The Response of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) to Soil Moisture and Heat Stress Under Different Dates of Sowing and Foliar Application of Micronutrients

Soil moisture and air temperature stress are the two major abiotic factors limiting lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) growth and productivity in the humid tropics. Field experiments were conducted during winter seasons (November to March) of 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 on clay loam soil (AericHaplaquept) of Eastern India to cultivate rainfed lentil, with residual moisture. The objective was to study the effect of different time of sowing and foliar spray of micronutrients in ameliorating the effect of heat and moisture stress lentil crop experience in its reproductive stage. The study was conducted with two different dates of sowing, November and December, as main plot treatment and micronutrients foliar spray of boron, iron, and zinc either alone or in combination as subplot treatment. No foliar spray treatment was considered as a control. The soil moisture content is depleted from 38 to 18% (sowing to harvest) during November sowing; however, in December sowing, the depletion is from 30 to 15%. The foliar spray of micronutrients helped to have a better canopy cover and thus reduced soil evaporation during the later stages of crop growth when the temperature was beyond the threshold temperature of the crop. Crop growth rate (CGR) and biomass were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) for November sown crop and with foliar spray of boron and iron (FSB + FE) micronutrients. In the later stages of the crop when the soil moisture started depleting with no precipitation, the canopy temperature increased compared with air temperature, leading to positive values of Stress Degree Days (SDD) index. Delay in sowing reduced the duration by 11.4 days (113.5 vs. 102.1 days), resulting in varied accumulated Growing Degree Days (GDD). FSB + FE resulted in the highest yield in both years (1,436 and 1,439 kg ha−1). The results of the study concluded that the optimum time of sowing and foliar spray of micronutrients may be helpful to alleviate the soil moisture and heat stress for the sustainability of lentil production in the subtropical region.

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Influence of meteorological parameters on wheat yield under different sowing conditions

MAUSAM ◽

10.54302/mausam.v73i1.5089 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

pp. 161-172

Author(s):

ANANTA VASHISTH ◽

DEBASISH ROY ◽

AVINASH GOYAL ◽

P. KRISHNAN

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Soil Temperature ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Weather Condition ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Crop Growth ◽

Leaf Water ◽

Growth Stages

Field experiments were conducted on the research farm of IARI, New Delhi during Rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18. Three varieties of wheat (PBW-723, HD-2967 and HD-3086) were sown on three different dates for generating different weather condition during various phenological stages of crop. Results showed that during early crop growth stages soil moisture had higher value and soil temperature had lower value and with progress of crop growth stage, the moisture in the upper layer decreased and soil temperature increased significantly as compared to the bottom layers. During tillering and jointing stage, air temperature within canopy was more and relative humidity was less while during flowering and grain filling stage, air temperature within canopy was less and relative humidity was more in timely sown crop as compared to late and very late sown crop. Radiation use efficiency and relative leaf water content had significantly higher value while leaf water potential had lower value in timely sown crop followed by late and very late sown crop. Yield had higher value in HD-3086 followed by HD-2967 and PBW-723 in all weather conditions. Canopy air temperature difference had positive value in very late sown crop particularly during flowering and grain-filling stages. This reflects in the yield. Yield was more in timely sown crop as compared to late and very late sown crop.

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Canopy temperature and heat stress are increased by compound high air temperature and water stress and reduced by irrigation – a modeling analysis

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ◽

10.5194/hess-25-1411-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 1411-1423 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiangyu Luan ◽

Giulia Vico

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Water Stress ◽

Water Potential ◽

Soil Water ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Water Availability ◽

Plant Traits ◽

Soil Water Potential ◽

Canopy Temperature ◽

Threshold Temperature

Abstract. Crop yield is reduced by heat and water stress and even more when these conditions co-occur. Yet, compound effects of air temperature and water availability on crop heat stress are poorly quantified. Existing crop models, by relying at least partially on empirical functions, cannot account for the feedbacks of plant traits and response to heat and water stress on canopy temperature. We developed a fully mechanistic model, coupling crop energy and water balances, to determine canopy temperature as a function of plant traits, stochastic environmental conditions, and irrigation applications. While general, the model was parameterized for wheat. Canopy temperature largely followed air temperature under well-watered conditions. But, when soil water potential was more negative than −0.14 MPa, further reductions in soil water availability led to a rapid rise in canopy temperature – up to 10 ∘C warmer than air at soil water potential of −0.62 MPa. More intermittent precipitation led to higher canopy temperatures and longer periods of potentially damaging crop canopy temperatures. Irrigation applications aimed at keeping crops under well-watered conditions could reduce canopy temperature but in most cases were unable to maintain it below the threshold temperature for potential heat damage; the benefits of irrigation in terms of reduction of canopy temperature decreased as average air temperature increased. Hence, irrigation is only a partial solution to adapt to warmer and drier climates.

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Canopy temperature and heat stress are increased by compound high air temperature and water stress, and reduced by irrigation – A modeling analysis

10.5194/hess-2020-549 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xiangyu Luan ◽

Giulia Vico

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Water Stress ◽

Water Potential ◽

Soil Water ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Water Availability ◽

Plant Traits ◽

Soil Water Potential ◽

Canopy Temperature ◽

Threshold Temperature

Abstract. Crop yield is reduced by heat and water stress, and even more when they co-occur. Yet, compound effects of air temperature and water availability on crop heat stress are poorly quantified: crop models, by relying at least partially on empirical functions, cannot account for the feedbacks of plant traits and response to heat and water stress on canopy temperature. We developed a fully mechanistic model coupling crop energy and water balances, to determine canopy temperature as a function of plant traits, stochastic environmental conditions and their variability; and irrigation applications. While general, the model was parameterized for wheat. Canopy temperature largely followed air temperature under well-watered conditions; but when soil water potential was more negative than −0.14 MPa, further reductions in soil water availability led to a rapid rise in canopy temperature – up to 10 °C warmer than air at soil water potential of −0.62 MPa. More intermittent precipitation led to higher canopy temperatures and longer periods of potentially damaging crop canopy temperatures. Irrigation applications aimed at keeping crops under well-watered conditions could reduce canopy temperature, but in most cases were unable to maintain it below the threshold temperature for potential heat damage; the benefits of irrigation became smaller as average air temperature increased. Hence, irrigation is only a partial solution to adapt to warmer and drier climates.

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An Inventory of Ferns (Pteridophyta) in Plantation PTPN Nusantara 3 Rantau Prapat District Labuhanbatu

Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) Humanities and Social Sciences ◽

10.33258/birci.v4i2.2030 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 3122-3128

Author(s):

Jahot Tua Situmorang ◽

Rosmidah Hasibuan

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Rubber Plantation ◽

Rubber Plantations

PTPN Nusantara 3 is one of the Companies engaged in the field of Rubber plantations and Palm oil that has a wide 9.150,80 ha. Rubber plantation PTPN Nusantara 3 Rantau Prapat is one area that there are many ferns. Ferns (Pteridophyta) are most commonly found in the area of rubber Plantation PTPN Nusantara 3 Rantau Prapat District Labuhanbatu is a family Dryopteridaceaese lot of 6 species, namely Nephrolepisbiserrata, Nephrolepiscor difolia, Nephrolepi sexaltata, Nephrolepissp, Ploecnemia irregularis and Stenochlaenae palustris. Based on the results of research conducted by researchers on 03-May-11 May 2021 in the rubber Plantation PTPN Nusantara 3 Rantau Prapat District Labuhanbatu, researchers found 7 famili ferns (Pteridophyta), namely Aspleniaceae, Blechnaceae, Davalliaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Lycopodiaceae, Polypodiaceae, with 17 species of ferns (Pteridophyta). Abiotic factors that can affect the growth of the nail is different because according to his needs, namely air temperature 29C-32 C while the soil moisture that is up 7.9%-69% and the pH of the soil ranged from 8.00 8,90.

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Efficacy of calcium chloride and arginine foliar spray in alleviating terminal heat stress in late-sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s002185961900087x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 157 (6) ◽

pp. 537-549

Author(s):

A. Roy Chowdhury ◽

M. Ghosh ◽

M. Lal ◽

A. Pal ◽

K. K. Hazra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Calcium Chloride ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Flag Leaf ◽

Plant Stress ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Synthetic Compounds ◽

Terminal Heat Stress

AbstractTerminal heat stress leads to sizeable yield loss in late-sown wheat in tropical environments. Several synthetic compounds are known to counteract plant stress emanating from abiotic factors. A field experiment was conducted in Sabour (eastern India) during 2013–2016 to investigate the field efficacy of two synthetic compounds, calcium chloride (CaCl2) and arginine, for improving grain yield of two contrasting wheat cultivars (DBW 14 and K 307) facing terminal heat stress. For this, foliar spray of 18.0 mM CaCl2 at booting (CCB) or anthesis (CCA), 9.0 mM CaCl2 at both booting and anthesis (CCB+A), 2.5 mM arginine at booting (ARGB) or anthesis (ARGA) and 1.25 mM arginine at both booting and anthesis (ARGB+A) treatments along with no-spray and water-spray treatments were evaluated in late-sown wheat. The highest grain yield was recorded in treatment CCB+A, followed by CCA and ARGB+A. However, the effect of these compounds was marginal on grain yield when applied only at the booting stage. Grains/ear and thousand-grain weight were found to be the critical determinants for yield in late-sown wheat. During the anthesis to grain filling period, flag-leaf chlorophyll degradation and increase in relative permeability in no-spray treatment were 34–36% and 29–52%, respectively, but these values were reduced considerably in CCB+A treatment followed CCA. Thus, foliar spray of 9.0 mM CaCl2 both at booting and anthesis stages may be recommended for alleviating the negative impacts of terminal heat stress in late-sown wheat and improving its productivity (>13%).

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RESPONSE OF CABBAGE GROWN NORTH OF LATITUDE 60°N TO PLASTIC MULCH, RIDGING, AND ROW ORIENTATION

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps71-003 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 17-20

Author(s):

G. H. GUBBELS

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Soil Temperature ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Crop Growth ◽

Plastic Mulch ◽

Polyethylene Mulch ◽

East West ◽

Double Ridge

The effects of clear polyethylene mulch, soil ridges, and row orientation on soil temperature, soil moisture and crop growth were studied in field experiments north of latitude 60°, with cabbage as the test crop. Mulch increased soil temperature and cabbage yield regardless of ridge type and row orientation. Soil temperature differences between mulched plots were small at 8:00 a.m. but large at 3:30 p.m. The highest temperatures at 3:30 p.m. were obtained in the even-ridge, followed in decreasing order by uneven-ridge, no-ridge and double-ridge treatments. Soil moisture levels were lower in the mulched single-ridge plots than in the mulched double-ridge and no-ridged plots. No differences were found between single ridges running north—south and single ridges running east—west.

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Effect of Straw Mulch and Irrigation on Sunflower and Maize Cultivation in No Tillage Systems of Coastal Heavy Soils

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2019036145 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 145

Author(s):

Khokan Kumer Sarker ◽

SK Shamshul Alam Kamar ◽

Md. Anower Hossain ◽

Mohammad Mainuddin ◽

Richard W. Bell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Rice Straw ◽

Osmotic Potential ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Management Practice ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

Crop Growth ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Irrigation Frequency

Three constraints affect the growth of crops in the Rabi (dry) season in southern Bangladesh: these are the clay nature of the soils which decreases the infiltration of water, the conserving of soil moisture with the increasingly dry conditions and the accumulation of salts on the soil surface through capillary from saline groundwater. Field experiments were conducted in the salt-affected areas of southern Bangladesh. The objectives of the study were to: (i) evaluate the effect of straw and irrigation frequency on crop growth and yield in maize and sunflower, and (ii) determine the combined effect of straw and irrigation frequency on the salinity, osmotic potential and moisture of soils. The experiment was carried out in farmers’ fields with eight treatments and was replicated three times during the dry (rabi) season of 2018–2019. There were two rice straw treatments (with or without straw), and 4 irrigation frequencies (at intervals of 5–7,10–12,15–17 or 20–25 days). Maize and sunflower seeds were sown by dibbling in no-tilled systems. The results showed that rice straw significantly affected the crop growth and yield, increasing the yield of maize and sunflower by 22% and 4.3% compared to treatments of without residue. The irrigation treatments also significantly affected crop yields. There was no interaction between straw levels and irrigation. The causes of these effects appeared to be improved water relations: rice straw and more frequent irrigations both reduced the salinity and osmotic potential of soils compared with treatments without straw while the soil moisture was greater in rice straw treatments and increased with the increased soil layers. We conclude that straw mulching and irrigation management practice could be used in coastal saline of heavy soils to reduce soil salinity, osmotic potentials thereby increasing crop yields in no-tilled systems.

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Analisis Jenis Vegetasi Strata Tiang di Bukit Sulap Kota Lubuklinggau

BIOEDUSAINS Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi dan Sains ◽

10.31539/bioedusains.v2i1.641 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Merti Triyanti ◽

Destien Atmi Arisandy

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Vegetation Types ◽

Air Humidity ◽

Distance Method ◽

The Mean ◽

Quantitative Descriptive ◽

Important Value Index

The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of stratum vegetation in Sulap City, Lubuklinggau City based on composition, density of vegetation types and to know abiotic factors for stratum vegetation in Sulap Hill, Lubuklinggau City. This type of research is quantitative descriptive. The method used is the distance method (Centered Quarter Point). The population in this study were all species of stratum vegetation in the Bukit Sulap vegetation in Lubuklinggau City. The analysis used is in the form of density, frequency, dominance, important value index, and diversity index. The results of the study, obtained data in the study area A found 16 species of pole strata. In the study area B, 14 species of stratum were obtained, whereas in the study area C, 24 species of stratum were found. Measured abiotic factors are the air temperature in the Sulap Hill of Lubuklinggau City ranging from 28.30C - 300C with air humidity of 86% - 93%. Soil moisture ranges from 8-17 while the acidity (pH) of the soil ranges from 6.3 to 6.7. Conclusion, the mean of the Important Value Index (INP) in the Pole strata in the areas of study A, B, and C respectively is ketapang, starfruit, and coffee. Keywords: analysis, vegetation, pole strata, magic hill

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The effect of soil-moisture on human heat stress during hot spells

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-11530 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hendrik Wouters ◽

Diego G. Miralles ◽

Jessica Keune ◽

Irina Y. Petrova ◽

Adriaan J. Teuling ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Heat Stress ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Land Surface ◽

Large Scale ◽

Detrimental Effect ◽

Mechanistic Model ◽

Air Entrainment ◽

Air Humidity ◽

Hot Spells

Hot extremes are typically instigated by a combination of favorable large-scale conditions and positive land surface feedbacks: as heatwaves evolve, the soil dries out and the decreased evaporation is accompanied by further heating of the atmosphere. Extreme high temperatures are known to cause increased mortality, and thus dry soils are typically thought to be associated with higher risk for human health. However, empirical studies indicate that health-threatening consequences and overall human discomfort during heatwaves not only depend on air temperature, but on air humidity as well. Drying soils are expected to reduce air humidity, which may &#8212; to a yet-unknown degree &#8212; offset the detrimental effect of soil dryness on increased temperatures in what relates to human heat discomfort. Here, we provide observational evidence for the role of anomalies in soil moisture on heat stress worldwide. We use a novel framework that combines weather balloons, reanalysis and satellite data with a mechanistic model of the atmospheric boundary layer. The health-threatening nature of hot spells is diagnosed by adopting a definition based on the concept of wet-bulb temperature and findings from recent meta-analysis of global human lethal impact data. Results indicate that the detrimental effect of drying soils on air temperature is overcompensated by the beneficial effect on reduced air humidity, which is partly related to the enhanced dry air entrainment. These findings can be used to design climate change adaptation strategies, being aware that ongoing trends in land and atmospheric dryness will impact human heat stress during future heatwaves.

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The diversity of Bryophytes in Nenek Hills, Natural Tourism Park of Mount Permisan, South Bangka Regency

Jurnal Biologi Udayana ◽

10.24843/jbiounud.2021.v25.i02.p05 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 137

Author(s):

Henri Henri ◽

Rusidi Rusidi ◽

Ratna Santi

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Light Intensity ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Soil Acidity ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

High Humidity ◽

A Value ◽

High Soil

The mosses growth is generally influenced by temperature, habitat humidity, light intensity, and soil acidity. This study aimed to determine the level of diversity of bryophytes species on various substrates in the Nenek Hills Natural Tourism Park of Mount Permisan, South Bangka Regency. The methods used in this study were exploration and observation. The results of this study are the types of mosses (Bryophytes) found Nenek Hills Natural Tourism Park of Mount Permisan, South Bangka Regency, are from the families Calymperaceae, Dicranaceae, Fissidentaceae, Leucobryaceae, Rhizogoniaceae, Sematophylaceae, Calypogeiaceae, Geocalyceae, Lejeuneaceae, Lepidoziaceae and Plagiochilaceae. The dominating family is Leucobryaceae, Lejeuneaceae and Calymperaceae. The type of substrate that moss prefers to grow is rock. Abiotic factors consist of light intensity with a value of 0,2-7,2 Klx (low), air temperature with a value of 25-29°C (medium-high), humidity with a value of 34-68% (medium-high), soil acidity with a value of 5,9-6,9 (slightly-neutral) and soil moisture with a value of 52-65% (moist).

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