Shade Avoidance 3 Mediates Crosstalk Between Shade and Nitrogen in Arabidopsis Leaf Development

After nitrogen treatments, plant leaves become narrower and thicker, and the chlorophyll content increases. However, the molecular mechanisms behind these regulations remain unknown. Here, we found that the changes in leaf width and thickness were largely compromised in the shade avoidance 3 (sav3) mutant. The SAV3 gene encodes an amino-transferase in the auxin biosynthesis pathway. Thus, the crosstalk between shade and nitrogen in Arabidopsis leaf development was investigated. Both hypocotyl elongation and leaf expansion promoted by the shade treatment were reduced by the high-N treatment; high-N-induced leaf narrowing and thickening were reduced by the shade treatment; and all of these developmental changes were largely compromised in the sav3 mutant. Shade treatment promoted SAV3 expression, while high-N treatment repressed SAV3 expression, which then increased or decreased auxin accumulation in cotyledons/leaves, respectively. SAV3 also regulates chlorophyll accumulation and nitrogen assimilation and thus may function as a master switch responsive to multiple environmental stimuli.

Effects of Light Intensity and Spectral Composition on the Transcriptome Profiles of Leaves in Shade Grown Tea Plants (Camellia sinensis L.) and Regulatory Network of Flavonoid Biosynthesis

Black net shade treatment attenuates flavonoid biosynthesis in tea plants, while the effect of light quality is still unclear. We investigated the flavonoid and transcriptome profiles of tea leaves under different light conditions, using black nets with different shade percentages, blue, yellow and red nets to alter the light intensity and light spectral composition in the fields. Flavonol glycosides are more sensitive to light intensity than catechins, with a reduction percentage of total flavonol glycosides up to 79.6% compared with 38.7% of total catechins under shade treatment. A total of 29,292 unigenes were identified, and the KEGG result indicated that flavonoid biosynthesis was regulated by both light intensity and light spectral composition while phytohormone signal transduction was modulated under blue net shade treatment. PAL, CHS, and F3H were transcriptionally downregulated with light intensity. Co-expression analysis showed the expressions of key transcription factors MYB12, MYB86, C1, MYB4, KTN80.4, and light signal perception and signaling genes (UVR8, HY5) had correlations with the contents of certain flavonoids (p < 0.05). The level of abscisic acid in tea leaves was elevated under shade treatment, with a negative correlation with TFG content (p < 0.05). This work provides a potential route of changing light intensity and spectral composition in the field to alter the compositions of flavor substances in tea leaves and regulate plant growth, which is instructive to the production of summer/autumn tea and matcha.

PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT KEMIRI (Aleurites moluccana L.WILLD) DI LAHAN TERBUKA SETELAH DIBERI PERLAKUAN NAUNGAN DI PERSEMAIAN

The purpose of this study was to analyze the growth of candlenut seeds (Aleurites moluccana L. Willd) in open land after being given shade treatment in the nursery. The method used for observing the growth of candlenut seedlings is a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The treatment in the nursery was shade levels consisting of 0%, 25%, 50% and 75%. Each treatment consisted of five samples and each treatment was repeated three times so that 4 × 5 × 3 = 60 seedlings were needed. Subsequent research was conducted on open land with 100% sunlight intensity. The parameters measured were height, diameter and number of leaves. Based on observations of candlenut seedlings in open land after being given shade treatment at the nursery for 12 weeks showed that the percentage of seedling life was 80%. The results of the variance analysis showed that the shade treatment significantly affected the growth of candlenut seedling height, but had no effect on the increase in diameter and the number of leaves.Keywords: Candlenut seedling growth; Open land; Shade

Effects of providing artificial shade to pregnant grazing beef heifers on vaginal temperature, growth, activity, and behavior

This experiment evaluated the effects of providing artificial shade during summer on activity, behavior, and growth performance of pregnant grazing beef heifers. Thirty-six black-hided Angus and Angus crossbred pregnant heifers [418 ± 9 kg body weight (BW); approximately 90 d of gestation] were stratified by breed, blocked by BW, and allocated to 12 ‘Pensacola’ bahiagrass pastures (Paspalum notatum Flüggé; 1.3 ha, n = 3 heifers/pasture) with or without access to artificial shade (SHADE vs. NO SHADE; 6 pastures each) for 7 wk during summer. The shade structures were composed of shade cloth (11 × 7.3 m length, 2.4 m height: 26.8 m 2 of shade per heifer). Shrunk BW was recorded on enrollment (d 0) and wk 7 (d 47), whereas full BW was obtained on wk 2 (d 14), 4 (d 28), and 6 (d 42) to assess average daily gain (ADG). Vaginal temperature was recorded for five consecutive days during wk 1, 3, 5, and 7 using an intravaginal digital thermo-logger, and individual GPS devices were used to quantify the use of shade for an 8-h period. Activity was monitored using automated monitoring devices (HR-LDn tags SCR Engineers Ltd., Netanya, Israel) through the experimental period. Vaginal temperature was lower (P &lt; 0.01) for heifers in the SHADE compared with heifers in the NO SHADE treatment from 1200 to 1600 h and 1100 to 1900 h for wk 1 and 3, respectively. Heifers in the SHADE treatment spent 70% of the 8-h period evaluated under the shaded structure. Provision of shade increased (P &lt; 0.01) daily lying time (11.4 ± 0.2 vs. 10.3 ± 0.2 h/d) and standing bouts per day (P &lt; 0.01; 12.6 ± 0.4 vs. 10.8 ± 0.4 bouts/d), whereas it reduced (P &lt; 0.01) standing bout duration (61.6 ± 3.0 vs. 82.9 ± 3.0 min/bout) relative to heifers without access to shade. The interaction between treatment and hour affected (P &lt; 0.01) daily rumination time because heifers with access to SHADE had greater rumination between 1000 and 1200 h. Although ADG tended (P = 0.08) to be greater for the heifers in the SHADE treatment (0.20 vs. -0.02 kg, respectively), the access to shade did not (P = 0.79) affect the final BW. In conclusion, providing artificial shade during summer to pregnant grazing beef heifers was effective in reducing vaginal temperatures and exerted changes in heifer behaviors that translated into slight improvements in growth performance.

Pertumbuhan dan produksi dua varietas selada (Lactuca sativa l.) pada berbagai tingkat naungan dengan metode hidroponik

ABSTRACT The study aims to determine the growth and production of two varieties of lettuce at various levels of shade by hydroponic methods. This research was done by using serie experiment by Randomized Block Design with 3 bloks. Treatment of varieties with 3 series groups on each shade treatment. The shade treatment consisted of four shaded treatment levels (N0), 50% Shade (N1), 60% Shade (N2), and 70% Shade (N3). every shade was tested 2 varieties of lettuce Romain Romain green varieties (V1) and Romain lettuce varieties Tiberius (V2). Parameters observed for plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh weight of plant, and dry weight of plant. The results showed that shade levels increased plant height in 50% and 60% shade, but decreased leaf number, leaf area, wet weight, and dry weight as shade level increased. Tiberius varieties produce higher plant height, leaf number, and wet weight significantly higher than Green Romain varieties. Keywords :Lettuce, shades, varieties, hydroponic ABSTRAK Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengkaji pertumbuhan dan produksi dua varietas selada pada berbagai tingkat naungan dengan metode hidroponik. Penelitian ini dilakukan percobaan seri dengan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 3 kelompok. Perlakuan varietas dengan 3 kelompok seri pada setiap perlakuan naungan. Perlakuan naungan terdiri dari empat taraf perlakuan yaitu tanpa naungan (N0), Naungan 50% (N1), Naungan 60% (N2), dan Naungan 70% (N3). Pada setiap naungan dicobakan 2 varietas selada yaitu selada Romain varietas Green Romain (V1) dan selada Romain varietas Tiberius (V2). Parameter yang diamati tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, luas daun, berat segar tanaman, dan berat kering tanaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat naungan menaikkan tinggi tanaman pada naungan 50% dan 60%, tetapi menurunkan jumlah daun, luas daun, berat basah, dan berat kering seiring dengan meningkatnya tingkat naungan. Varietas Tiberius menghasilkan tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, dan berat basah lebih tinggi secara signifikan dibandingkan varietas Green Romain. Kata kunci : Selada, naungan, varietas, hidroponik

Respon tanaman anggrek (Dendrobium sp.) terhadap pemberian paklobutrazol dan jenis naungan yang berbeda

ABSTRAK Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengkaji jenis naungan yang sesuai dan sasaran pemberian paklobutrazol yang tepat untuk pertumbuhan serta pembungaan anggrek Dendrobium sp. Penelitian menggunakan Pooled Design dengan perlakuan naungan : N1 (naungan 30%), N2 (naungan 50%), N3 (naungan 70%), serta cara pengaplikasian paklobutrazol : P0 (kontrol), P1 (disemprotkan pada akar), P2 (disemprotkan pada daun), P3 (disemprotkan pada akar dan daun), diulang sebanyak 3 kali. Parameter yang diamati meliputi tinggi tanaman, diameter batang, klorofil total, dan waktu inisiasi bunga anggrek. Data dianalisis ragam dan uji lanjut dengan BNT pada taraf α = 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa naungan 50% berpengaruh pada tinggi tanaman (26,97 cm) dan diameter batang (1,57 cm), naungan 70% juga berpengaruh terhadap tinggi tanaman anggrek (29,30 cm) dan klorofil total (0,55 mg/g). Paklobutrazol tidak memiliki pengaruh terhadap tinggi tanaman dan diameter batang. Paklobutrazol hanya berpengaruh terhadap kandungan klorofil total. Interaksi antara perlakuan naungan 70% dan pemberian paklobutrazol pada daun, menunjukkan kadar klorofil tertingi sebesar 0,71 mg/g. Faktor pemberian naungan dan paklobutrazol tidak mempengaruhi pembungaan anggrek, tapi inisiasi bunga mulai terlihat di beberapa tanaman. Waktu inisiasi bunga terjadi saat hari ke 71 – 126 setelah perlakuan. Semua inisiasi bunga tidak dapat berkembang menjadi rangkaian bunga. Kata kunci: anggrek, paklobutrazol, naungan, pertumbuhan, pembungaan. ABSTRACT The research aimed to examine the appropriate shade types and target of paclobutrazol giving for growth and flowering of Dendrobium sp. The research used Pooled Design with shade treatment: N1 (30% shade), N2 (50% shade), N3 (70% shade), treatment of paclobutrazol application: P0 (control), P1 (sprayed on roots), P2 (sprayed on leaf), P3 (sprayed on roots and leaf), replicated three times. Parameters measured were plant height, stem diameter, total chlorophyll, and the initiation time of orchid flowers. Data analyzed with anova and followed by LSD at α = 5%. The results showed that 50% shade affect plant height (26.97 cm) and stem diameter (1.57 cm), the 70% shade also affect plant height (29.30 cm) and total chlorophyll (0.55 mg/g). Paclobutrazol has no effect on plant height and stem diameter. Paclobutrazol only affect the total chlorophyll content. The interaction between the shade treatment of 70% and the application of paclobutrazol in leaves, showed the highest total chlorophyll content of 0.71 mg/g. Shading and paclobutrazol factors do not affect the flowering of orchids, but the flower initiation begins to be seen in some plants. The initiation time of flower occurs at days 71 to 126 after treatment. All flowers initiation didn’t develop into a flower arrangement. Keyword: orchid, shade, paclobutrazol, growth, flowering

Dampak Penggunaan Naungan Plastik Terhadap Profil Iklim Mikro Pada Budidaya Kentang Bibit (Solanum Tuberosum L) Varietas Granola Kelompok G0

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk (1) mengetahui profil iklim mikro pada naungan plastik dengan warna plastik berbeda dan (2) mengetahui warna plastik untuk naungan yang sesuai terhadap peningkatan kualitas kentang varietas granola G0. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap masing-masing terdiri dari empat perlakuan dan tiga ulangan, yaitu perlakuan tanpa naungan, perlakuan naungan plastik warna bening, perlakuan naungan plastik warna biru dan perlakuan naungan plastik warna merah. Untuk pengukuran iklim mikro digunakan alat temperature and humidity meter dan light meter. Pengukuran iklim mikro dilakukan seminggu sekali yaitu setiap pukul 12.00 WITA. Analisis data intensitas cahaya matahari dilakukan membuat gambar dalam naungan menggunakan metose garis kontur, sedangkan data hasil pengukuran suhu udara, suhu tanah, kelembaban dan variabel kualitas yang diperoleh diolah dengan menggunakan program komputer Microsoft Excel untuk memperoleh grafik, lalu dianalisis dengan metode deskiptif, dan dilanjutkan analisis menggunakan analisis sidik ragam (ANOVA). Hasil penelitian intensitas cahaya matahari menunjukkan kontur profil saat tanaman berusia 2 minggu profil sebaran naungan warna bening 975-1025 lux, naungan warna merah 675-725 lux, naungan warna biru 575-595 lux, sedangkan pada tanaman berusia 8 minggu naungan warna bening 100-800 lux, naungan warna merah 100-700 lux, dan naungan warna biru 100-400 lux. Rata-rata suhu udara tanpa naungan 26,20C, naungan bening 26,80C, naungan merah 26,60C, naungan biru 26,20C. Rata-rata kelembaban tanpa naungan 76%, naungan bening 77%, naungan merah 78%, naungan biru 79%. Perlakuan naungan bening menunjukkan kualitas terbaik yaitu rata-rata 4,4 umbi per pohon, rata-rata berat 257,6 gram per pohon dan rata-rata 1 umbi per pohon. Kata kunci: naungan plastik, kentang varietas granola G0, iklim mikro. The purpose of this study was to (1) determine the microclimate profile of plastic shade with different plastic colors and (2) find out the color of plastic for the appropriate shade to increase the quality of granola G0 potato varieties. This study used a completely randomized design, each consisting of four treatments and three replications, namely treatment without shade, transparent plastic shade treatment, blue plastic shade treatment and red plastic shade treatment. For microclimate measurement, the temperature and humidity meter and light meter are used. Microclimate measurement is done once a week, which is at 12.00 p.m. Analysis of sunlight intensity data was carried out to make profile image in the shade using metose contour lines, while the results of measurements of air temperature, soil temperature, humidity and quality variables obtained were processed using a Microsoft Excel computer program to obtain graphics, then analyzed using the deskiptive method and continued the analysis using variance analysis (ANOVA). The result of the intensity of sunlight is made profile countur, and the result of measurement of air temperature, soild temperature, moisture and variable quality is made graph. The results of the study of solar light intensity show the contour of the profile when the plant is two weeks old, the clear shade distribution profile is 975-1025 lux, the shade is read 675-725 lux, the shade is blue 575-595 lux, while in the eight week old plant, the clear shade is 100-800 lux, the shade is red 100-700 lux, and the shade is blue 100-400 lux. Average air temperature without shade 26,20C, clear shade 26,80C, red shade 26,60C, blue shade 26,20C, average moisture without shade 76%, clear shade 77%, red shade 78%, and blue shade 79%. The treatment of clear shade shows the best quality, that is an average of 4,4 tubers every single tree, average 257,6 grams every single tree and average of 1 tuber every single tree. Keyword : plastic sharps, potatoes varietas granola G0, microclimate

RESPON PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI KACANG HIJAU (VIGNA RADIATA L.) TERHADAP PERLAKUAN PERBEDAAN NAUNGAN

This research aimed to study the respond of the growth and production of green beans toward shade treatment. The research location is in Pentadio Timur, Telaga Biru Gorontalo, which was done for 3 months from Desember 2016 to Februari 2017. The research design is RAK or group randomized design, with four level of treatment, which is, P0 = without shade, P1 = 1 layer of paranet thickness treatment, P2 = 2 layer of paranet thickness treatment, P3 = 3 layer of paranet thickness treatment. These four treatments was repeated 3 times that obtains 12 trial plots. The data were analyzed through Anova with SAS data processing. The result of variant investigation analysis on BNT (P&lt;0.05) showed that different treatment of shade is significant to the parameters of number of leaves on the 8th week, number of branch on the 6th and 8th week. Meanwhile parameters of plant height, number of pods, and number of seeds per pods are not significantly different.

RESPON PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI KACANG HIJAU (VIGNA RADIATA L.) TERHADAP PERLAKUAN PERBEDAAN NAUNGAN

This research aimed to study the respond of the growth and production of green beans toward shade treatment. The research location is in Pentadio Timur, Telaga Biru Gorontalo, which was done for 3 months from Desember 2016 to Februari 2017. The research design is RAK or group randomized design, with four level of treatment, which is, P0 = without shade, P1 = 1 layer of paranet thickness treatment, P2 = 2 layer of paranet thickness treatment, P3 = 3 layer of paranet thickness treatment. These four treatments was repeated 3 times that obtains 12 trial plots. The data were analyzed through Anova with SAS data processing. The result of variant investigation analysis on BNT (P