scholarly journals Methotrexate and relative risk of dementia amongst patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: a multi-national multi-database case-control study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Newby ◽  
Daniel Prieto-Alhambra ◽  
Talita Duarte-Salles ◽  
David Ansell ◽  
Lars Pedersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Dementia Risk ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Inflammatory processes have been shown to play a role in dementia. To understand this role we selected two anti-inflammatory drugs (methotrexate and sulfasalazine) to study their association with dementia risk.METHODS A retrospective matched case-control study, of patients over 50 with rheumatoid arthritis (486 dementia cases and 641 controls) were identified from electronic health records in the United Kingdom, Spain, Denmark and the Netherlands. Conditional logistic regression models were fitted to estimate risk of dementia.RESULTS Prior methotrexate use was associated with dementia (OR: 0.71 95% CI 0.52-0.98). Methotrexate use was strongest with therapy longer than 4 years (odds ratio: 0.37 95% CI 0.17-0.79). Sulfasalazine use was not associated with dementia (odds ratio: 0.88 95% CI 0.57-1.37).CONCLUSIONS Further studies are still required to clarify the relationship between prior methotrexate use and duration as well as biological treatments with dementia risk.

scholarly journals Impact of opportunistic screening on squamous cell and adenocarcinoma of the cervix in Germany: A population-based case-control study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0253801
Author(s):  
Luana F. Tanaka ◽  
Dirk Schriefer ◽  
Kathrin Radde ◽  
Gunther Schauberger ◽  
Stefanie J. Klug
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Precancerous Lesions ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
Control Study

Background We investigated the uptake of opportunistic cervical cancer screening (CCS) and other risk factors and their association with cervical cancer in Germany in a case-control study. Methods and findings We recruited incident cases of cervical cancer (ICD-10 C53) diagnosed between 2012 and 2016 and matched with three population-based controls, based on age and region of residence. Cases and controls reported their CCS participation during the past ten years (frequent: every three years; no or infrequent: less than every three years) and other relevant variables. We fitted conditional logistic regression models, reporting odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). We report overall and stratified analyses by histologic group (squamous cell–SCC, and adenocarcinoma–AC), T category (T1 and T2+), and age (<50 and ≥50 years). We analysed 217 cases and 652 matched controls. 53.0% of cases and 85.7% of controls attended CCS frequently. In the overall adjusted model, no or infrequent participation in CCS (OR 5.63; 95% CI 3.51 to 9.04), having had more than one sexual partner (OR 2.86; 95%CI 1.50 to 5.45) and obesity (OR 1.69; 95% CI 1.01 to 2.83) were associated with cervical cancer. Twelve years of schooling (OR 0.37; 95% CI 0.23 to 0.60) and a net monthly income of €3000 or more (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.30 to 0.82) were protective factors. In the stratified analyses, no or infrequent participation was associated with T1 (OR 4.37; 95% CI 2.48 to 7.71), T2+ (OR 10.67; 95% CI 3.83 to 29.74), SCC (OR 6.88; 95% CI 4.08 to 11.59) and AC (OR 3.95; 95% CI 1.47 to 10.63). Conclusion Although women who frequently attended CCS were less likely to develop cervical cancer, especially larger tumours, the high proportion of cases who had been frequently screened prior to diagnosis underscores the need to investigate the quality of cytology and treatment of precancerous lesions in Germany.

Association between testosterone levels and risk of future rheumatoid arthritis in men: a population-based case–control study

2013 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitra Pikwer ◽  
Aleksander Giwercman ◽  
Ulf Bergström ◽  
Jan-Åke Nilsson ◽  
Lennart T H Jacobsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
Control Study

ObjectivesRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is less common among men than women, and sex hormones have been suggested to play a part in the pathogenesis. Lower levels of testosterone have been demonstrated in men with RA, but it is not known if these changes precede the disease.MethodsIn a nested case–control study, using information and blood samples from a population-based health survey, we identified incident cases of RA by linking the cohort to local and national RA registers. Two controls for each validated case, matched for age, sex and year of screening, were selected from the health survey. Using stored blood samples, collected between 08:00 and 10:00 am after an overnight fast, we analysed levels of testosterone and other reproductive hormones.ResultsSerum was available from 104 cases (median time from screening to RA diagnosis 12.7 years (range 1–28); 73% rheumatoid factor (RF) positive at diagnosis or later) and 174 matched controls. In conditional logistic regression models, adjusted for smoking and body mass index, lower levels of testosterone were associated with subsequent development of RF-negative RA (OR 0.31 per SD, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.85), with a weaker association with RF-positive RA (OR 0.87 per SD; 95% CI 0.53 to 1.43). Levels of follicle-stimulating hormone were significantly increased in pre-RF-negative RA (p=0.02), but decreased in pre-RF-positive RA (p=0.02).ConclusionsLower levels of testosterone were predictive of RF-negative RA, suggesting that hormonal changes precede the onset of RA and affect the disease phenotype.

scholarly journals Headache and type 2 diabetes association: a US national ambulatory case-control study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Nash ◽  
Alejo J Nevado Holgado ◽  
Simon Lovestone ◽  
M. Zameel Cader ◽  
Caleb Webber
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Prescription Medication ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Care Survey ◽  
Control Study

AbstractObjectiveWe investigate the joint observation between type 2 diabetes and headache using a case-control study of a US ambulatory dataset.BackgroundRecent whole-population cohort studies propose that type 2 diabetes may have a protective effect against headache prevalence. With headaches ranked as a leading cause of disability, headache-associated comorbidities could help identify shared molecular mechanisms.MethodsWe performed a case-control study using the US National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 2009, on the joint observation between headache and specific comorbidities, namely type 2 diabetes, hypertension and anxiety, for all patients between 18 and 65 years of age. The odds ratio of having a headache and a comorbidity were calculated using conditional logistic regression, controlling for gender and age over a study population of 3,327,947 electronic health records in the absence of prescription medication data.ResultsWe observed estimated odds ratio of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.83-0.95) of having a headache and a record of type 2 diabetes over the population, and 0.83 (95% CI: 2.02-2.57) and 0.89 (95% CI: 3.00-3.49) for male and female, respectively.ConclusionsWe find that patients with type 2 diabetes are less likely to present a recorded headache indication. Patients with hypertension are almost twice as likely of having a headache indication and patients with an anxiety disorder are almost three times as likely. Given the possibility of confounding indications and prescribed medications, additional studies are recommended.

scholarly journals Role of ivermectin in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers in India: A matched case-control study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0247163
Author(s):  
Priyamadhaba Behera ◽  
Binod Kumar Patro ◽  
Arvind Kumar Singh ◽  
Pradnya Dilip Chandanshive ◽  
Ravikumar S. R. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Infection Type ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

Background Ivermectin is one among several potential drugs explored for its therapeutic and preventive role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The study was aimed to explore the association between ivermectin prophylaxis and the development of SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers. Methods A hospital-based matched case-control study was conducted among healthcare workers of AIIMS Bhubaneswar, India, from September to October 2020. Profession, gender, age and date of diagnosis were matched for 186 case-control pairs. Cases and controls were healthcare workers who tested positive and negative, respectively, for COVID-19 by RT-PCR. Exposure was defined as the intake of ivermectin and/or hydroxychloroquine and/or vitamin-C and/or other prophylaxis for COVID-19. Data collection and entry was done in Epicollect5, and analysis was performed using STATA version 13. Conditional logistic regression models were used to describe the associated factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results Ivermectin prophylaxis was taken by 76 controls and 41 cases. Two-dose ivermectin prophylaxis (AOR 0.27, 95% CI, 0.15–0.51) was associated with a 73% reduction of SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers for the following month. Those involved in physical activity (AOR 3.06 95% CI, 1.18–7.93) for more than an hour/day were more likely to contract SARS-CoV-2 infection. Type of household, COVID duty, single-dose ivermectin prophylaxis, vitamin-C prophylaxis and hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis were not associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusion Two-dose ivermectin prophylaxis at a dose of 300 μg/kg with a gap of 72 hours was associated with a 73% reduction of SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers for the following month. Chemoprophylaxis has relevance in the containment of pandemic.

Association between a history of periodontitis and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a nationwide, population-based, case–control study

2012 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 1206-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsin-Hua Chen ◽  
Nicole Huang ◽  
Yi-Ming Chen ◽  
Tzeng-Ji Chen ◽  
Pesus Chou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Index Date ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between the risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and a history of periodontitis.MethodsThis nationwide, population-based, case–control study used administrative data to identify 13 779 newly diagnosed patients with RA (age ≥16 years) as the study group and 137 790 non-patients with RA matched for age, sex, and initial diagnosis date (index date) as controls. Using conditional logistic regression analysis after adjustment for potential confounders, including geographical region and a history of diabetes and Sjögren's syndrome, ORs with 95% CI were calculated to quantify the association between RA and periodontitis. To evaluate the effects of periodontitis severity and the lag time since the last periodontitis visit on RA development, ORs were calculated for subgroups of patients with periodontitis according to the number of visits, cumulative cost, periodontal surgery and time interval between the last periodontitis-related visit and the index date.ResultsAn association was found between a history of periodontitis and newly diagnosed RA (OR=1.16; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.21). The strength of this association remained statistically significant after adjustment for potential confounders (OR=1.16; 95% CI 1.12 to 1.20), and after variation of periodontitis definitions. The association was dose- and time-dependent and was strongest when the interval between the last periodontitis-related visit and the index date was <3 months (OR=1.64; 95% CI 1.49 to 1.79).ConclusionsThis study demonstrates an association between periodontitis and incident RA. This association is weak and limited to lack of individual smoking status.

Risk factors forClostridium difficileinfection in the community: a case-control study in patients in general practice, Denmark, 2009–2011

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (7) ◽  
pp. 1437-1448 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. SØES ◽  
H. M. HOLT ◽  
B. BÖTTIGER ◽  
H. V. NIELSEN ◽  
V. ANDREASEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
General Practice ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

SUMMARYTo identify risk factors forClostridium difficileinfection (CDI) in Danish patients consulting general practice with gastrointestinal symptoms, a prospective matched case-control study was performed; cases (N = 259) had positive cultures for toxigenicC. difficileand controls (N = 455) negative cultures. Data were analysed by conditional logistic regression. In patients aged ⩾2 years (138 cases), hospitalization [odds ratio (OR) 8·4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3·1–23], consumption of beef (OR 5·5, 95% CI 2·0–15), phenoxymethylpenicillin (OR 15, 95% CI 2·7–82), dicloxacillin (OR 27, 95% CI 3·6–211), and extended spectrum penicillins (OR 9·2, 95% CI 1·9–45) were associated with CDI. In patients aged <2 years none of these were associated with CDI, but in a subgroup analysis contact with animals was associated with CDI (OR 8·1, 95% CI 1·0–64). This study emphasizes narrow-spectrum penicillins, and suggests beef consumption, as risk factors for CDI in adults, and indicates a different epidemiology of CDI in infants.

scholarly journals Metronidazole-associated Neurologic Events: A Nested Case-control Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Daneman ◽  
Yi Cheng ◽  
Tara Gomes ◽  
Jun Guan ◽  
Muhammad M Mamdani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Nested Case Control ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background Case reports have described instances of peripheral and central nervous system toxicity during treatment with metronidazole; however, no large-scale studies have examined this association. Methods We conducted a population-based nested case-control study of adults aged 66 years or older living in Ontario, Canada, between 1 April 2003 and 31 March 2017. Cases were individuals who attended hospital for any of cerebellar dysfunction, encephalopathy, or peripheral neuropathy within 100 days of a prescription for either metronidazole or clindamycin. We matched each case patient with up to 10 event-free control subjects who also received metronidazole or clindamycin. We used conditional logistic regression to test the association between metronidazole exposure and neurologic events, with clindamycin as the reference exposure. Results We identified 1212 cases with recent use of either metronidazole or clindamycin and 12 098 controls. Neurologic adverse events were associated with an increased odds of metronidazole exposure compared to clindamycin (odds ratio [OR], 1.72 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.53–1.94]), which persisted after accounting for patient demographics, comorbidities, and other medication exposures (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.43 [95% CI, 1.26–1.63]). We found a consistent association limited to either central (aOR, 1.46 [95% CI, 1.27–1.68]) or peripheral (aOR, 1.34 [95% CI, 1.02–1.76]) nervous system events. Among metronidazole recipients, the overall incidence of neurologic events at 100 days was approximately 0.25%. Conclusions Metronidazole is associated with an increased risk of adverse peripheral and central nervous system events relative to clindamycin. Clinicians and patients should be aware of these rare but potentially serious adverse events.

scholarly journals Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 considering shared chairs in outpatient dialysis: a real-world case-control study

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravi Thadhani ◽  
Joanna Willetts ◽  
Catherine Wang ◽  
John Larkin ◽  
Hanjie Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Positive Patient ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Control Pair ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background SARS-CoV-2 can remain transiently viable on surfaces. We examined if use of shared chairs in outpatient hemodialysis associates with a risk for indirect patient-to-patient transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Methods We used data from adults treated at 2,600 hemodialysis facilities in United States between February 1st and June 8th, 2020. We performed a retrospective case-control study matching each SARS-CoV-2 positive patient (case) to a non-SARS-CoV-2 patient (control) treated in the same dialysis shift. Cases and controls were matched on age, sex, race, facility, shift date, and treatment count. For each case-control pair, we traced backward 14 days to assess possible prior exposure from a ‘shedding’ SARS-CoV-2 positive patient who sat in the same chair immediately before the case or control. Conditional logistic regression models tested whether chair exposure after a shedding SARS-CoV-2 positive patient conferred a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection to the immediate subsequent patient. Results Among 170,234 hemodialysis patients, 4,782 (2.8 %) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (mean age 64 years, 44 % female). Most facilities (68.5 %) had 0 to 1 positive SARS-CoV-2 patient. We matched 2,379 SARS-CoV-2 positive cases to 2,379 non-SARS-CoV-2 controls; 1.30 % (95 %CI 0.90 %, 1.87 %) of cases and 1.39 % (95 %CI 0.97 %, 1.97 %) of controls were exposed to a chair previously sat in by a shedding SARS-CoV-2 patient. Transmission risk among cases was not significantly different from controls (OR = 0.94; 95 %CI 0.57 to 1.54; p = 0.80). Results remained consistent in adjusted and sensitivity analyses. Conclusions The risk of indirect patient-to-patient transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection from dialysis chairs appears to be low.

scholarly journals A Community Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis in Sydney Associated with a Public Swimming Facility: A Case-Control Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren J. Mayne ◽  
Kelly-Anne Ressler ◽  
Diane Smith ◽  
Gareth Hockey ◽  
Susan J. Botham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Case Control ◽  
The South ◽  
Cryptosporidium Hominis ◽  
Animal Contact ◽  
Control Study

In February, 2008, the South Eastern Sydney Illawarra Public Health Unit investigated an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis within the south east region of Sydney, Australia. Thirty-one cases with laboratory-confirmed cryptosporidiosis and 97 age- and geographically matched controls selected by random digit dialling were recruited into a case-control study and interviewed for infection risk factors. Cryptosporidiosis was associated with swimming at Facility A (matched odds ratio = 19.4, 95% confidence interval: 3.7–100.8) and exposure to household contacts with diarrhoea (matched odds ratio = 7.7, 95% confidence interval: 1.9–31.4) in multivariable conditional logistic regression models. A protective effect for any animal contact was also found (matched odds ratio = 0.2, 95% confidence interval: 0.1–0.7).Cryptosporidium hominissubtype IbA10G2 was identified in 8 of 11 diagnostic stool samples available for cases. This investigation reaffirms the importance of public swimming pools as potential sources ofCryptosporidiuminfection and ensuring their compliance with water-quality guidelines. The protective effect of animal contact may be suggestive of past exposure leading to immunity.

Is pain associated with premature mortality in patients with psoriatic arthritis? A nested case–control study using the DANBIO Register

Rheumatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Vela ◽  
Rene Lindholm Cordtz ◽  
Salome Kristensen ◽  
Christian Torp-Pedersen ◽  
Kristian Kjær Petersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Nested Case Control ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Objectives It has been hypothesized that the presence of chronic pain causes excess mortality. Since chronic pain is prevalent among patients with PsA this potential association should be explored. We aimed to investigate whether higher cumulative pain intensity is associated with an excess mortality risk in patients with PsA. Methods A nested case–control study using data from the nationwide DANBIO Register (Danish Database for Biological Therapies in Rheumatology) Register and Danish healthcare registers. Cases were patients who died and corresponding to the date of death, matched on sex, year of birth and calendar period at the time of death with up to five controls. Exposure of interest was mean pain intensity reported during the time followed in routine rheumatology practice. Pain intensity was measured using a visual analogue scale from 0 to 100 and conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds of mortality per 5 unit increase in pain while adjusting for confounders. Results The cohort consisted of 8019 patients. A total of 276 cases were identified and matched with 1187 controls. Higher mean pain intensity was associated with increased odds of mortality [odds ratio 1.06 (95% CI 1.02, 1.10)] in the crude model, but there was no association [odds ratio 0.99 (95% CI 0.95, 1.03)] when adjusting for additional confounders. Factors shown to increase the odds of mortality were recent glucocorticoid use, concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer and cardiovascular disease. Conclusion These results indicate that experienced pain in itself is not associated with premature mortality in patients with PsA. However, recent glucocorticoid use and concurrent comorbidities were.

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