 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (7) ◽

pp. 641

Author(s):

Seong-Hee Moon ◽

Ju-Lee Son ◽

Seong-Jin Shin ◽

Seung-Han Oh ◽

Seong-Hwan Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase ◽

Inhibition Of Proliferation ◽

Trap Activity ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Background and Objectives:Asplenium incisum, a natural plant, is known to possess numerous pharmacological and biochemical properties. However, the inhibitory effect of A. incisum against Porphyromonas gingivalis and other factors related to periodontal disease have not yet been demonstrated. This study aimed to investigate the potential of A. incisum extract as a phytotherapeutic candidate for improving periodontal diseases by assessing its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-osteoclastogenic activities. Materials and Methods: The inhibition of proliferation of P. gingivalis by A. incisum and the sustainability of its antibacterial activity were evaluated in this study. The production of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)) and nitric oxide (NO) from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells was assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. To identify the anti-osteoclastogenic activity, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and TRAP activity analyses were performed on bone marrow macrophages. Results: The proliferation of P. gingivalis was significantly inhibited by A. incisum (p < 0.001), and the antibacterial activity was sustained for up to 3 days. A. incisum showed anti-inflammatory activities by significantly decreasing the release of TNF-α, IL-6 (p < 0.05), and NO (p < 0.01). In addition, A. incisum significantly suppressed TRAP-positive cells and TRAP activity (at 30 μg/mL, p < 0.01) without causing any cytotoxicity (p > 0.05). Conclusions:A. incisum showed antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-osteoclastogenic activities, suggesting it has strong therapeutic potential against periodontal diseases.

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