scholarly journals Shade Avoidance 3 Mediates Crosstalk Between Shade and Nitrogen in Arabidopsis Leaf Development

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin-Yue Yang ◽  
Zhong-Wei Zhang ◽  
Yu-Fan Fu ◽  
Ling-Yang Feng ◽  
Meng-Xia Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Nitrogen Assimilation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Shade Avoidance ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Shade Treatment ◽  
Chlorophyll Accumulation ◽  
N Treatment ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments ◽  
Auxin Accumulation

After nitrogen treatments, plant leaves become narrower and thicker, and the chlorophyll content increases. However, the molecular mechanisms behind these regulations remain unknown. Here, we found that the changes in leaf width and thickness were largely compromised in the shade avoidance 3 (sav3) mutant. The SAV3 gene encodes an amino-transferase in the auxin biosynthesis pathway. Thus, the crosstalk between shade and nitrogen in Arabidopsis leaf development was investigated. Both hypocotyl elongation and leaf expansion promoted by the shade treatment were reduced by the high-N treatment; high-N-induced leaf narrowing and thickening were reduced by the shade treatment; and all of these developmental changes were largely compromised in the sav3 mutant. Shade treatment promoted SAV3 expression, while high-N treatment repressed SAV3 expression, which then increased or decreased auxin accumulation in cotyledons/leaves, respectively. SAV3 also regulates chlorophyll accumulation and nitrogen assimilation and thus may function as a master switch responsive to multiple environmental stimuli.

scholarly journals Advances in 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Priming to Enhance Plant Tolerance to Abiotic Stress

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 702
Author(s):  
Shuya Tan ◽  
Jie Cao ◽  
Xinli Xia ◽  
Zhonghai Li
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Nitrogen Assimilation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Aminolevulinic Acid ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Forward Genetics ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Defense Priming ◽  
Made In

Priming is an adaptive strategy that improves plant defenses against biotic and abiotic stresses. Stimuli from chemicals, abiotic cues, and pathogens can trigger the establishment of priming state. Priming with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a potential plant growth regulator, can enhance plant tolerance to the subsequent abiotic stresses, including salinity, drought, heat, cold, and UV-B. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the remarkable effects of ALA priming on plant physiology remain to be elucidated. Here, we summarize recent progress made in the stress tolerance conferred by ALA priming in plants and provide the underlying molecular and physiology mechanisms of this phenomenon. Priming with ALA results in changes at the physiological, transcriptional, metabolic, and epigenetic levels, and enhances photosynthesis and antioxidant capacity, as well as nitrogen assimilation, which in turn increases the resistance of abiotic stresses. However, the signaling pathway of ALA, including receptors as well as key components, is currently unknown, which hinders the deeper understanding of the defense priming caused by ALA. In the future, there is an urgent need to reveal the molecular mechanisms by which ALA regulates plant development and enhances plant defense with the help of forward genetics, multi-omics technologies, as well as genome editing technology.

scholarly journals Dissecting Adaptation Mechanisms to Contrasting Solar Irradiance in the Mediterranean Shrub Cistus incanus

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 3599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Sebastiani ◽  
Sara Torre ◽  
Antonella Gori ◽  
Cecilia Brunetti ◽  
Mauro Centritto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Shade Avoidance ◽  
Environmental Pressures ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Mediterranean Plants ◽  
Psii Photochemistry ◽  
The Stability

Molecular mechanisms that are the base of the strategies adopted by Mediterranean plants to cope with the challenges imposed by limited or excessive solar radiation during the summer season have received limited attention. In our study, conducted on C. incanus plants growing in the shade or in full sunlight, we performed measurements of relevant physiological traits, such as leaf water potential, gas exchange and PSII photochemistry, RNA-Seq with de-novo assembly, and the analysis of differentially expressed genes. We also identified and quantified photosynthetic pigments, abscisic acid, and flavonoids. Here, we show major mechanisms regulating light perception and signaling which, in turn, sustain the shade avoidance syndrome displayed by the ‘sun loving’ C. incanus. We offer clear evidence of the detrimental effects of excessive light on both the assembly and the stability of PSII, and the activation of a suite of both repair and effective antioxidant mechanisms in sun-adapted leaves. For instance, our study supports the view of major antioxidant functions of zeaxanthin in sunny plants concomitantly challenged by severe drought stress. Finally, our study confirms the multiple functions served by flavonoids, both flavonols and flavanols, in the adaptive mechanisms of plants to the environmental pressures associated to Mediterranean climate.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms Governing Shade Responses in Maize

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingbiao Shi ◽  
Fanying Kong ◽  
Haisen Zhang ◽  
Yu’e Jiang ◽  
Siqi Heng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Shade Avoidance ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Transcriptional Dynamics ◽  
Enhanced Expression ◽  
Maize Genetics

AbstractLight is one of the most important environmental factors affecting plant growth and development. Plants use shade avoidance and shade tolerance strategies to adjust their growth and development thus increase their success in the competition for incoming light. To investigate the mechanism of shade responses in maize (Zea mays), we examined the anatomical and transcriptional dynamics of the early shade response in seedlings of the B73 inbred line. Transcriptome analysis identified 912 differentially expressed genes, including genes involved in light signaling, auxin responses, and cell elongation pathways. Grouping transcription factor family genes and performing enrichment analysis identified multiple types of transcription factors that are differentially regulated by shade and predicted putative core genes responsible for regulating shade avoidance syndrome. For functional tests, we ectopically over-expressed ZmHB53, a type II HD-ZIP transcription factor gene significantly induced by shade, in Arabidopsis thaliana. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing ZmHB53 exhibited narrower leaves, earlier flowering, and enhanced expression of shade-responsive genes, suggesting that ZmHB53 participates in the regulation of shade responses in maize. This study increases our understanding of the regulatory network of the shade response in maize and provides a useful resource for maize genetics and breeding.HighlightOur findings not only increase the understanding of the regulatory network of the shade avoidance in maize, and also provide a useful resource for maize genetics and breeding.

scholarly journals Riddled with holes: Understanding air space formation in plant leaves

PLoS Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. e3001475
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Whitewoods
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Fundamental Aspect ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Air Space ◽  
The Face ◽  
Complex Chemistry ◽  
Light Capture ◽  
Complex Organic ◽  
Key Questions

Plants use energy from sunlight to transform carbon dioxide from the air into complex organic molecules, ultimately producing much of the food we eat. To make this complex chemistry more efficient, plant leaves are intricately constructed in 3 dimensions: They are flat to maximise light capture and contain extensive internal air spaces to increase gas exchange for photosynthesis. Many years of work has built up an understanding of how leaves form flat blades, but the molecular mechanisms that control air space formation are poorly understood. Here, I review our current understanding of air space formation and outline how recent advances can be harnessed to answer key questions and take the field forward. Increasing our understanding of plant air spaces will not only allow us to understand a fundamental aspect of plant development, but also unlock the potential to engineer the internal structure of crops to make them more efficient at photosynthesis with lower water requirements and more resilient in the face of a changing environment.

scholarly journals LsAP2 regulates leaf morphology by inhibiting CIN-like TCP transcription factors and repressing LsKAN2 in lettuce

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Luo ◽  
Shenglin Wang ◽  
Kang Ning ◽  
Zijing Chen ◽  
Yixin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Yield ◽  
Leaf Size And Shape

AbstractLeaf size and flatness directly affect photosynthesis and are closely related to agricultural yield. The final leaf size and shape are coordinately determined by cell proliferation, differentiation, and expansion during leaf development. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is one of the most important leafy vegetables worldwide, and lettuce leaves vary in shape and size. However, the molecular mechanisms of leaf development in lettuce are largely unknown. In this study, we showed that the lettuce APETALA2 (LsAP2) gene regulates leaf morphology. LsAP2 encodes a transcriptional repressor that contains the conserved EAR motif, which mediates interactions with the TOPLESS/TOPLESS-RELATED (TPL/TPR) corepressors. Overexpression of LsAP2 led to small and crinkly leaves, and many bulges were seen on the surface of the leaf blade. LsAP2 physically interacted with the CINCINNATA (CIN)-like TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) transcription factors and inhibited their transcriptional activation activity. RNA sequencing analysis showed that LsAP2 affected the expression of auxin- and polarity-related genes. In addition, LsAP2 directly repressed the abaxial identity gene KANADI2 (LsKAN2). Together, these results indicate that LsAP2 regulates leaf morphology by inhibiting CIN-like TCP transcription factors and repressing LsKAN2, and our work provides insights into the regulatory mechanisms of leaf development in lettuce.

scholarly journals Carbon/nitrogen homeostasis control in cyanobacteria

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Forchhammer ◽  
Khaled A Selim
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Nitrogen Assimilation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Energy State ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Main Emphasis ◽  
Tight Linkage ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
Synechocystis Sp

ABSTRACT Carbon/nitrogen (C/N) balance sensing is a key requirement for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Therefore, cyanobacteria have evolved a sophisticated signal transduction network targeting the metabolite 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG), the carbon skeleton for nitrogen assimilation. It serves as a status reporter for the cellular C/N balance that is sensed by transcription factors NtcA and NdhR and the versatile PII-signaling protein. The PII protein acts as a multitasking signal-integrating regulator, combining the 2-OG signal with the energy state of the cell through adenyl-nucleotide binding. Depending on these integrated signals, PII orchestrates metabolic activities in response to environmental changes through binding to various targets. In addition to 2-OG, other status reporter metabolites have recently been discovered, mainly indicating the carbon status of the cells. One of them is cAMP, which is sensed by the PII-like protein SbtB. The present review focuses, with a main emphasis on unicellular model strains Synechoccus elongatus and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, on the physiological framework of these complex regulatory loops, the tight linkage to metabolism and the molecular mechanisms governing the signaling processes.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic responses to aluminum stress in tea plant leaves

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danjuan Huang ◽  
Ziming Gong ◽  
Xun Chen ◽  
Hongjuan Wang ◽  
Rongrong Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Tea Plant ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Cellular Transport ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Aluminum Stress ◽  
Al Stress ◽  
High Level

AbstractTea plant (Camellia sinensis) is a well-known Al-accumulating plant, showing a high level of aluminum (Al) tolerance. However, the molecular mechanisms of Al tolerance and accumulation are poorly understood. We carried out transcriptome analysis of tea plant leaves in response to three different Al levels (0, 1, 4 mM, for 7 days). In total, 794, 829 and 585 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained in 4 mM Al vs. 1 mM Al, 0 Al vs. 1 mM Al, and 4 mM Al vs. 0 Al comparisons, respectively. Analysis of genes related to polysaccharide and cell wall metabolism, detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cellular transport, and signal transduction were involved in the Al stress response. Furthermore, the transcription factors such as zinc finger, myeloblastosis (MYB), and WRKY played a critical role in transcriptional regulation of genes associated with Al resistance in tea plant. In addition, the genes involved in phenolics biosynthesis and decomposition were overwhelmingly upregulated in the leaves treated with either 0 Al and 4 mM Al stress, indicating they may play an important role in Al tolerance. These results will further help us to understand mechanisms of Al stress and tolerance in tea plants regulated at the transcriptional level.

scholarly journals Elevated CO2 concentrations alter nitrogen metabolism and accelerate senescence in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants  

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 303-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. De la Mata ◽  
P. De la Haba ◽  
Alamillo JM ◽  
M. Pineda ◽  
E. Agüera
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Reductase ◽  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Nitrogen Assimilation ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Leaf Ontogeny ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Helianthus Annuus L ◽  
Accelerate Senescence

Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations were found to cause early senescence during leaf development in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants, probably by reducing nitrogen availability since key enzymes of nitrogen metabolism, including nitrate reductase (NR); glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), were affected. Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations significantly decreased the activity of nitrogen assimilation enzymes (NR and GS) and increased GDH deaminating activities. Moreover, they substantially rose the transcript levels of GS1 while lowering those of GS2. Increased atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations doubled the CO<sub>2</sub> fixation and increased transpiration rates, although these parameters decreased during leaf ontogeny. It can be concluded that elevated atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations alter enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, thereby boosting mobilization of nitrogen in leaves and triggering early senescence in sunflower plants.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document