Reaction Wood Anatomical Traits and Hormonal Profiles in Poplar Bent Stem and Root

Reaction wood (RW) formation is an innate physiological response of woody plants to counteract mechanical constraints in nature, reinforce structure and redirect growth toward the vertical direction. Differences and/or similarities between stem and root response to mechanical constraints remain almost unknown especially in relation to phytohormones distribution and RW characteristics. Thus, Populus nigra stem and root subjected to static non-destructive mid-term bending treatment were analyzed. The distribution of tension and compression forces was firstly modeled along the main bent stem and root axis; then, anatomical features, chemical composition, and a complete auxin and cytokinin metabolite profiles of the stretched convex and compressed concave side of three different bent stem and root sectors were analyzed. The results showed that in bent stems RW was produced on the upper stretched convex side whereas in bent roots it was produced on the lower compressed concave side. Anatomical features and chemical analysis showed that bent stem RW was characterized by a low number of vessel, poor lignification, and high carbohydrate, and thus gelatinous layer in fiber cell wall. Conversely, in bent root, RW was characterized by high vessel number and area, without any significant variation in carbohydrate and lignin content. An antagonistic interaction of auxins and different cytokinin forms/conjugates seems to regulate critical aspects of RW formation/development in stem and root to facilitate upward/downward organ bending. The observed differences between the response stem and root to bending highlight how hormonal signaling is highly organ-dependent.

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Defect Detection in Ceramic Images Using Sigma Edge Information and Contour Tracking Method

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) ◽

10.11591/ijece.v6i1.pp160-166 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 160

Author(s):

Kwang-Baek Kim ◽

Young Woon Woo

Keyword(s):

Least Squares ◽

Hough Transform ◽

Vertical Direction ◽

Contour Tracking ◽

Gradual Change ◽

Non Destructive Testing ◽

Destructive Testing ◽

Edge Information ◽

Non Destructive ◽

Background Area

In this paper, we suggest a method of detecting defects by applying Hough transform and least squares on ceramic images obtained from non-destructive testing. In the ceramic images obtained from non-destructive testing, the background area, where the defect does not exist, commonly shows gradual change of luminosity in vertical direction. In order to extract the background area which is going to be used in the detection of defects, Hough transform is performed to rotate the ceramic image in a way that the direction of overall luminosity change lies in the vertical direction as much as possible. Least squares is then applied on the rotated image to approximate the contrast value of the background area. The extracted background area is used for extracting defects from the ceramic images. In this paper we applied this method on ceramic images acquired from non-destructive testing. It was confirmed that extracted background area could be effectively applied for searching the section where the defect exists and detecting the defect.

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Negative gravitropism of Ginkgo biloba: growth stress and reaction wood formation

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2015-0005 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

pp. 267-274 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Tatsuya Shirai ◽

Hiroyuki Yamamoto ◽

Miyuki Matsuo ◽

Mikuri Inatsugu ◽

Masato Yoshida ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ginkgo Biloba ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Wood Formation ◽

Growth Stress ◽

Reaction Wood ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

S2 Layer ◽

Negative Gravitropism

Abstract Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) forms thick, lignified secondary xylem in the cylindrical stem as in Pinales (commonly called conifers), although it has more phylogenetic affinity to Cycadales than to conifers. Ginkgo forms compression wood-like (CW-like) reaction wood (RW) in its inclined stem as it is the case in conifers. However, the distribution of growth stress is not yet investigated in the RW of ginkgo, and thus this tissue resulting from negative gravitropism is still waiting for closer consideration. The present study intended to fill this gap. It has been demonstrated that, indeed, ginkgo forms RW tissue on the lower side of the inclined stem, where the compressive growth stress (CGS) was generated. In the RW, the micorofibril angle in the S2 layer, the air-dried density, and the lignin content increased, whereas the cellulose content decreased. These data are quite similar to those of conifer CWs. The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the CGS is significantly correlated by the changes in the aforementioned parameters. It can be safely concluded that the negative gravitropism of ginkgo is very similar to that of conifers.

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ANATOMY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA STEMS INCLINED AT DIFFERENT ANGLES

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-00000078 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 463-475 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tokiko Hiraiwa ◽

Haruna Aiso ◽

Futoshi Ishiguri ◽

Yuya Takashima ◽

Kazuya Iizuka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lignin Content ◽

Fibre Length ◽

Liriodendron Tulipifera ◽

Original Position ◽

Chemical Characteristics ◽

Normal Wood ◽

Reaction Wood ◽

Glucose Content ◽

Wood Fibres ◽

S2 Layer

The anatomical and chemical characteristics of reaction wood (RW) were investigated in Liriodendron tulipifera Linn. Stems of seedlings were artificially inclined at angles of 30 (RW-30), 50 (RW-50) and 70° (RW-70) from the vertical, and compared with normal wood (NW) from a vertical seedling stem. The smallest values for the wood fibre length and vessel number were observed in RW-50. The pit aperture angle was less than 10° in RW-30 and RW-50, in which reduced lignin content was observed in the S2 layer of the wood fibres. An increase in the glucose content and a decrease in the lignin and xylose content was observed in RW-50. The stem inclination angle affected the degree of RW development with regard to anatomical and chemical characteristics: the severest RW was observed in RW-50, followed by RW-30. RW-70 was similar in anatomical and chemical characteristics to NW, apparently because the inclination was too strong to enable recovery of its original position. In this case a vertical sprouting stem was formed to replace the inclined stem.

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Wood Anatomy of nine Japanese Hardwood species forming reaction wood without gelatinous fibers

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000016 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 191-202 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

R.S. Sultana ◽

F. Ishiguri ◽

S. Yokota ◽

K. Iizuka ◽

T. Hiraiwa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lignin Content ◽

Reaction Wood ◽

Wood Fibers ◽

Acetyl Bromide ◽

Euonymus Alatus ◽

Opposite Wood ◽

Gelatinous Fibers ◽

Hardwood Species ◽

Daphne Odora ◽

Clerodendron Trichotomum

The anatomy of reaction wood was studied in nine naturally growing Japanese hardwood species, all showing eccentric growth on the upper side of their leaning branches. The number of vessels decreased in the xylem of the upper side accompanying the formation of reaction wood. A typical G-layer was not detected in the reaction wood fibers, but an S3 layer was present in all nine species. The cellulose microfibril arrangement with an S helix was similar in the S3 layers of both reaction and opposite wood fibers. A decrease of lignin content occurred in the reaction wood fibers in all nine species. The coniferyl and sinapyl aldehyde units in the lignins were strongly reduced in the S2 layer of reaction wood fibers of four species, i.e., Euscaphis japonica, Rhododendron wadanum, Clerodendron trichotomum, and Daphne odora, and much less so in five other species, i.e., Viburnum dilatatum, Enkianthus subsessilis, Euonymus alatus, Ilex macropoda, and Ilex crenata. The syringyl content was lower in the S2 layer of reaction wood fibers than that in opposite wood of all nine species. On the other hand, chemical analysis of lignin using the acetyl bromide method showed that, among the nine species, lignin content was reduced most strongly in Clerodendron trichotomum. Tension wood-like characteristics are present on the upper side of leaning branches in all nine species, except that G-fibers are absent.

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Defect Detection in Ceramic Images Using Sigma Edge Information and Contour Tracking Method

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) ◽

10.11591/ijece.v6i1.9343 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 160

Author(s):

Kwang-Baek Kim ◽

Young Woon Woo

Keyword(s):

Least Squares ◽

Hough Transform ◽

Vertical Direction ◽

Contour Tracking ◽

Gradual Change ◽

Non Destructive Testing ◽

Destructive Testing ◽

Edge Information ◽

Non Destructive ◽

Background Area

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Determination of Cellulose, NDF, ADF and Lignin Content Using Non-Destructive Method (FT-NIR Spectrometry) in Hay from Apuseni Mountains

Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca Agriculture ◽

10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:6513 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Laura DALE ◽

Ioan ROTAR ◽

Florin PACURAR ◽

Anca BOGDAN ◽

André THEWIS ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutritive Value ◽

Lignin Content ◽

External Validation ◽

Nir Spectroscopy ◽

Field Trials ◽

Calibration Model ◽

Apuseni Mountains ◽

Leave One Out ◽

Processing Techniques ◽

Non Destructive

The nutritive value of forages is variable and because of this are made different tests in chemical composition. The objectives of study are to build calibration model for direct, non-destructive analysis of crude cellulose, NDF, ADF and lignin contents based on FT-NIR spectroscopy. The samples for analysis were collected in 2010 from field trials, Apuseni Mountains, Gârda Area. In order to construct the model, references values are needed, for this reason thecrude cellulose, NDF; ADF and lignin content was determined using the classical Fibertec FiberCap system (FOSS Tecator). The values for crude cellulose ranged from 20,13% to 32,86%, the values for NDF content ranged from 32,67% to 59,40%, the values for ADF content ranged from 28,29% to 42,91%, the values for lignin content ranged from 4,74% to 11,15% in the dry matter basis. The regression models build was based on Partial Least Squares (PLS) calculated with the Modified PLS algorithm, using different pre-processing techniques and leave-one-out cross validation, under ISI Monitor v.1.50e. First time was validating the results using the calibration of the CRA-W, to see if classical methods used give good results. Because the samples contain Arnica montana (known like „leopard herb” or „tobacco montana”) the calibration model contain tropical herbs. The robustness of the model was confirmed by applying it to independent samples (external validation) where the SEP for crude celluloses is 1.2, for NDF content is 2.0, for ADF content is 2.4, for lignin content is 2.3. The results obtained indicated that NIRS can be used to determine crude cellulose, NDF, ADF and lignin content, which could be used as a criterion for quality control of mountain hays.

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TENSION WOOD-LIKE REACTION WOOD IN VESSEL-LESS TETRACENTRON SINENSE

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-20160141 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 372-382 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

H. Aiso ◽

F. Ishiguri ◽

T. Ohkubo ◽

S. Yokota

Keyword(s):

Tension Wood ◽

Secondary Wall ◽

Special Function ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Microfibril Angle ◽

Chemical Characteristics ◽

Reaction Wood ◽

Lignin Distribution ◽

Angiosperm Species ◽

Tetracentron Sinense

The objective of this study is to clarify the anatomical characteristics and lignin distribution of reaction wood in a vessel-less angiosperm species, Tetracentron sinense Oliv. Sample disks (1 cm in thickness) were collected from three different positions of a Tetracentron sinense tree. Cell morphologies, the microfibril angle (MFA) in the S2 layer, lignin distribution, and lignin content were measured. There was neither a gelatinous (G-)layer nor an S3 layer on the upper side of inclined samples. However, the secondary wall of the normal tracheids was only weakly stained by Mäule and phloroglucinol-HCl. MFA in the S2 layer and lignin content decreased on the upper side of inclined samples. This qualifies the reaction wood of Tetracentron as “tension wood-like”. The so-called “unusual tracheids”, typical for the wood of Tetracentron, showed weaker changes in their anatomical and chemical characteristics in reaction wood than normal tracheids, indicating their special function in water transport. It is hypothesized that vessel-less angiosperms rich in syringyl units in their lignin, produce tension wood-like reaction wood on the upper side of inclined stems or branches, with lower MFA and lignin content in their normal tracheid walls, irrespective of whether a typical G-layer is formed or not.

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On the application of magnetoelastic properties measurements for plastic level determination in martensitic steels

Journal of Electrical Engineering ◽

10.2478/jee-2018-0086 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 69 (6) ◽

pp. 502-506 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Leszek Piotrowski ◽

Marek Chmielewski ◽

Zbigniew Kowalewski

Keyword(s):

Plastic Deformation ◽

Domain Walls ◽

Martensitic Steel ◽

Magnetic Domain ◽

Martensitic Steels ◽

Reliable Determination ◽

Magnetoelastic Properties ◽

Tension And Compression ◽

Deformation Level ◽

Non Destructive

Abstract The change in the dislocation density, induced by plastic deformation, influences strongly the magnetic domain structure inside the material. Being so, classic parameters, like the coercivity or magnetic permeability, can be a good measure of the deformation level, yet their reliable determination in a non-destructive way in industrial environment is problematic. The magnetoacoustic emission (MAE) which results from the non-180° domain walls (DW) movement in materials with non-zero magnetostriction can be used as an alternative. The intensity of the MAE signal changes strongly as a result of plastic deformation for both tensile and compressive deformation. It is however possible to discern those cases by analysing the changes in the shape of the MAE signal envelopes. The set of the martensitic steel samples (P91) deformed up to 10% (for both tension and compression) was investigated. Due to geometrical limitations imposed by the special mounting system, enabling compression without buckling, the sample had the shape resulting in low signal to noise (S/N) ratio. Being so the optimization of FFT filtering and wavelet analysis was performed in order to improve sensitivity of the proposed method of deformation level determination.

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On a throw-testing machine for reversals of mean stress

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London ◽

10.1098/rspl.1902.0005 ◽

1902 ◽

Vol 70 (459-466) ◽

pp. 44-46

Keyword(s):

Periodic Motion ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Vertical Direction ◽

Inertia Force ◽

Mean Stress ◽

Connecting Rod ◽

Direct Tension ◽

Repeated Stress ◽

Tension And Compression

The present research, which was carried on in the Whitworth Engineering Laboratory of the Owens College, Manchester, was undertaken at the suggestion of Professor Osborne Reynolds, who proposed an investigation of “repeated stress” on the following lines:—The stress should be direct tension, and compression of approximately equal amounts, such tension and compression being obtained by means of the inertia force of an oscillatory weight. The rapidity of repetitions should be much higher than in the experiments of Wöhler, Spangenberg, Bauschinger, and Baker—in fact, ranging as high as 2000 reversals per minute. In the apparatus employed a weight is supported vertically by means of the specimen to be tested, and the upper part of the specimen receives a periodic motion in a vertical direction by means of a crank and a connecting rod.

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Comparison of the anatomy and degradability of straw from varieties of wheat and barley that differ in susceptibility to lodging

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600077327 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 127 (1) ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

A. J. Travis ◽

S. D. Murison ◽

D. J. Hirst ◽

K. C. Walker ◽

A. Chesson

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Regression Model ◽

Growth Stage ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Cross Linking ◽

Wheat Cultivars ◽

Anatomical Features ◽

Basal Internode

SUMMARYThe consequences of selection for shorter, stiffer-strawed varieties that are less susceptible to lodging on the degradability of forage and straw obtained from cereal crops were investigated with particular reference to the characteristics of the basal internode where the mechanical stress is likely to be greatest. Quantitative measurements of tissue area, mean cell wall thickness, cell wall density and cellsize were made on two wheat cultivars, Riband (strong) and Norman (weak), and on two barley cultivars, Blenheim (strong) and Tyne (weak). The cultivars were selected for comparison on the basis of their straw strength in field trials.At growth stage (GS) 59 in wheat (ear emergence complete) the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content of the basal internode of Riband (74·6%) was lower than Norman (86·0%), and the NDF degradability (NDFD) of Riband (34·7%) was slightly greater than Norman (32·0%). No significant differences in lignin content were found between the wheat cultivars. In barley at the same growth stage, the NDF content of the basal internode of Blenheim (84·8%) was lower than Tyne (89·2%), and the NDFD of Blenheim (30·2%) was greater than Tyne (23·7%) but no significant differences in lignin content were associated with the difference in NDFD. At GS 32–37 (stem elongation) in barley the NDF content of the basal internode of Blenheim (81·5%) was also lower than Tyne (86·3%), but the NDFD of Blenheim (71·7%) was much greater than Tyne (42·8%). No significant differences in lignin content were associated with this large difference in NDFD.The cultivars of wheat and barley less susceptible to lodging showed lower NDF content and higher in vitro degradability in the basal internode than the more susceptible cultivars. No evidence of differences in the extent of cross-linking by ether-bound ferulic acid was found in wheat, but stems of Blenheim barley showed evidence of a greater degree of cross-linking than in Tyne. The anatomical features of Norman wheat were consistent with stem weakness caused by thinner, smaller cells than the stronger Riband. However, in contrast, the anatomy of Tyne barley indicated that the straw may be too stiff, resulting in failure due to root lodging or brackling while the thinner more cross-linked cell walls of Blenheim may allow the stem to bend under load.The relationship between the anatomical features, chemical composition and in vitro degradability of the stems was investigated using stepwise multiple regression. Thickness of sclerenchyma, thickness of epidermis and density of epidermis (area fraction of cell wall) were selected by the method of ‘backward elimination’ from an initial regression model to predict NDFD using all the anatomical features measured. Thickness of sclerenchyma was ranked first when the selected anatomical features were incorporated into a regression model with NDF and lignin content using the method of ‘forward selection’. Anatomical differences between varieties had an effect on degradability distinct from that due to the overall chemical composition. The results emphasise the contribution made by anatomical features to the stem degradability and lodging characteristics of cereals.

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