scholarly journals Of Time Gals and Mega Men: Empirical Findings on Gender Differences in Digital Game Genre Preferences and the Accuracy of Respective Gender Stereotypes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin P. Lange ◽  
Peter Wühr ◽  
Sascha Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Digital Game ◽  
Moderate Size ◽  
Genre Preferences

We investigated the accuracy of gender stereotypes regarding digital game genre preferences. In Study 1, 484 female and male participants rated their preference for 17 game genres (gender differences). In Study 2, another sample of 226 participants rated the extent to which the same genres were presumably preferred by women or men (gender stereotypes). We then compared the results of both studies in order to determine the accuracy of the gender stereotypes. Study 1 revealed actual gender differences for most genres—mostly of moderate size. Study 2 revealed substantial gender stereotypes about genre preferences. When comparing the results from both studies, we found that gender stereotypes were accurate in direction for most genres. However, they were, to some degree, inaccurate in size: For most genres, gender stereotypes overestimated the actual gender difference with a moderate mean effect size.

scholarly journals POS0208 GENDER DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSE TO BIOLOGICALS. WOMEN FARE WORSE ACROSS INFLAMMATORY ARTHRITIS DISEASES - DATA FROM THE BIOREG

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 320.1-321
Author(s):  
E. Loibner ◽  
V. Ritschl ◽  
B. Leeb ◽  
P. Spellitz ◽  
G. Eichbauer-Sturm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Inflammatory Arthritis ◽  
Tnf Inhibitors ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
All Diseases

Background:Gender differences in prevalence and disease course are known in various rheumatic diseases; however, investigations of gender difference concerning therapeutical response have yielded variable results.Objectives:The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate, whether a gender difference in response rate to biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) and apremilast in bDMARD-naïve patients could be observed across the three most prevalent inflammatory arthritis diseases: rheumatoid arthritis (RA), spondylarthritis (SpA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Additionally, a response to individual TNF blockers was investigated in this respect.Methods:Data from bDMARD-naïve RA-, SpA- and PsA-patients from Bioreg, the Austrian registry for biological DMARDs in rheumatic diseases, were used. Patients with a baseline (Visit 1=V1) and follow-up visits at 6 months (Visit 2=V2) and 12 months (Visit 3=V3) were included and response to therapy with TNF-inhibitors (TNFi), furthermore to therapy with rituximab, tocilizumab and apremilast was analyzed according to gender. The remaining bDMARDs were not analyzed due to small numbers. Key response-parameter for RA was disease activity score (DAS28), whereas for PsoA the Stockerau Activity Score for Psoriatic Arthritis (SASPA) and for SpA the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) were employed; in addition, the Health assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) was used. Data were analyzed in R Statistic stratified by gender using Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests.Results:354 women and 123 men with RA (n=477), 81 women and 69 men with PsA (n=150), 121 women and 191 men with SpA (n=312) were included. No significant differences in biometrics was seen between female and male patients at baseline in all diseases.In RA patients overall DAS28 decreased from baseline (V1) to V2 and V3 (DAS28: V1: male: 4.38 [3.66, 5.11], female: 4.30 [3.68, 5.03], p(m/f) = 0.905; V2: male: 2.66 [1.73, 3.63], female: 3.10 [2.17, 3.98], p(m/f) = 0.015; V3: male: 2.25 [1.39, 3.36], female: 3.01 [1.87, 3.87], p(m/f) = 0.002). For TNF inhibitors (n=311), there was a significant difference between genders at V2 (Fig.1a). Patients receiving Rituximab (n=41) displayed a significantly higher DAS28 at baseline in females, which diminished in the follow up: V1: (p(m/f) p=0.002; V2: p=0.019; V3: p=0.13); response to tocilizumab (n=63) did not show any gender differences.In PsA patients overall SASPA decreased from baseline (V1) to V2 and V3 (SASPA: V1: male: 4.00 [2.80, 5.20], female: 4.40 [2.80, 5.80], p(m/f) = 0.399; V2: male: 2.20 [1.20, 3.50], female: 3.40 [2.00, 5.00], p(m/f) = 0.071; V3: male: 1.80 [0.80, 2.70], female: 3.01 [2.35, 4.80], p(m/f) = 0.001). For TNF inhibitors (n=79), there was a significant difference between genders at V3 (Fig 1a). For Apremilast (n=39), there was a significant difference between genders at V2 (Fig.1c).In SpA patients overall BASDAI decreased from baseline (V1) to V2 and V3 (BASDAI: V1: male: 4.70 [2.88, 6.18], female: 4.80 [3.30, 6.20], p(m/f) = 0.463; V2: male: 3.05 [2.00, 4.60], female: 3.64 [2.62, 5.41], p(m/f) = 0.039; V3: male: 3.02 [1.67, 4.20], female: 3.65 [2.18, 5.47], p(m/f) = 0.016). In V3 a differential BASDAI in response to TNFi (n=299) was observed (Fig.1a).Possible differences of response to individual TNFi (etanercept, infliximab, other TNFi) measured by HAQ were investigated in all diseases together. The difference between male and females was significant at baseline for all 3 TNFi; whereas with the use of ETA the significant difference was carried through to V2 and V3, it was lost with the use of IFX and was variable with the other TNFi (Fig.1b)Figure 1.Conclusion:Female patients showed a statistically lower response to TNFi in all three disease entities (RA, SpA and PsoA) to a variable degree in our homogenous central european population. Interestingly, the difference was not uniform across individual TNFi when measured by HAQ. Gender differences were also seen in response to Apremilast.Disclosure of Interests:Elisabeth Loibner: None declared, Valentin Ritschl: None declared, Burkhard Leeb Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Roche, MSD, Pfizer, Actiopharm, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Kwizda, Celgene, Sandoz, Grünenthal, Eli-Lilly, Grant/research support from: TRB, Roche, Consultancies: AbbVie, Amgen, Roche, MSD, Pfizer, Celgene, Grünenthal, Kwizda, Eli-Lilly, Novartis, Sandoz;, Peter Spellitz: None declared, Gabriela Eichbauer-Sturm: None declared, Jochen Zwerina: None declared, Manfred Herold: None declared, Miriam Stetter: None declared, Rudolf Puchner Speakers bureau: AbbVie, BMS, Janssen, Kwizda, MSD, Pfizer, Celgene, Grünenthal, Eli-Lilly, Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, Pfizer, Celgene, Grünenthal, Eli-Lilly, Franz Singer: None declared, Ruth Fritsch-Stork: None declared

scholarly journals In-group, out-group effects in distributional preferences: the case of gender

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarek Jaber-Lopez ◽  
Alexandra Baier ◽  
Brent J. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Equivalence Test ◽  
Distributional Preferences ◽  
Same Gender ◽  
Gender Interactions ◽  
Opposite Gender ◽  
Group Effects

AbstractWe examine gender differences when eliciting distributional preferences as conducted by the Equality Equivalence Test, which has the ability to classify subjects into preferences types. Preferences are elicited when individuals interact with an individual of the same gender and with an individual of the opposite gender. We find elicited preferences are robust across both in-group (same gender) and out-group (opposite gender) interactions. When analyzing the intensity of benevolence (or malevolence) we find that overall women exhibit more malevolence than men, but there is no gender difference for benevolence. Furthermore, women exhibit a higher level of in-group favoritism than men.

scholarly journals Gender Difference in Architectural and Mechanical Properties of Medial Gastrocnemius–Achilles Tendon Unit In Vivo

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 569
Author(s):  
Liqin Deng ◽  
Xini Zhang ◽  
Songlin Xiao ◽  
Baofeng Wang ◽  
Weijie Fu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Regular Exercise ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Exercise Habits ◽  
Vertical Stiffness

This study aims to explore whether gender differences exist in the architectural and mechanical properties of the medial gastrocnemius–Achilles tendon unit (gMTU) in vivo. Thirty-six healthy male and female adults without training experience and regular exercise habits were recruited. The architectural and mechanical properties of the gMTU were measured via an ultrasonography system and MyotonPRO, respectively. Independent t-tests were utilized to quantify the gender difference in the architectural and mechanical properties of the gMTU. In terms of architectural properties, the medial gastrocnemius (MG)’s pennation angle and thickness were greater in males than in females, whereas no substantial gender difference was observed in the MG’s fascicle length; the males possessed Achilles tendons (ATs) with a longer length and a greater cross-sectional area than females. In terms of mechanical properties, the MG’s vertical stiffness was lower and the MG’s logarithmic decrement was greater in females than in males. Both genders had no remarkable difference in the AT’s vertical stiffness and logarithmic decrement. Gender differences of individuals without training experience and regular exercise habits exist in the architectural and mechanical properties of the gMTU in vivo. The MG’s force-producing capacities, ankle torque, mechanical efficiency and peak power were higher in males than in females. The load-resisting capacities of AT were greater and the MG strain was lesser in males than in females. These findings suggest that males have better physical fitness, speed and performance in power-based sports events than females from the perspective of morphology and biomechanics.

Gender and the experience of moral distress in critical care nurses

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher B O’Connell
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Critical Care ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Intent To Leave ◽  
Moral Distress ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Critical Care Nurses ◽  
Underrepresented Groups ◽  
Distress Scale

Background: Nursing practice is complex, as nurses are challenged by increasingly intricate moral and ethical judgments. Inadequately studied in underrepresented groups in nursing, moral distress is a serious problem internationally for healthcare professionals with deleterious effects to patients, nurses, and organizations. Moral distress among nurses has been shown to contribute to decreased job satisfaction and increased turnover, withdrawal from patients, physical and psychological symptoms, and intent to leave current position or to leave the profession altogether. Research question: Do significant gender differences exist in the moral distress scores of critical care nurses? Research design: This study utilized a quantitative, descriptive methodology to explore moral distress levels in a sample of critical care nurses to determine whether gender differences exist in their mean moral distress scores. Participants and research context: Participants ( n = 31) were critical care nurses from an American Internet nursing community who completed the Moral Distress Scale–Revised online over a 5-day period in July 2013. Ethical considerations: Institutional review board review approved the study, and accessing and completing the survey implied informed consent. Findings: The results revealed a statistically significant gender difference in the mean moral distress scores of participants. Females reported statistically significantly higher moral distress scores than did males. Overall, the moral distress scores for both groups were relatively low. Discussion: The findings of a gender difference have not previously been reported in the literature. However, other findings are consistent with previous studies on moral distress. Conclusion: Although the results of this study are not generalizable, they do suggest the need for continuing research on moral distress in underrepresented groups in nursing, including cultural and ethnic groups.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN REMITTANCE BEHAVIOR: EVIDENCE FROM VIETNAM

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (02) ◽  
pp. 215-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
YOKO NIIMI ◽  
BARRY REILLY
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Tobit Models ◽  
Remittance Behavior

This paper investigates the role of gender in remittance behavior among migrants using the 2004 Vietnam Migration Survey data. The gender dimension to remittance behavior has not featured strongly in the existing literature and our findings thus contain novel appeal. In addition, we use estimates from both homoscedastic and heteroscedastic tobit models to decompose the raw gender difference in remittances into treatment and endowment components. We find little evidence that gender differences in remittances are attributable to behavioral differences between men and women, and this finding is invariant to whether the homoscedastic or heteroscedastic tobit is used in estimation.

Misperceptions of Friendly Behavior as Sexual Interest: A Survey of Naturally Occurring Incidents

1987 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Abbey
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Sexual Interest ◽  
Large Percentage ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Retrospective Reports ◽  
Sexual Intent ◽  
The Individual

The studies described in this article examine retrospective reports of naturally occurring misperceptions of friendliness as sexual interest. Previous research has demonstrated that men perceive other people and situations more sexually than women do. The purpose of this research was to examine how this gender difference in perceptions of sexuality is exhibited in actual interactions between women and men. Two surveys of undergraduates were conducted. The results indicated that a large percentage of both women and men had experienced such misperceptions, although more women had than men. Most of these incidents were quickly resolved without problems; however, others involved some degree of forced sexual activity and left the individual feeling angry, humiliated, and depressed. Gender differences in the characteristics of these incidents and reactions to them are described. The implications of these findings for future research on gender differences in perceptions of sexual intent are discussed.

scholarly journals Gender differences in musical motivation at different levels of expertise

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 657-673
Author(s):  
Susan Hallam ◽  
Andrea Creech ◽  
Maria Varvarigou ◽  
Ioulia Papageorgi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Principal Components Analysis ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Instrumental Music ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Music Examinations ◽  
Different Levels

Recently, models have been developed that recognise the complexity of motivation. These set out the interactions that occur between environmental (cultural, institutional, familial, educational) and internal factors (cognition and affect) enhancing or reducing motivation. Despite this we know very little about gender differences in motivation in relation to playing an instrument. The current study aimed to address this issue, exploring gender differences in motivation and whether these changed as expertise developed. A total of 3325 children ranging in level of expertise from beginner through to Grade 8 level in independent instrumental music examinations completed a questionnaire that included a seven-point Likert scale with statements exploring different aspects of motivation. A principal components analysis was undertaken and six factors emerged: support and social affirmation; social life and enjoyment of musical activities; enjoyment of performing; self-beliefs; enjoyment of lessons, playing and practise; and disliking practise. The only statistically significant gender difference was in relation to self-beliefs with the boys consistently scoring higher. Further research is needed to establish why this is the case. The findings have major implications for education.

scholarly journals Representación de género en las series españolas de plataformas de streaming=Representation of gender in the Spanish series of streaming platforms

2021 ◽  
pp. 298
Author(s):  
Sara Barrios Rodríguez ◽  
Beatriz González-de-Garay ◽  
María Marcos Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Sexual Orientations

<p align="left"><strong>Resumen</strong></p><p>Este artículo recoge los principales resultados de un estudio realizado siguiendo la técnica del análisis de contenido en las plataformas de <em>streaming</em> sobre un total de 760 personajes (n = 760) de 33 series de <em>Movistar+, HBO, Amazon Prime, Atresplayer Premium y Netflix. </em>El objetivo es determinar si existen diferencias de género en la representación de los personajes, rasgos de personalidad, actitudes, objetivos personales o laborales, tipo de empleo que desempeñan, comportamientos de salud e interacciones sociales. Algunas de las conclusiones fueron la infrarrepresentación de la mujer y las orientaciones no heterosexuales, la perdurabilidad de los estereotipos de género en cuanto a objetivos personales y rasgos de personalidad, y la permanencia de la mujer en determinados puestos laborales.</p><p align="left"><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>This paper carries out a content analysis on streaming platforms of a total of 760 characters (n = 760) from 33 series from <em>Movistar+, HBO, Amazon Prime, Atresplayer Premium </em>and<em> Netflix</em>. The aim is to determine whether there are gender differences between the characters with respect to representation, personality traits, harmful attitudes, personal or work objectives, type of employment, health behaviors and social interactions. Some of the findings were the under-representation of women and non-heterosexual sexual orientations, the persistence of gender stereotypes in terms of goals and personality traits, and the permanency of women in certain types of employment.</p>

scholarly journals Suicide Notes: Exaggerations by Males and Females

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Purbo Kusumastuti ◽  
Aulia Apriana ◽  
Yazid Basthomi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Suicide Notes ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Female Subjects

Touching into the gender differences between males and females in expressing the use of exaggeration expressions, this study analyzes the relevant data using the LIWC tool, the HIP method, and the deficit and difference theories. This study found that in relation to the gender stereotypes, both males and females speak differently, yet also demonstrate similarities. Both the male and female subjects express emotions equally in the language production; yet, the negative emotions are dominated by the males, and the positive emotions are dominated by the females. The difference of emotion productions influences the differences in the males’ production of exaggeration expressions, such as empty adjectives, italic expressions, and hyperbole by the female subjects.  

scholarly journals The Impact of Internet use frequency on Non-suicidal self injurious behavior and Suicidal Ideation among Chinese Youth: An empirical study based on Gender perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moye Xin ◽  
Xueyan Yang ◽  
Kun Liu ◽  
Bilun Naz Boke
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Chinese Youth ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: We attempted to find if there were gender differences in Non-suicidal self injurious (NSSI) behaviors and Suicidal ideation among Chinese youth, then analyze the impact of internet use frequency on these variables among youth of different genders.Methods: Based on the survey data from 6 high-schools and 4 universities in 4 cities in China, the gender difference in NSSI behaviors and Suicidal ideation and their related factors were analyzed in the study.Results: There was no significant gender difference in NSSI behaviors among Chinese youth, yet females reported significantly higher intensity of suicidal ideation compared to males; internet use frequency could explain the prevalence of NSSI behaviors and Suicidal ideation by gender, to some categories.Conclusions: The gender difference of NSSI engagement among Chinese youth was not statistically significant; while females had higher suicidal ideation than males; the overuse of social softwares was found to be a risk factor to both NSSI engagements and suicidal ideations for both genders; males would engage less NSSI behaviors when they spent more time on knowledge sharing softwares while might have more suicidal ideation when they spent too much time on gaming.

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