scholarly journals Chloroplast: The Emerging Battlefield in Plant–Microbe Interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Yang ◽  
Kunqin Xiao ◽  
Hongyu Pan ◽  
Jinliang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Chemical Energy ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Cell Compartments ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Photosynthesis Efficiency ◽  
By Products

Higher plants and some algae convert the absorbed light into chemical energy through one of the most important organelles, chloroplast, for photosynthesis and store it in the form of organic compounds to supply their life activities. However, more and more studies have shown that the role of chloroplasts is more than a factory for photosynthesis. In the process of light conversion to chemical energy, any damage to the components of chloroplast may affect the photosynthesis efficiency and promote the production of by-products, reactive oxygen species, that are mainly produced in the chloroplasts. Substantial evidence show that chloroplasts are also involved in the battle of plants and microbes. Chloroplasts are important in integrating a variety of external environmental stimuli and regulate plant immune responses by transmitting signals to the nucleus and other cell compartments through retrograde signaling pathways. Besides, chloroplasts can also regulate the biosynthesis and signal transduction of phytohormones, including salicylic acid and jasmonic acid, to affect the interaction between the plants and microbes. Since chloroplasts play such an important role in plant immunity, correspondingly, chloroplasts have become the target of pathogens. Different microbial pathogens target the chloroplast and affect its functions to promote their colonization in the host plants.

scholarly journals Friend, foe or food? Recognition and the role of antimicrobial peptides in gut immunity and Drosophila –microbe interactions

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1695) ◽  
pp. 20150295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nichole A. Broderick
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Evolutionary Ecology ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Food Recognition ◽  
Gut Immunity ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
By Products

Drosophila melanogaster lives, breeds and feeds on fermenting fruit, an environment that supports a high density, and often a diversity, of microorganisms. This association with such dense microbe-rich environments has been proposed as a reason that D. melanogaster evolved a diverse and potent antimicrobial peptide (AMP) response to microorganisms, especially to combat potential pathogens that might occupy this niche. Yet, like most animals, D. melanogaster also lives in close association with the beneficial microbes that comprise its microbiota, or microbiome, and recent studies have shown that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of the epithelial immune response play an important role in dictating these interactions and controlling the host response to gut microbiota. Moreover, D. melanogaster also eats microbes for food, consuming fermentative microbes of decaying plant material and their by-products as both larvae and adults. The processes of nutrient acquisition and host defence are remarkably similar and use shared functions for microbe detection and response, an observation that has led to the proposal that the digestive and immune systems have a common evolutionary origin. In this manner, D. melanogaster provides a powerful model to understand how, and whether, hosts differentiate between the microbes they encounter across this spectrum of associations. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evolutionary ecology of arthropod antimicrobial peptides’.

Oxidative signalling in seed germination and early seedling growth: an emerging role for ROS trafficking and inter-organelle communication

2021 ◽  
Vol 478 (10) ◽  
pp. 1977-1984
Author(s):  
Christophe Bailly ◽  
Livia Merendino
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Cell Compartments ◽  
Ros Homeostasis ◽  
Retrograde Signalling ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Organelle Communication

Underground early development of higher plants includes two distinct developmental processes, seed germination and then skotomorphogenesis, a mechanism which favours elongation of the hypocotyl and helps the seedling to find light. Interestingly, both processes, which are regulated by plant hormones, have been shown to depend on reactive oxygen species metabolism and to be related to mitochondrial retrograde signalling. Here we review the recent outcomes in this field of research and highlight the emerging role of ROS communication between organelles and cell compartments. We point out the role of mitochondria as an environmental and developmental sensor organelle that regulates ROS homeostasis and downstream events and we propose future directions of research that should help better understanding the roles of ROS in germination and seedling emergence.

Ionic homeostasis and subcellular element compartmentation

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-151
Author(s):  
Ann LeFurgey ◽  
Peter Ingram ◽  
J.J. Blum ◽  
M.C. Carney ◽  
L.A. Hawkey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Ionic Homeostasis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Cell Compartments ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Role Of Zn

Subcellular compartments commonly identified and analyzed by high resolution electron probe x-ray microanalysis (EPXMA) include mitochondria, cytoplasm and endoplasmic or sarcoplasmic reticulum. These organelles and cell regions are of primary importance in regulation of cell ionic homeostasis. Correlative structural-functional studies, based on the static probe method of EPXMA combined with biochemical and electrophysiological techniques, have focused on the role of these organelles, for example, in maintaining cell calcium homeostasis or in control of excitation-contraction coupling. New methods of real time quantitative x-ray imaging permit simultaneous examination of multiple cell compartments, especially those areas for which both membrane transport properties and element content are less well defined, e.g. nuclei including euchromatin and heterochromatin, lysosomes, mucous granules, storage vacuoles, microvilli. Investigations currently in progress have examined the role of Zn-containing polyphosphate vacuoles in the metabolism of Leishmania major, the distribution of Na, K, S and other elements during anoxia in kidney cell nuclel and lysosomes; the content and distribution of S and Ca in mucous granules of cystic fibrosis (CF) nasal epithelia; the uptake of cationic probes by mltochondria in cultured heart ceils; and the junctional sarcoplasmic retlculum (JSR) in frog skeletal muscle.

Physiological Role of Cyclic Electron Flow in Higher Plants

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Wei HUANG ◽  
Shi-Bao ZHANG ◽  
Kun-Fang CAO
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Electron Flow ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Cyclic Electron Flow

The Signaling Pathways in Nitric Oxide Production by Neutrophils Exposed to N-nitrosodimethylamine

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-199
Author(s):  
Wioletta Ratajczak-Wrona ◽  
Ewa Jablonska
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Human Neutrophils ◽  
No Production ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Inducible Nitric Oxide

Background: Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) play a crucial role in the innate immune system’s response to microbial pathogens through the release of reactive nitrogen species, including Nitric Oxide (NO). </P><P> Methods: In neutrophils, NO is produced by the inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), which is regulated by various signaling pathways and transcription factors. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a potential human carcinogen, affects immune cells. NDMA plays a major part in the growing incidence of cancers. Thanks to the increasing knowledge on the toxicological role of NDMA, the environmental factors that condition the exposure to this compound, especially its precursors- nitrates arouse wide concern. Results: In this article, we present a detailed summary of the molecular mechanisms of NDMA’s effect on the iNOS-dependent NO production in human neutrophils. Conclusion: This research contributes to a more complete understanding of the mechanisms that explain the changes that occur during nonspecific cellular responses to NDMA toxicity.

Understanding the Role of Chlorine and Ozone to Control Postharvest Diseases in Fruit and Vegetables: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-461
Author(s):  
Gabriela M. Baia ◽  
Otniel Freitas-Silva ◽  
Murillo F. Junior
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
By Products

Fruits and vegetables are foods that come into contact with various types of microorganisms from planting to their consumption. A lack or poor sanitation of these products after harvest can cause high losses due to deterioration and/ or pathogenic microorganisms. There are practically no post-harvest fungicides or bactericides with a broad spectrum of action that have no toxic residual effects and are safe. However, to minimize such problems, the use of sanitizers is an efficient device against these microorganisms. Chlorine is the most prevalent sanitizing agent because of its broad spectrum, low cost and well-established practices. However, the inevitable formation of disinfection by-products, such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), is considered one of the main threats to food safety. Alternative sanitizers, such as chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and ozone, are becoming popular as a substitute for traditional post-harvest treatments. Thus, this review addresses the use of chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ozone emphasizing aspects, such as usage, safe application, spectrum of action and legislation. In order to ensure the quality and safety of final products, the adoption of well-prepared sanitation and sanitation programs for post-harvest fruits and vegetables is essential.

scholarly journals Histomorphological Assessment of Formalin versus Nonformalin Fixatives in Diagnostic Surgical Pathology

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (04) ◽  
pp. 271-275
Author(s):  
Jayaprakash Kubalady Shetty ◽  
Hannah Fathima Babu ◽  
Kishan Prasad Hosapatna Laxminarayana
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Alcohol ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Tissue Architecture ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Diagnostic Pathology ◽  
Rapid Fixation ◽  
Chromatin Texture ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Potential Human Health

Abstract Introduction Fixation is the critical step in the preservation of tissues in diagnostic pathology. The formalin is an economical and excellent fixative with the inherent property of adequate fixation. The well-established side effects of formalin include mucosal irritation, upper respiratory diseases, and corrosive injury to the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, substantial evidence exists regarding the potential role of formaldehyde as a human carcinogen. The carcinogenic and toxic effects of formalin encourage searching for alternative fixatives for tissue fixation. However, “the formalin dogma” has severely hampered the search for alternative fixatives for many years. Material and Methods Ninety tissues of liver and skeletal muscle obtained during autopsies were immersed in adequate amounts of the following fixatives: formalin (10%), methyl alcohol (70%), and acetone (100%). The comparison among the three was made based on time for fixation, preservation of tissue architecture, cell borders, cytoplasm, nuclear contours, chromatin texture, and uniformity of staining. Results The tissue preserved in formalin undergoes rapid fixation compared with alcohol and acetone. The tissue architecture, cell border characteristics of alcohol and acetone was found satisfactory compared with formalin. The cytoplasm and nuclear contour were superior with the formalin. The chromatin texture and uniformity of staining were similar with all the three fixatives. Conclusion The formalin is considered superior to most of the parameters, whereas both methyl alcohol and acetone showed nearly equivalent scores. Hence, owing to the potential human health hazards and carcinogenicity of formalin, no rational reasons hamper the complete substitution of formalin with alternative fixatives such as alcohol and acetone in diagnostic pathology and medical research.

scholarly journals Stoichiometric Analysis of Shifting in Subcellular Compartmentalization of HSP70 within Ischemic Penumbra

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 3578
Author(s):  
Federica Mastroiacovo ◽  
Francesca Biagioni ◽  
Paola Lenzi ◽  
Larisa Ryskalin ◽  
Stefano Puglisi-Allegra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Neuronal Survival ◽  
Hsp 70 ◽  
Preclinical Models ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Cell Compartments ◽  
Control Brain ◽  
Disease Modifier ◽  
Subcellular Compartmentalization

The heat shock protein (HSP) 70 is considered the main hallmark in preclinical studies to stain the peri-infarct region defined area penumbra in preclinical models of brain ischemia. This protein is also considered as a potential disease modifier, which may improve the outcome of ischemic damage. In fact, the molecule HSP70 acts as a chaperonine being able to impact at several level the homeostasis of neurons. Despite being used routinely to stain area penumbra in light microscopy, the subcellular placement of this protein within area penumbra neurons, to our knowledge, remains undefined. This is key mostly when considering studies aimed at deciphering the functional role of this protein as a determinant of neuronal survival. The general subcellular placement of HSP70 was grossly reported in studies using confocal microscopy, although no direct visualization of this molecule at electron microscopy was carried out. The present study aims to provide a direct evidence of HSP70 within various subcellular compartments. In detail, by using ultrastructural morphometry to quantify HSP70 stoichiometrically detected by immuno-gold within specific organelles we could compare the compartmentalization of the molecule within area penumbra compared with control brain areas. The study indicates that two cell compartments in control conditions own a high density of HSP70, cytosolic vacuoles and mitochondria. In these organelles, HSP70 is present in amount exceeding several-fold the presence in the cytosol. Remarkably, within area penumbra a loss of such a specific polarization is documented. This leads to the depletion of HSP70 from mitochondria and mostly cell vacuoles. Such an effect is expected to lead to significant variations in the ability of HSP70 to exert its physiological roles. The present findings, beyond defining the neuronal compartmentalization of HSP70 within area penumbra may lead to a better comprehension of its beneficial/detrimental role in promoting neuronal survival.

scholarly journals Recapitulation of the Function and Role of ROS Generated in Response to Heat Stress in Plants

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 371
Author(s):  
Emily Medina ◽  
Su-Hwa Kim ◽  
Miriam Yun ◽  
Won-Gyu Choi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Signaling Molecule ◽  
Signaling Systems ◽  
Cell Compartments ◽  
Tropical Area

In natural ecosystems, plants are constantly exposed to changes in their surroundings as they grow, caused by a lifestyle that requires them to live where their seeds fall. Thus, plants strive to adapt and respond to changes in their exposed environment that change every moment. Heat stress that naturally occurs when plants grow in the summer or a tropical area adversely affects plants’ growth and poses a risk to plant development. When plants are subjected to heat stress, they recognize heat stress and respond using highly complex intracellular signaling systems such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS was previously considered a byproduct that impairs plant growth. However, in recent studies, ROS gained attention for its function as a signaling molecule when plants respond to environmental stresses such as heat stress. In particular, ROS, produced in response to heat stress in various plant cell compartments such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, plays a crucial role as a signaling molecule that promotes plant growth and triggers subsequent downstream reactions. Therefore, this review aims to address the latest research trends and understandings, focusing on the function and role of ROS in responding and adapting plants to heat stress.

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