scholarly journals Breastfeeding Duration Is Associated With Domain-Specific Improvements in Cognitive Performance in 9–10-Year-Old Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Lopez ◽  
John J. Foxe ◽  
Yunjiao Mao ◽  
Wesley K. Thompson ◽  
Hayley J. Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Breastfeeding Duration ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
General Ability ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Neurocognitive Tests ◽  
Cognitive Benefits

Significant immunological, physical and neurological benefits of breastfeeding in infancy are well-established, but to what extent these gains persist into later childhood remain uncertain. This study examines the association between breastfeeding duration and subsequent domain-specific cognitive performance in a diverse sample of 9–10-year-olds enrolled in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®. The analyses included 9,116 children that attended baseline with their biological mother and had complete neurocognitive and breastfeeding data. Principal component analysis was conducted on data from an extensive battery of neurocognitive tests using varimax-rotation to extract a three-component model encompassing General Ability, Executive Functioning, and Memory. Propensity score weighting using generalized boosted modeling was applied to balance the distribution of observed covariates for children breastfed for 0, 1–6, 7–12, and more than 12 months. Propensity score-adjusted linear regression models revealed significant association between breastfeeding duration and performance on neurocognitive tests representing General Ability, but no evidence of a strong association with Executive Function or Memory. Benefits on General Ability ranged from a 0.109 (1–6 months) to 0.301 (>12 months) standardized beta coefficient difference compared to those not breastfed. Results indicate clear cognitive benefits of breastfeeding but that these do not generalize to all measured domains, with implications for public health policy as it pertains to nutrition during infancy.

Cardiorespiratory fitness is positively associated with both healthy and western dietary pattern in Iranian middle-aged

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Hossein Shahinfar ◽  
Farhang Djafari ◽  
Nadia Babaei ◽  
Samira Davarzani ◽  
Mojdeh Ebaditabar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Dietary Pattern ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Western Dietary Pattern ◽  
Healthy Dietary Pattern

Abstract. Background: The association between dietary patterns and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is not well established. Objective: We sought to investigate association between a posteriori dietary pattern and CRF in middle-aged adults. Design: Adults (n = 276), aged 20–74 years, who were residents of Tehran, Iran were recruited. Diet was assessed by using a validated 168-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Principal component analysis was used to derive dietary patterns. Socio-economic status, anthropometric measures, body composition, and blood pressure were recorded. CRF was assessed by using a graded exercise treadmill test. Analysis of variance and linear regression models were used to discern the association between dietary patterns and CRF. Results: Higher scores of the healthy dietary pattern had no association with VO2max (p = 0.13 ). After controlling for potential confounders, VO2max was positively associated across tertiles of healthy dietary patterns (p < 0.001). Higher adherence to the “mixed” dietary pattern was inversely related to VO2max (p < 0.01). After adjusting for confounders, the significant association disappeared (p = 0.14). Higher scores of the “Western” dietary pattern was not associated with VO2max (p = 0.06). However, after controlling for potential confounders, VO2max was positively associated with the “Western” dietary pattern (p = 0.01). A positive linear association between the “healthy” dietary pattern and CRF for the total sample (R2 = 0.02; p < 0.01) were presented. Conclusions: Overall, our findings suggest that higher adherence to a “healthy” and “Western” dietary pattern was positively associated with CRF. However, further studies are required to examine and clarify the causal relationship between dietary patterns and CRF.

scholarly journals A Novel Validated Injectable Colistimethate Sodium Analysis Combining Advanced Chemometrics and Design of Experiments

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1546
Author(s):  
Ioanna Dagla ◽  
Anthony Tsarbopoulos ◽  
Evagelos Gikas
Keyword(s):  
Design Of Experiments ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Partial Least Square Regression ◽  
Distance Measures ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Colistimethate Sodium

Colistimethate sodium (CMS) is widely administrated for the treatment of life-threatening infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Until now, the quality control of CMS formulations has been based on microbiological assays. Herein, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet detector methodology was developed for the quantitation of CMS in injectable formulations. The design of experiments was performed for the optimization of the chromatographic parameters. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a Waters Acquity BEH C8 column employing gradient elution with a mobile phase consisting of (A) 0.001 M aq. ammonium formate and (B) methanol/acetonitrile 79/21 (v/v). CMS compounds were detected at 214 nm. In all, 23 univariate linear-regression models were constructed to measure CMS compounds separately, and one partial least-square regression (PLSr) model constructed to assess the total CMS amount in formulations. The method was validated over the range 100–220 μg mL−1. The developed methodology was employed to analyze several batches of CMS injectable formulations that were also compared against a reference batch employing a Principal Component Analysis, similarity and distance measures, heatmaps and the structural similarity index. The methodology was based on freely available software in order to be readily available for the pharmaceutical industry.

scholarly journals Higher Handgrip Strength Is Linked to Better Cognitive Performance in Chinese Adults with Hypertension

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 985
Author(s):  
Shenghua Lu ◽  
Fabian Herold ◽  
Yanjie Zhang ◽  
Yuruo Lei ◽  
Arthur F. Kramer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: There is growing evidence that in adults, higher levels of handgrip strength (HGS) are linked to better cognitive performance. However, the relationship between HGS and cognitive performance has not been sufficiently investigated in special cohorts, such as individuals with hypertension who have an intrinsically higher risk of cognitive decline. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between HGS and cognitive performance in adults with hypertension using data from the Global Ageing and Adult Health Survey (SAGE). Methods: A total of 4486 Chinese adults with hypertension from the SAGE were included in this study. Absolute handgrip strength (aHGS in kilograms) was measured using a handheld electronic dynamometer, and cognitive performance was assessed in the domains of short-term memory, delayed memory, and language ability. Multiple linear regression models were fitted to examine the association between relative handgrip strength (rHGS; aHGS divided by body mass index) and measures of cognitive performance. Results: Overall, higher levels of rHGS were associated with higher scores in short-term memory (β = 0.20) and language (β = 0.63) compared with the lowest tertiles of rHGS. In male participants, higher HGS was associated with higher scores in short-term memory (β = 0.31), language (β = 0.64), and delayed memory (β = 0.22). There were no associations between rHGS and cognitive performance measures in females. Conclusion: We observed that a higher level of rHGS was associated with better cognitive performance among hypertensive male individuals. Further studies are needed to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms, including sex-specific differences driving the relationship between measures of HGS and cognitive performance in individuals with hypertension.

scholarly journals The organization of functional neurocognitive networks in focal epilepsy correlates with domain‐specific cognitive performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoffer Hatlestad‐Hall ◽  
Ricardo Bruña ◽  
Aksel Erichsen ◽  
Vebjørn Andersson ◽  
Marte Roa Syvertsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Focal Epilepsy ◽  
Domain Specific

scholarly journals Mediterranean Lifestyle in Relation to Cognitive Health: Results from the HELIAD Study

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Costas Anastasiou ◽  
Mary Yannakoulia ◽  
Meropi Kontogianni ◽  
Mary Kosmidis ◽  
Eirini Mamalaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Lifestyle Factors ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Lifestyle Factor ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Lifestyle Pattern

Many lifestyle factors have been linked to cognitive function but little is known about their combined effect. An overall lifestyle pattern for people living in the Mediterranean basin has been proposed, including diet, but also physical activity, sleep and daily living activities with social/intellectual aspects. We aimed to examine the associations between a combination of these lifestyle factors and detailed cognitive performance. A total of 1716 participants from the Hellenic Longitudinal Investigation of Ageing and Diet (HELIAD), a population-based study of participants ≥65 years, were included in this analysis. Lifestyle factors were evaluated using standard, validated questionnaires and a Total Lifestyle Index (TLI) was constructed. Cognitive outcomes included mild cognitive impairment (MCI) diagnosis, a composite z-score (either continuous or with a threshold at the 25th percentile) and z-scores for five cognitive domains. A higher TLI was associated with 65% reduced odds for MCI in the non-demented individuals and 43% reduced odds for low global cognition when MCI participants were excluded, a risk reduction equivalent to 9 and 2.7 fewer years of ageing, respectively. Each lifestyle factor was differentially associated with domain-specific cognitive performance. Our results suggest that a TLI, more so than single lifestyle parameters, may be related to cognitive performance.

scholarly journals Associations of Body Mass Index, Visceral Fat Area, Waist Circumference, and Waist-To-Hip Ratio with Cognitive Function in Western China: Results from A WCHAT Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolei Liu ◽  
Xiaoyan Chen ◽  
Lisha Hou ◽  
Xin Xia ◽  
Fengjuan Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Western China ◽  
Visceral Fat Area ◽  
Waist To Hip Ratio

Abstract ObjectivesThis study examined the relationship between cognitive performance and obesity parameters, such as body mass index (BMI), visceral fat area (VFA), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) in western China.Study designA cross-sectional studyMethods3914 participants, aged >50 years, were recruited in this study. Anthropometrics measurements, life-style factors, chronic disease comorbidities, and sleep qualities were recorded for each participant. Among the anthropometrics, BMP, WC, and WHR were assessed using standard procedures, while VHA was calculated using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Cognitive performance was estimated using the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ). Finally, relationships between cognitive abilities and BMI, VFA, WC, and WHR were evaluated using univariate and multivariate regression analyses. ResultsCognitive decline (CD) occurred at a rate of 13.29% among the 3914 participants. A strong correlation was observed between cognitive abilities and BMI of male patients aged 50-59 yrs (OR 1.116,95% CI1.002-1.242), in the adjusted model. Alternately, WHR was shown to be significantly related to CD in females aged >70 years (OR 0.041, 95% CI0.002-0.671). WC was shown to have a strong association with CD in males (OR 1.023,95% CI1.003-1.024). Lastly, WHR was closely connected to CD in participants with BMI < 25 kg/m2 (OR 0.022,95% CI0.002-0.209).Conclusions Our findings suggest that a higher middle age BMI is associated with CD, whereas, in the elderly population, a higher WHR is related to improved cognitive performance. Further investigation is warranted to elucidate a relationship between VFA and CD.

Abstract 050: Phenome Wide Association Study of IL6R Variants Identifies a Drug Target for Cardiovascular Disease and Inflammation

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianxi Cai ◽  
Yichi Zhang ◽  
Yuk-Lam Ho ◽  
Nicholas Link ◽  
Jie Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Aneurysm ◽  
Association Study ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Aortic Aneurysms ◽  
Unexpected Result ◽  
Routine Laboratory ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Laboratory Measurements

Background: Individuals with an interleukin 6 receptor (IL6R) genetic variant not on IL6R blocking therapy have biomarker profiles similar to those treated with IL6R blockers. Thus, studying whether the IL6R variant is protective for a phenotype can inform which diseases may benefit from treatment with IL6R blockade. To test this hypothesis, we performed a Phenome-Wide Association Study (PheWAS) to screen for associations between an IL6R variant and a broad range of phenotypes in the electronic health records (EHR). Methods: We studied veteran participants in the Veteran’s Affairs Million Veteran’s Project using genomic data linked to EHR. We extracted all diagnoses codes and mapped them to phenotype groups using published PheWAS methods. Routine laboratory measurements, e.g. liver function tests, were also extracted. A PheWAS was performed by constructing logistic regression models testing associations between the IL6R variant (Asp358Ala, rs2228145) and 1,866 phenotype groups; linear regression models were constructed to screen for associations between IL6R and 26 routine laboratory measurements. All models were adjusted for age, gender, and race. Significance was reported using false discovery rate ≤0.05 and Bonferroni correction. Results: We studied 342,529 participants; the minor allele frequency of the IL6R variant was 35.3%. IL6R was most strongly associated with a reduced risk of aortic aneurysm (OR 0.91-0.92, 95% CI 0.89, 0.94) (Figure 1). We observed the expected association between IL6R and reduced C-reactive protein. We also observed known side effects of IL6R blockade, elevated transaminases, as well as elevated triglycerides, an initially unexpected result in the early clinical trials. Conclusion: In this proof of concept study, we demonstrate the utility of PheWAS to inform drug effects using the largest US-based biobank study. The strong association with aortic aneurysm corresponded with the newest indication for IL6R blockade to prevent aortic aneurysms due to large vessel vasculitis.

Relationships Across Clinical Measures of Vocal Quality and Functioning and Their Relationship With Patient Perception

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Nichole Houle ◽  
Aaron M. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Voice Disorder ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Perceived Severity ◽  
Vocal Quality ◽  
Clinical Measures

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among subjective auditory-perceptual ratings of vocal quality, objective acoustic and aerodynamic measures of vocal function, and patient-perceived severity of their vocal complaint. Method This study was a retrospective chart review of adult patients evaluated at a single outpatient center over a 1.5-year time period. Twenty-two clinical objective and subjective measures of voice were extracted from 676 charts (310 males, 366 females). To identify the underlying concepts addressed in an initial voice assessment, principal component analyses were conducted for males and females to account for sex differences. Linear regression models were conducted to examine the relationship between the principal components and patient perceived severity. Results Seven principal components were identified for both sexes and accounted for 75% and 71% of the variance in the clinical measures, respectively. Of these seven principal components, only two predicted male patient perceived severity, which accounted for 22% of the variance. In contrast, four principal components predicted female patient perceived severity of their voice disorder and accounted for 19% of the variance. Conclusions The results highlight the underlying aspects of vocal quality and functioning that are evaluated during an initial assessment. Male and female patients differ in which of these components may contribute self-perceived severity of a voice disorder. Identifying these underlying components may support clinical decision making when developing a clinical protocol and highlights the overlap between patient concerns and clinical measures. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.16879603

An Effective Hybrid Semi-Parametric Regression Strategy for Rainfall Forecasting Combining Linear and Nonlinear Regression

2013 ◽  
pp. 273-289
Author(s):  
Jiansheng Wu
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Regression ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Rainfall Forecasting ◽  
Forecasting Accuracy ◽  
Parametric Regression ◽  
Nonlinear Regression Models ◽  
Linear And Nonlinear ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Ann

Rainfall forecasting is an important research topic in disaster prevention and reduction. The characteristic of rainfall involves a rather complex systematic dynamics under the influence of different meteorological factors, including linear and nonlinear pattern. Recently, many approaches to improve forecasting accuracy have been introduced. Artificial neural network (ANN), which performs a nonlinear mapping between inputs and outputs, has played a crucial role in forecasting rainfall data. In this paper, an effective hybrid semi-parametric regression ensemble (SRE) model is presented for rainfall forecasting. In this model, three linear regression models are used to capture rainfall linear characteristics and three nonlinear regression models based on ANN are able to capture rainfall nonlinear characteristics. The semi-parametric regression is used for ensemble model based on the principal component analysis technique. Empirical results reveal that the prediction using the SRE model is generally better than those obtained using other models in terms of the same evaluation measurements. The SRE model proposed in this paper can be used as a promising alternative forecasting tool for rainfall to achieve greater forecasting accuracy and improve prediction quality.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of the Effect of Dietary Supplements on Cognitive Performance in Healthy Young Adults and Military Personnel

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane E. Pomeroy ◽  
Katie L. Tooley ◽  
Bianka Probert ◽  
Alexandra Wilson ◽  
Eva Kemps
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Cognitive Outcome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cognitive Benefits

Intake of dietary supplements has increased, despite evidence that some of these have adverse side effects and uncertainty about their effectiveness. This systematic review examined the evidence for the cognitive benefits of a wide range of dietary supplements in healthy young adult samples; the aim was to identify if any might be useful for optimising cognitive performance during deployment in military personnel. Searches were conducted in 9 databases and 13 grey literature repositories for relevant studies published between January 2000 and June 2017. Eligible studies recruited healthy young adults (18–35 years), administered a legal dietary supplement, included a comparison control group, and assessed cognitive outcome(s). Thirty-seven of 394 identified studies met inclusion criteria and were included for synthesis. Most research was deemed of low quality (72.97%; SIGN50 guidelines), highlighting the need for sound empirical research in this area. Nonetheless, we suggest that tyrosine or caffeine could be used in healthy young adults in a military context to enhance cognitive performance when personnel are sleep-deprived. Caffeine also has the potential benefit of improving vigilance and attention during sustained operations offering little opportunity for sleep. Inconsistent findings and methodological limitations preclude firm recommendations about the use of other specific dietary supplements.

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