Comparison of the anatomy and degradability of straw from varieties of wheat and barley that differ in susceptibility to lodging

1996 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Travis ◽  
S. D. Murison ◽  
D. J. Hirst ◽  
K. C. Walker ◽  
A. Chesson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Basal Internode

SUMMARYThe consequences of selection for shorter, stiffer-strawed varieties that are less susceptible to lodging on the degradability of forage and straw obtained from cereal crops were investigated with particular reference to the characteristics of the basal internode where the mechanical stress is likely to be greatest. Quantitative measurements of tissue area, mean cell wall thickness, cell wall density and cellsize were made on two wheat cultivars, Riband (strong) and Norman (weak), and on two barley cultivars, Blenheim (strong) and Tyne (weak). The cultivars were selected for comparison on the basis of their straw strength in field trials.At growth stage (GS) 59 in wheat (ear emergence complete) the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content of the basal internode of Riband (74·6%) was lower than Norman (86·0%), and the NDF degradability (NDFD) of Riband (34·7%) was slightly greater than Norman (32·0%). No significant differences in lignin content were found between the wheat cultivars. In barley at the same growth stage, the NDF content of the basal internode of Blenheim (84·8%) was lower than Tyne (89·2%), and the NDFD of Blenheim (30·2%) was greater than Tyne (23·7%) but no significant differences in lignin content were associated with the difference in NDFD. At GS 32–37 (stem elongation) in barley the NDF content of the basal internode of Blenheim (81·5%) was also lower than Tyne (86·3%), but the NDFD of Blenheim (71·7%) was much greater than Tyne (42·8%). No significant differences in lignin content were associated with this large difference in NDFD.The cultivars of wheat and barley less susceptible to lodging showed lower NDF content and higher in vitro degradability in the basal internode than the more susceptible cultivars. No evidence of differences in the extent of cross-linking by ether-bound ferulic acid was found in wheat, but stems of Blenheim barley showed evidence of a greater degree of cross-linking than in Tyne. The anatomical features of Norman wheat were consistent with stem weakness caused by thinner, smaller cells than the stronger Riband. However, in contrast, the anatomy of Tyne barley indicated that the straw may be too stiff, resulting in failure due to root lodging or brackling while the thinner more cross-linked cell walls of Blenheim may allow the stem to bend under load.The relationship between the anatomical features, chemical composition and in vitro degradability of the stems was investigated using stepwise multiple regression. Thickness of sclerenchyma, thickness of epidermis and density of epidermis (area fraction of cell wall) were selected by the method of ‘backward elimination’ from an initial regression model to predict NDFD using all the anatomical features measured. Thickness of sclerenchyma was ranked first when the selected anatomical features were incorporated into a regression model with NDF and lignin content using the method of ‘forward selection’. Anatomical differences between varieties had an effect on degradability distinct from that due to the overall chemical composition. The results emphasise the contribution made by anatomical features to the stem degradability and lodging characteristics of cereals.

LIGNIFICATION AND IN VITRO CELL WALL DIGESTIBILITY OF PLANT PARTS

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. Mowat ◽  
M. L. Kwain ◽  
J. E. Winch
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Cell Wall Digestibility ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L

The in vitro cell wall digestibility and chemical composition were determined with a total of 56 forage samples. Two samples each of Dactylis glomerata L., Bromus inermis Leyss., Medicago sativa L., and Lotus corniculatus L. were collected at three maturities. Two samples of Symphtum officinale L. were collected at two maturities. All samples were later separated into leaf and stem portions. Wide variation existed in chemical composition and digestibility. The range in cell wall constituents was 23.9 to 79.8%, in acid detergent fiber 16.9 to 52.3%, and in lignin 3.7 to 19.1%. The in vitro cell wall digestibility varied from 16.6 to 77.5%. Correlation coefficients between lignin content and cell wall digestibility were higher when lignin was expressed as a percentage of dry matter rather than as a percentage of cell walls. In grasses, the relationship between lignin in cell walls and cell wall digestibility was linear. However, cell wall digestibility of legumes and Russian comfrey was not as low as expected from the content of lignin.

scholarly journals Silage of Intercropping Corn, Palisade Grass, and Pigeon Pea Increases Protein Content and Reduces In Vitro Methane Production

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1784
Author(s):  
Beatriz Ligoski ◽  
Lucas Ferreira Gonçalves ◽  
Flavio Lopes Claudio ◽  
Estenio Moreira Alves ◽  
Ana Maria Krüger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production

Legume–grass intercropping systems are a sustainable option to improve nutritional quality of animal feed and decrease livestock greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, the present study evaluated yield, chemical composition and in vitro gas production of silages produced with intercropped palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha.(A.Rich.) R.D.Webster), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan cv. Super N) and corn (Zea mays. L.). Forage was harvested and placed inside micro-silos, which were opened after 100 days and samples were collected for chemical composition and in vitro gas production analyses. Intercropped silage had higher crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and lignin content than corn silage. Moreover, intercropped silage decreased total gas and methane production. Therefore, intercropped silage showed potential to increase conserved feed nutritional quality and reduce methane emissions in livestock production systems.

scholarly journals The in vivo impact of MsLAC1, a Miscanthus laccase isoform, on lignification and lignin composition contrasts with its in vitro substrate preference

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng He ◽  
Katja Machemer-Noonan ◽  
Philippe Golfier ◽  
Faride Unda ◽  
Johanna Dechert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Lignin Composition ◽  
Xylem Fibers ◽  
Breeding Target

Abstract Background Understanding lignin biosynthesis and composition is of central importance for sustainable bioenergy and biomaterials production. Species of the genus Miscanthus have emerged as promising bioenergy crop due to their rapid growth and modest nutrient requirements. However, lignin polymerization in Miscanthus is poorly understood. It was previously shown that plant laccases are phenol oxidases that have multiple functions in plant, one of which is the polymerization of monolignols. Herein, we link a newly discovered Miscanthus laccase, MsLAC1, to cell wall lignification. Characterization of recombinant MsLAC1 and Arabidopsis transgenic plants expressing MsLAC1 were carried out to understand the function of MsLAC1 both in vitro and in vivo. Results Using a comprehensive suite of molecular, biochemical and histochemical analyses, we show that MsLAC1 localizes to cell walls and identify Miscanthus transcription factors capable of regulating MsLAC1 expression. In addition, MsLAC1 complements the Arabidopsis lac4–2 lac17 mutant and recombinant MsLAC1 is able to oxidize monolignol in vitro. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants over-expressing MsLAC1 show higher G-lignin content, although recombinant MsLAC1 seemed to prefer sinapyl alcohol as substrate. Conclusions In summary, our results suggest that MsLAC1 is regulated by secondary cell wall MYB transcription factors and is involved in lignification of xylem fibers. This report identifies MsLAC1 as a promising breeding target in Miscanthus for biofuel and biomaterial applications.

Prediction of forage digestibility from some laboratory procedures. 2. Comparison of in vivo digestibility at two institutes.

1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-113
Author(s):  
B. Deinum
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Forage Digestibility ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Laboratory Procedures ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Lignin

For part 1 see Abst. 1564, Vol. 40. 2. The relation between digestibilities of organic matter in vivo and in vitro did not differ significantly between the institutes at Hoorn and Wageningen. No difference was found in digestibility of the cell wall constituents in relation to the lignin content, nor was there a significant difference in the relation between the percentage of digestible cell contents and the percentage of cell contents in forage from well managed pastures. Twelve forages of highly digestible perennial ryegrass deviated from these farm forages at Wageningen, showing smaller excretion of bacterial and endogenous residue. Comparison of the 2 lignin procedures showed that 72% sulfuric acid lignin gave consistent residual standard deviations of digestibility of cell wall constituents; permanganate lignin gave smaller errors in forages at Wageningen but greater errors in forages at Hoorn. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Climate, nitrogen and grass. 4. The influence of age on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of maize (Zea mays L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.).

1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 264-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Deinum ◽  
J.G.P. Dirven
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Effect Of Age

In a field experiment with maize it was found that in vitro digestibility of leaves decreased somewhat during undisturbed growth, whereas digestibility of stems decreased appreciably. This decrease in leaf digestibility was caused by a lower digestibility of later-developed leaves and by a slight decrease in digestibility during ageing of each individual leaf. In a pot experiment with tall fescue grown at 15/10, 20/15 and 25/20 deg C, it was found that a higher temperature resulted in higher concentrations of cell-wall constituents and lower digestibility, whereas during ageing the percentage of cell-wall constituents remained constant or even decreased, digestibility decreasing slightly. Results suggested that in a constant climate the effect of age on digestibility would be small, and that the great effect of age on forage quality in spring is mainly due to rising temperature and stem formation. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Nutritional characteristics of browse species from Northeastern Mexico consumed by small ruminants

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 251-260
Author(s):  
Roque G. Ramírez-Lozano
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Browse Species ◽  
Northeastern Mexico ◽  
Nutrient Profiles

SummaryMany browse plants that grow in northeastern Mexico are consumed by domestic and wild range small ruminants. However, their nutritional value is determined by their chemical composition and digestibility. Chemical composition depends on the nature of the plant, but climatic conditions determine leaf maturity. Thus, studies to estimate the seasonality of the nutrient profiles of forages from shrubs are necessary. This paper has the objective to discuss the nutrient profiles and the organic matter digestion from the forage of 32 browse plants (13 legumes and 19 non legumes), that grow in northeastern México, and which are consumed by range small ruminants. Browses such as Acacia berlandieri (L.) Wild Acacia rigidula Benth., Ziziphus obtusifolia T and G., Desmanthus virgathus L. and Cercidium macrum I.M. Johnst. are the most abundant in the range, and also are the most selected by ruminants. The seasonal crude protein (CP) content in browse species varied within a range of 4.0 to 22.0%. The cell wall (from 24 to 53%) and its components: cellulose (from 5 to 31%) and hemicellulose (from 2 to 28%) also varied, and in most evaluated shrubs were lower than Medicago sativa hay. Seasonal lignin content also varied among plants species (from 1 to 24%; annual mean), and was higher than Medicago sativa hay. Condensed tannins were low and seasonally variable in most plants (from 0 to 23%). In general, during winter OMD (ranging from 30 to 68%) was higher than in other seasons. Lignin and condensed tannins negatively affected OMD (r = -0.40; P<0.01 and r = -0.53; P<0.001, respectively). The most selected shrubs were those with the highest tannin content. All plants were low in P and Na relative to the needs of adult goats, sheep and white-tailed deer. It is concluded that the chemical composition and OMD of browse plants were very similar among seasons. Because of their high CP, low cell wall, high mineral content and OMD in all plants, these could be considered as good protein supplements for range small grazing ruminants. However, they must be supplemented with P and Na throughout the year.

Penicillins and cephalosporins are active site-directed acylating agents: evidence in support of the substrate analogue hypothesis

1980 ◽  
Vol 289 (1036) ◽  
pp. 257-271 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Active Site ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Covalent Modification ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Cell Wall Biosynthesis ◽  
Substrate Analogue ◽  
Bactericidal Effects

Penicillin and related β-lactam antibiotics are known to exert their bactericidal effects by inhibiting the cross-linking step (transpeptidation) of bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. Evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis that this inhibition results from covalent modification of the active site of sensitive enzymes as a consequence of the structural similarity between penicillin and the acyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of nascent peptidoglycan strands. Several predictions of this proposal have been verified experimentally. Penicillin-sensitive enzymes are inactivated, with the formation of a covalent, stoichiometric penicilloyl-enzyme complex in vitro . Acylenzyme intermediates have been trapped with several of these enzymes by using cell wall-related substrates. Sequence analysis of the peptides derived from active site-labelled enzymes has established that both penicilloyl and an acyl moiety derived from substrate are covalently bound to the same site, as an ester of serine 36, as predicted by the substrate analogue hypothesis. Sequences near the active site serine are homologous to sequences found in four β-lactamases, supporting the proposal that penicillinsensitive D-alanine carboxypeptidases and penicillin-inactivating β-lactamases are evolutionarily related. Structural features important for the specific and potent inhibitory properties of β-lactam antibiotics are discussed in terms of the original substrate analogue hypothesis.

Temperature effects on lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose in tropical and temperate grasses

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 621 ◽  
Author(s):  
CW Ford ◽  
IM Morrison ◽  
JR Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Growth Temperature ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Thirteen tropical and 11 temperate grasses were grown in controlled environment under day/night temperatures of 21/13, 27/19 and 32/24°C. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was prepared from the fifth leaf on the main stem of each plant, 2 days after it had reached maximum length. Panicum maximum var. trichoglume (tropical) and Lolium perenne cv. S24 (temperate) were also harvested at 4,8, and 12 days after this stage of development. For the tropical grasses NDF values, corrected for starch and protein, decreased with increasing growth temperature, whereas in the temperate species they increased. In the tropical group the decrease in NDF was due to a lower cellulose content, whereas hemicellulose and lignin levels generally tended to increase slightly with increasing temperature. In the temperate grasses, lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose levels all showed a consistent increase with growth temperature. At each growth temperature the lignin content of the species in the tropical group had a significant negative correlation with in vitro digestibility, and lignin appeared to be more closely associated with hemicellulose than with cellulose. In contrast, at each temperature, variation in digestibility between species of the temperate group was not correlated with lignin. Levels of cell wall components in the later-harvested material from Lolium varied in a similar manner to that of the younger growth stage, whereas older Panicum cell wall constituents showed more variability.

EFFECT OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND AMMONIA ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF CORN STOVER AND BARLEY STRAW

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 963-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. INNOCENTI ◽  
D. N. MOWAT ◽  
I. B. MANDELL
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Corn Stover ◽  
Sulphur Dioxide ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility

The effects of temperature, treatment time and levels of SO2 and NH3 on the in vitro digestibility and chemical composition of corn stover and barley straw were evaluated. Sulphur dioxide improved (P > 0.05) in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro cell wall digestibility (IVCWD) of corn stover when treated at 70 °C for 24 h. However, high SO2 levels (4 and 6%) at higher temperature (90 °C) and for a longer time (72 h) reduced (P < 0.05) IVDMD and IVCWD and increased (P < 0.05) lignin content. When barley straw was treated with SO2 at 70 °C, IVDMD and IVCWD were greater (P < 0.05) when the treatment was carried out for 72 h than for 24 h. The improvement in in vitro digestibilities with SO2 was associated with solubilization of large amounts of hemicellulose. Ammonia treatment at 70 °C for 24 h reduced (P < 0.05) hemicellulose content and increased (P < 0.05) IVDMD and IVCWD as well as apparent lignin content. Suphuration enhanced the effect of ammoniation on IVDMD and IVCWD and reduced lignin content, but did not further reduce hemicellulose over NH3 alone in both crop residues. Improvements in in vitro digestibilities obtained with NH3 treatment followed by SO2 were associated with reductions of hemicellulose and lignin. Sulphur dioxide and NH3 treatment at 70 °C for 24 h produced a greater improvement in IVDMD and IVCWD in barley straw than in corn stover. Treatment with SO2 following ammoniation further increased (P < 0.05) NH3-N and sulphur contents of corn stover. Key words: Chemical treatment, sulphur dioxide, ammonia, corn stover, barley straw, chemical composition, in vitro digestibility

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