Toward a Biological, Psychological and Familial Approach of Eating Disorders at Onset: Case-Control ANOBAS Study

Eating disorders (ED) are considered as heterogeneous disorders with a complex multifactor etiology that involves biological and environmental interaction.Objective: The aim was to identify specific ED bio-psychological-familial correlates at illness onset.Methods: A case-control (1:1) design was applied, which studied 50 adolescents diagnosed with ED at onset (12–17 years old) and their families, paired by age and parents’ socio-educational level with three control samples (40 with an affective disorder, 40 with asthma, and 50 with no pathology) and their respective families. Biological, psychological, and familial correlates were assessed using interviews, standardized questionnaires, and a blood test.Results: After performing conditional logistic regression models for each type of variable, those correlates that showed to be specific for ED were included in a global exploratory model (R2 = 0.44). The specific correlates identified associated to the onset of an ED were triiodothyronine (T3) as the main specific biological correlate; patients’ drive for thinness, perfectionism and anxiety as the main psychological correlates; and fathers’ emotional over-involvement and depression, and mothers’ anxiety as the main familial correlates.Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study to use three specific control groups assessed through standardized interviews, and to collect a wide variety of data at the illness onset. This study design has allowed to explore which correlates, among those measured, were specific to EDs; finding that perfectionism and family emotional over-involvement, as well as the T3 hormone were relevant to discern ED cases at the illness onset from other adolescents with or without a concurrent pathology.

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Types of Carbohydrates Intake during Pregnancy and Frequency of a Small for Gestational Age Newborn: A Case-Control Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11030523 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 523 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Carmen Amezcua-Prieto ◽

Juan Martínez-Galiano ◽

Naomi Cano-Ibáñez ◽

Rocío Olmedo-Requena ◽

Aurora Bueno-Cavanillas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

Case Control ◽

Inverse Association ◽

Odds Ratios ◽

Case Control Studies ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Matched Case ◽

Brown Bread

The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between consumption of different types of carbohydrates (CHO) during pregnancy and the risk of having a small for gestational age (SGA) newborn. A retrospective matched case–control design was carried out with a total of 518 mother-offspring pairs. A total of 137 validated items were included in the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate crude odds ratios (cORs) and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Having more than 75 g/day of brown bread showed an inverse association with SGA (aOR = 0.64, CI 0.43–0.96). In contrast, an intake of industrial sweets more than once a day (aOR = 2.70, CI 1.42–5.13), or even 2–6 times a week (aOR = 1.84, CI 1.20–2.82), increased the odds of having a SGA newborn. During pregnancy, the higher the increase of wholegrain cereal and bread, the lower the possibility of having a SGA newborn, but the opposite occurred with refined sugar products—just consuming industrial bakery products or pastries twice a week increased the odds of having an SGA infant. Case–control studies cannot verify causality and only show associations, which may reflect residual confusion due to the presence of unknown factors. It is possible that a high consumption of sugary foods is a marker of a generally poor lifestyle.

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Impact of opportunistic screening on squamous cell and adenocarcinoma of the cervix in Germany: A population-based case-control study

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0253801 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. e0253801

Author(s):

Luana F. Tanaka ◽

Dirk Schriefer ◽

Kathrin Radde ◽

Gunther Schauberger ◽

Stefanie J. Klug

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Squamous Cell ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Precancerous Lesions ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

Population Based ◽

Case Control ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Incident Cases ◽

Control Study

Background We investigated the uptake of opportunistic cervical cancer screening (CCS) and other risk factors and their association with cervical cancer in Germany in a case-control study. Methods and findings We recruited incident cases of cervical cancer (ICD-10 C53) diagnosed between 2012 and 2016 and matched with three population-based controls, based on age and region of residence. Cases and controls reported their CCS participation during the past ten years (frequent: every three years; no or infrequent: less than every three years) and other relevant variables. We fitted conditional logistic regression models, reporting odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). We report overall and stratified analyses by histologic group (squamous cell–SCC, and adenocarcinoma–AC), T category (T1 and T2+), and age (<50 and ≥50 years). We analysed 217 cases and 652 matched controls. 53.0% of cases and 85.7% of controls attended CCS frequently. In the overall adjusted model, no or infrequent participation in CCS (OR 5.63; 95% CI 3.51 to 9.04), having had more than one sexual partner (OR 2.86; 95%CI 1.50 to 5.45) and obesity (OR 1.69; 95% CI 1.01 to 2.83) were associated with cervical cancer. Twelve years of schooling (OR 0.37; 95% CI 0.23 to 0.60) and a net monthly income of €3000 or more (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.30 to 0.82) were protective factors. In the stratified analyses, no or infrequent participation was associated with T1 (OR 4.37; 95% CI 2.48 to 7.71), T2+ (OR 10.67; 95% CI 3.83 to 29.74), SCC (OR 6.88; 95% CI 4.08 to 11.59) and AC (OR 3.95; 95% CI 1.47 to 10.63). Conclusion Although women who frequently attended CCS were less likely to develop cervical cancer, especially larger tumours, the high proportion of cases who had been frequently screened prior to diagnosis underscores the need to investigate the quality of cytology and treatment of precancerous lesions in Germany.

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681Influenza vaccine effectiveness in young Japanese children over five seasons

International Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/ije/dyab168.209 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Wakaba Fukushima ◽

Saeko Morikawa ◽

Masashi Fujioka ◽

Tohru Matsushita ◽

Megumi Kubota ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

Vaccine Effectiveness ◽

Care Seeking ◽

Japanese Children ◽

Illness Onset ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Care Seeking Behavior ◽

Seeking Behavior ◽

Health Care Seeking Behavior

Abstract Background Evidence is limited for influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) against laboratory-confirmed influenza among young children. Using test-negative design (a modified case-control study) which minimizes confounding by health care-seeking behavior and misclassification of diseases, we aimed to monitor influenza VE among young children in Japan where all approved influenza vaccines are egg-propagated, inactivated formulations (IIV). Methods For seasons spanning 2013-14 to 2017-18 in Osaka and Fukuoka Prefectures, Japan, we employed prospective, active, and systematic recruitment of children aged <6 years who visited collaborating pediatric clinics within 7 days of influenza-like illness onset. Nasal aspirates were tested for influenza by real-time RT-PCR. Date of vaccination was confirmed by medical records or maternal and child health handbooks. Cases and controls were defined as being PCR-positive and -negative, respectively. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted VE ([1 - adjusted odds ratio] × 100%). Results We analyzed 4,614 subjects including 1,917 cases. VEs of IIV with 2 doses approximated 50%, ranging from 41% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 14 % to 60%) in 2016-17 season to 63% (95% CI: 45% to 76%) in 2017-18 season. Significant VEs were also shown for predominant circulating strains every season, irrespective of their antigenic match to vaccine strains (56% and 65% for A[H1N1]pdm, 37% and 50% for A[H3N2], and 60% for B[Yamagata]). Conclusions IIV provided modest and significant protection against laboratory-confirmed influenza in young Japanese children. Key messages Test-negative design is useful for monitoring influenza VE.

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Role of ivermectin in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers in India: A matched case-control study

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0247163 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. e0247163

Author(s):

Priyamadhaba Behera ◽

Binod Kumar Patro ◽

Arvind Kumar Singh ◽

Pradnya Dilip Chandanshive ◽

Ravikumar S. R. ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin C ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Infection Type ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

Case Control ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Matched Case ◽

Matched Case Control Study ◽

Control Study

Background Ivermectin is one among several potential drugs explored for its therapeutic and preventive role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The study was aimed to explore the association between ivermectin prophylaxis and the development of SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers. Methods A hospital-based matched case-control study was conducted among healthcare workers of AIIMS Bhubaneswar, India, from September to October 2020. Profession, gender, age and date of diagnosis were matched for 186 case-control pairs. Cases and controls were healthcare workers who tested positive and negative, respectively, for COVID-19 by RT-PCR. Exposure was defined as the intake of ivermectin and/or hydroxychloroquine and/or vitamin-C and/or other prophylaxis for COVID-19. Data collection and entry was done in Epicollect5, and analysis was performed using STATA version 13. Conditional logistic regression models were used to describe the associated factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results Ivermectin prophylaxis was taken by 76 controls and 41 cases. Two-dose ivermectin prophylaxis (AOR 0.27, 95% CI, 0.15–0.51) was associated with a 73% reduction of SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers for the following month. Those involved in physical activity (AOR 3.06 95% CI, 1.18–7.93) for more than an hour/day were more likely to contract SARS-CoV-2 infection. Type of household, COVID duty, single-dose ivermectin prophylaxis, vitamin-C prophylaxis and hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis were not associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusion Two-dose ivermectin prophylaxis at a dose of 300 μg/kg with a gap of 72 hours was associated with a 73% reduction of SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers for the following month. Chemoprophylaxis has relevance in the containment of pandemic.

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Individual-level Association of Influenza Infection With Subsequent Pneumonia: A Case-control and Prospective Cohort Study

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciaa1053 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

John Kubale ◽

Guillermina Kuan ◽

Lionel Gresh ◽

Sergio Ojeda ◽

Amy Schiller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Prospective Cohort Study ◽

Prospective Cohort ◽

Integrated Management ◽

Influenza Infection ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

Case Control ◽

Influenza B ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Individual Level

Abstract Background Pneumonia is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Influenza may result in primary pneumonia or be associated with secondary bacterial pneumonia. While the association with secondary pneumonia has been established ecologically, individual-level evidence remains sparse and the risk period for pneumonia following influenza poorly defined. Methods We conducted a matched case-control study and a prospective cohort study among Nicaraguan children aged 0–14 years from 2011 through 2018. Physicians diagnosed pneumonia cases based on Integrated Management for Childhood Illness guidelines. Cases were matched with up to 4 controls on age (months) and study week. We fit conditional logistic regression models to assess the association between influenza subtype and subsequent pneumonia development, and a Bayesian nonlinear survival model to estimate pneumonia hazard following influenza. Results Participants with influenza had greater risk of developing pneumonia in the 30 days following onset compared to those without influenza (matched odds ratio [mOR], 2.7 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.9–3.9]). Odds of developing pneumonia were highest for participants following A(H1N1)pdm09 illness (mOR, 3.7 [95% CI, 2.0–6.9]), followed by influenza B and A(H3N2). Participants’ odds of pneumonia following influenza were not constant, showing distinct peaks 0–6 days (mOR, 8.3 [95% CI, 4.8–14.5] days) and 14–20 (mOR, 2.5 [95% CI, 1.1–5.5] days) after influenza infection. Conclusions Influenza is a significant driver of both primary and secondary pneumonia among children. The presence of distinct periods of elevated pneumonia risk in the 30 days following influenza supports multiple etiological pathways.

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Methotrexate and relative risk of dementia amongst patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: a multi-national multi-database case-control study

10.21203/rs.2.17378/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Danielle Newby ◽

Daniel Prieto-Alhambra ◽

Talita Duarte-Salles ◽

David Ansell ◽

Lars Pedersen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

Case Control ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Dementia Risk ◽

Inflammatory Processes ◽

Control Study

Abstract Inflammatory processes have been shown to play a role in dementia. To understand this role we selected two anti-inflammatory drugs (methotrexate and sulfasalazine) to study their association with dementia risk.METHODS A retrospective matched case-control study, of patients over 50 with rheumatoid arthritis (486 dementia cases and 641 controls) were identified from electronic health records in the United Kingdom, Spain, Denmark and the Netherlands. Conditional logistic regression models were fitted to estimate risk of dementia.RESULTS Prior methotrexate use was associated with dementia (OR: 0.71 95% CI 0.52-0.98). Methotrexate use was strongest with therapy longer than 4 years (odds ratio: 0.37 95% CI 0.17-0.79). Sulfasalazine use was not associated with dementia (odds ratio: 0.88 95% CI 0.57-1.37).CONCLUSIONS Further studies are still required to clarify the relationship between prior methotrexate use and duration as well as biological treatments with dementia risk.

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Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 considering shared chairs in outpatient dialysis: a real-world case-control study

BMC Nephrology ◽

10.1186/s12882-021-02518-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ravi Thadhani ◽

Joanna Willetts ◽

Catherine Wang ◽

John Larkin ◽

Hanjie Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Control Study ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

Case Control ◽

Positive Patient ◽

Transmission Risk ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Retrospective Case ◽

Control Pair ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Control Study

Abstract Background SARS-CoV-2 can remain transiently viable on surfaces. We examined if use of shared chairs in outpatient hemodialysis associates with a risk for indirect patient-to-patient transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Methods We used data from adults treated at 2,600 hemodialysis facilities in United States between February 1st and June 8th, 2020. We performed a retrospective case-control study matching each SARS-CoV-2 positive patient (case) to a non-SARS-CoV-2 patient (control) treated in the same dialysis shift. Cases and controls were matched on age, sex, race, facility, shift date, and treatment count. For each case-control pair, we traced backward 14 days to assess possible prior exposure from a ‘shedding’ SARS-CoV-2 positive patient who sat in the same chair immediately before the case or control. Conditional logistic regression models tested whether chair exposure after a shedding SARS-CoV-2 positive patient conferred a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection to the immediate subsequent patient. Results Among 170,234 hemodialysis patients, 4,782 (2.8 %) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (mean age 64 years, 44 % female). Most facilities (68.5 %) had 0 to 1 positive SARS-CoV-2 patient. We matched 2,379 SARS-CoV-2 positive cases to 2,379 non-SARS-CoV-2 controls; 1.30 % (95 %CI 0.90 %, 1.87 %) of cases and 1.39 % (95 %CI 0.97 %, 1.97 %) of controls were exposed to a chair previously sat in by a shedding SARS-CoV-2 patient. Transmission risk among cases was not significantly different from controls (OR = 0.94; 95 %CI 0.57 to 1.54; p = 0.80). Results remained consistent in adjusted and sensitivity analyses. Conclusions The risk of indirect patient-to-patient transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection from dialysis chairs appears to be low.

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A systematic assessment of the association between frequently prescribed medicines and the risk of common cancers: a series of nested case-control studies

BMC Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12916-020-01891-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

R. D. McDowell ◽

C. Hughes ◽

P. Murchie ◽

C. Cardwell

Keyword(s):

Cancer Risk ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

Exposure Dose ◽

Case Control ◽

Case Control Studies ◽

Systematic Assessment ◽

Exposure Response ◽

Prescribed Medicines ◽

Nested Case Control ◽

Novel Associations

Abstract Background Studies systematically screening medications have successfully identified prescription medicines associated with cancer risk. However, adjustment for confounding factors in these studies has been limited. We therefore investigated the association between frequently prescribed medicines and the risk of common cancers adjusting for a range of confounders. Methods A series of nested case-control studies were undertaken using the Primary Care Clinical Informatics Unit Research (PCCIUR) database containing general practice (GP) records from Scotland. Cancer cases at 22 cancer sites, diagnosed between 1999 and 2011, were identified from GP records and matched with up to five controls (based on age, gender, GP practice and date of registration). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) comparing any versus no prescriptions for each of the most commonly prescribed medicines, identified from prescription records, were calculated using conditional logistic regression, adjusting for comorbidities. Additional analyses adjusted for smoking use. An association was considered a signal based upon the magnitude of its adjusted OR, p-value and evidence of an exposure-response relationship. Supplementary analyses were undertaken comparing 6 or more prescriptions versus less than 6 for each medicine. Results Overall, 62,109 cases and 276,580 controls were included in the analyses and a total of 5622 medication-cancer associations were studied across the 22 cancer sites. After adjusting for comorbidities 2060 medicine-cancer associations for any prescription had adjusted ORs greater than 1.25 (or less than 0.8), 214 had a corresponding p-value less than or equal to 0.01 and 118 had evidence of an exposure-dose relationship hence meeting the criteria for a signal. Seventy-seven signals were identified after additionally adjusting for smoking. Based upon an exposure of 6 or more prescriptions, there were 118 signals after adjusting for comorbidities and 82 after additionally adjusting for smoking. Conclusions In this study a number of novel associations between medicine and cancer were identified which require further clinical and epidemiological investigation. The majority of medicines were not associated with an altered cancer risk and many identified signals reflected known associations between medicine and cancer.

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Association of Infrastructure and Route Environment Factors with Cycling Injury Risk at Intersection and Non-Intersection Locations: A Case-Crossover Study of Britain

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18063060 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 3060

Author(s):

Rachel Aldred ◽

Georgios Kapousizis ◽

Anna Goodman

Keyword(s):

Injury Risk ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

Traffic Signals ◽

Control Groups ◽

Class A ◽

Case Crossover ◽

Main Class ◽

Road Intersections ◽

Matched Case ◽

Safety In Numbers

Objective: This paper examines infrastructural and route environment correlates of cycling injury risk in Britain for commuters riding in the morning peak. Methods: The study uses a case-crossover design which controls for exposure. Control sites from modelled cyclist routes (matched on intersection status) were compared with sites where cyclists were injured. Conditional logistic regression for matched case–control groups was used to compare characteristics of control and injury sites. Results: High streets (defined by clustering of retail premises) raised injury odds by 32%. Main (Class A or primary) roads were riskier than other road types, with injury odds twice that for residential roads. Wider roads, and those with lower gradients increased injury odds. Guard railing raised injury odds by 18%, and petrol stations or car parks by 43%. Bus lanes raised injury odds by 84%. As in other studies, there was a ‘safety in numbers’ effect from more cyclists. Contrary to other analysis, including two recent studies in London, we did not find a protective effect from cycle infrastructure and the presence of painted cycle lanes raised injury odds by 54%. At intersections, both standard and mini roundabouts were associated with injury odds several times higher than other intersections. Presence of traffic signals, with or without an Advanced Stop Line (‘bike box’), had no impact on injury odds. For a cyclist on a main road, intersections with minor roads were riskier than intersections with other main roads. Conclusions: Typical cycling environments in Britain put cyclists at risk, and infrastructure must be improved, particularly on busy main roads, high streets, and bus routes.

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Relation of severe COVID-19 in Scotland to transmission-related factors and risk conditions eligible for shielding support: REACT-SCOT case-control study

BMC Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12916-021-02021-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Paul M. McKeigue ◽

David A. McAllister ◽

David Caldwell ◽

Ciara Gribben ◽

Jen Bishop ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Rate Ratio ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

Population Attributable Risk ◽

Case Control ◽

Care Practice ◽

Solid Organ ◽

Related Factors ◽

Recent Exposure ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Clinically vulnerable individuals have been advised to shield themselves during the COVID-19 epidemic. The objectives of this study were to investigate (1) the rate ratio of severe COVID-19 associated with eligibility for the shielding programme in Scotland across the first and second waves of the epidemic and (2) the relation of severe COVID-19 to transmission-related factors in those in shielding and the general population. Methods In a matched case-control design, all 178,578 diagnosed cases of COVID-19 in Scotland from 1 March 2020 to 18 February 2021 were matched for age, sex and primary care practice to 1,744,283 controls from the general population. This dataset (REACT-SCOT) was linked to the list of 212,702 individuals identified as eligible for shielding. Severe COVID-19 was defined as cases that entered critical care or were fatal. Rate ratios were estimated by conditional logistic regression. Results With those without risk conditions as reference category, the univariate rate ratio for severe COVID-19 was 3.21 (95% CI 3.01 to 3.41) in those with moderate risk conditions and 6.3 (95% CI 5.8 to 6.8) in those eligible for shielding. The highest rate was in solid organ transplant recipients: rate ratio 13.4 (95% CI 9.6 to 18.8). Risk of severe COVID-19 increased with the number of adults but decreased with the number of school-age children in the household. Severe COVID-19 was strongly associated with recent exposure to hospital (defined as 5 to 14 days before presentation date): rate ratio 12.3 (95% CI 11.5 to 13.2) overall. The population attributable risk fraction for recent exposure to hospital peaked at 50% in May 2020 and again at 65% in December 2020. Conclusions The effectiveness of shielding vulnerable individuals was limited by the inability to control transmission in hospital and from other adults in the household. Mitigating the impact of the epidemic requires control of nosocomial transmission.

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