Integrating Camelina Into Organic Pig Production—Impact on Growth Performance of Pigs, Costs, and Returns

The sustainability of organic production and cover crops depends on production costs and the economic value of products. Feed cost, contributing 65–75% of the total production cost, has a significant impact on profitability of organic pig farming. Utilizing grains harvested from cover crops as a feed ingredient for organic pigs can potentially protect the environment and increase the economic value of cover crops. This study was the first to evaluate the viability of integrating winter cover crop, camelina, into organic pig production. Winter camelina was grown organically in single or relay with soybeans to increase the total yield per hectare. Camelina yields in monocrop and in relay-crop fields were 1,394 and 684 kg ha−1, respectively. Although the total yield of camelina and soybean (1,894 kg ha−1) in the relay-crop field was higher than camelina yield in the monocrop field, monocropping camelina is more economical than relay-planting with soybeans due to the difference in production costs. Camelina press-cake was supplemented in diets fed to pigs raised under near-organic standards. Supplementing 10% camelina press-cake in diets reduced feed intake, weight gain, final weight at market, carcass weight, and dressing percent of pigs, but did not affect feed efficiency, belly firmness or pork quality. The viability of integrating camelina into organic pig production depends on marketing organic pigs for $2.4 kg−1 of live weight and marketing camelina oil for $3.59 kg−1 or more if monocropping.

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Analisis Pendapatan Usahatani Tumpangsari pada Peremajaan Kebun Kelapa Sawit Rakyat [Income Analysis Intercropping Farming System On Smallholder Oil Palm Replanting Area]

Buletin Palma ◽

10.21082/bp.v20n1.2019.45-56 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 45

Author(s):

Sri Ambar Kusumawati ◽

Sudirman Yahya ◽

Nfn Hariyadi ◽

Sri Mulatsih ◽

Ida Nur Istina

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Economic Value ◽

Farming System ◽

Production Costs ◽

Oil Palm Plantation ◽

Split Plot ◽

Main Plot ◽

C Value

The major problem rejuvenation on smallholder oil palm plantation is approximately three years loss of income, since the plants have not yet produced,. Loss of income for big companies does not affect of their survival, on the other hand, for smallholders (farmers,) it threatens the survival of the farmers’ family. This study was aimed to analyze the income of intercropping system on smallholder oil palm replanting, carried out in Bukit Jaya Village Ukui Sub-District, Pelalawan Regency, Riau Province, on a replanted 28-year-old oil palm plantation. The experiment was arranged in a Split Plot Design with main plot is three farmer’s units and subplot is four intercropped treatments (corn, soybeans, legume cover crops and natural vegetation) and three replications. The results showed that corn productivities of planting season 1-3 consecutively were 5,01 t ha-1; 7,51 t ha-1and 6,57 t ha-1. Soybean were 1,60 t ha-1; 1,28 t ha-1 and 2,19 t ha-1. Production costs per ha were IDR. 11.550.000 for corn and IDR 9.955.000 for soybean. Farmer's income with local selling prices of corn, on average, was IDR. 3.280.623 per month per unit and soybean was IDR 636.518 per month per unit. The average R/C value of corn was 2,66 and soybean was 1,33. There was no significant effect of intercropping farming system treatments on the growth of oil palms trees for all of three farmers. The use of corn as intercropping provides benefits by obtaining the economic value of their crop yields, since corn was more profitable than soybean.ABSTRAKPermasalahan peremajaan kebun kelapa sawit adalah hilangnya pendapatan selama tanaman belum menghasilkan, kurang lebih tiga tahun. Kehilangan pendapatan bagi perusahaan besar tidak banyak berpengaruh pada perusahaan, namun bagi petani mengancam kelangsungan hidup keluarganya. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pendapatan usaha tani tumpangsari dan pertumbuhan tanaman pokok, dilaksanakan di Desa Bukit Jaya Kecamatan Ukui Kabupaten Pelalawan Provinsi Riau, pada kebun kelapa sawit 28 tahun yang diremajakan. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Petak Terbagi dengan petak utamanya kapling petani sebanyak tiga, anak petaknya perlakuan empat tanaman sela (jagung, kedelai, kacangan dan vegetasi alami), diulang tiga kali. Peubah amatan adalah pertumbuhan dan produk-tivitas jagung dan kedelai, biaya produksi, serta pertumbuhan tanaman pokok kelapa sawit. Data dianalisis meng-gunakan SAS versi 9,4 dan analisis kelayakan R/C rasio. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan produktivitas jagung musim tanam satu sampai tiga berturut-turut 5,01 t ha-1; 7,51 t ha-1 dan 6,57 t ha-1, atau rata-rata 6,36 t ha-1; kedelai 1,60 t ha-1; 1,28 t ha-1 dan 2,19 t ha-1 atau rata-rata 1,69 t ha-1. Biaya produksi jagung Rp. 11.550.000 per ha dan kedelai Rp. 9.955.000 per ha. Pendapatan petani rata-rata per bulan per kapling dengan harga jual jagung Rp. 4.350 per kg dan kedelai Rp. 7.000 per kg adalah jagung sebesar Rp. 3.280.623 dan kedelai Rp. 636.518. Rata-rata nilai R/C jagung 2,66 dan kedelai 1,33. Dibandingkan dengan praktek baku dengan tanaman kacangan, tidak ada pengaruh perlakuan tanaman sela terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman pokok kelapa sawit pada semua petani. Penanaman tanaman sela jagung pada lahan peremajaan kelapa sawit memberikan pendapatan yang lebih tinggi dibanding kedelai. ABSTRAKSalah satu permasalahan peremajaan kebun kelapa sawit rakyat adalah hilangnya pendapatan pekebun selama tanaman kelapa sawit belum menghasilkan, paling kurang tiga tahun. Penelitian ini menganalisis pendapatan usaha tani tumpangsari pada peremajaan kebun kelapa sawit rakyat. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Desa Bukit Jaya Kecamatan Ukui Kabupaten Pelalawan Provinsi Riau, pada kebun kelapa sawit rakyat umur 28 tahun yang diremajakan. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan Split-Plot dengan petak utamanya kapling petani sebanyak tiga kapling, sebagai anak petaknya empat perlakuan tanaman tumpangsari yaitu jagung, kedelai, kacangan dan vegetasi alami, dan ulangan tiga kali. Peubah amatan adalah pertumbuhan dan produktivitas tanaman jagung dan kedelai, biaya produksi, serta pertumbuhan tanaman pokok kelapa sawit. Data dianalisis menggunakan SAS versi 9.4 dan analisis kelayakan R/C rasio. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan produktivitas jagung musim tanam satu sampai tiga berturut-turut 4,850 t ha-1; 7,503 t ha-1 dan 6,578 t ha-1, atau rata-rata 6,31 t ha-1; kedelai 1,603 t ha-1, 1,275 t ha-1 dan 2,193 t ha-1 atau rata-rata 1,69 t ha-1. Biaya produksi jagung Rp. 10.250.000,- per ha dan kedelai Rp 7.850.000,- per ha. Pendapatan petani rata-rata per ha per musim tanam dengan harga jual jagung Rp. 4.350,- per kg dan kedelai Rp. 7.000,- per kg adalah jagung sebesar Rp. 17.424.950,- dan kedelai Rp. 3.982.333,-. Rata-rata nilai R/C jagung 2,73 dan kedelai 1,51. Dibandingkan dengan praktek baku dengan tanaman kacangan, tidak ada pengaruh perlakuan tanaman sela pada pertumbuhan tanaman pokok kelapa sawit pada semua petani. Penanaman tanaman sela jagung pada lahan peremajaan kelapa sawit memberikan pendapatan yang lebih tinggi dibanding kedelai.

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Partial Budget Analysis of Summer Fallows for Organic Nutrient and Weed Management in Florida

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.22.2.258 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 258-262 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alyssa H. Cho ◽

Alan W. Hodges ◽

Carlene A. Chase

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Weed Management ◽

Production Costs ◽

Total Production ◽

Velvet Bean ◽

Cash Crop ◽

Budget Analysis ◽

Partial Budget ◽

Summer Squash ◽

Summer Fallow

Partial budget analyses of five summer fallow treatments in Florida preceding a cash crop of summer squash (Cucurbita pepo) were conducted. The five treatments were sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), velvet bean (Mucuna deeringiana), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor × S. bicolor var. sudanense), and tillage. Costs were estimated for each summer fallow treatment, including the cost of seed, inoculant, implementation, management, and termination. Benefits were calculated in terms of contributions to the following cash crop of summer squash in the form of biologically fixed nitrogen and reduced weed pressure. Results showed that total production costs were minimized by cover crops, even though implementation costs were higher than for tillage.

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Immaterial Cost and Production: Maximum Production Cost Level Through Marginal Approach

el-jizya Jurnal Ekonomi Islam ◽

10.24090/ej.v8i2.4241 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 128-149

Author(s):

Dini Maulana Lestari

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Study ◽

Marginal Cost ◽

Production Cost ◽

Maximum Level ◽

Production Costs ◽

Total Production ◽

Sugar Factory ◽

Maximum Production ◽

Cost Approach ◽

South Sulawesi

This paper will discuss about the immaterial costs and production yields at one of the refined sugar factory companies in Makassar, South Sulawesi. The theory is based on the fact that Immaterial is a cost that is almsgiving, meaning costs that are outside of the basic costs of the company in producing production, so this research aims to find out: (1) what is the production cost needed to produce this production, (2) the maximum level of production at company from 2013 to 2017. This type of research is a quantitative study because it uses a questionnaire in the form of values that are processed using the marginal cost approach formula. The results of the analysis show that (1) the maximum level of production costs occurred in 2016 amounting to 6,912 with an Immaterial cost of Rp. 2,481,796,800 and the total production produced is 359,077.3 tons (2) The required workforce with the total production produced is 359,077.3 tones of 180 people including the maximum production point which means that the lowest value is achieved (optimal).

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MINIMALISASI BIAYA SIMPAN DAN BIAYA SETUP PADA MULTIPLE PRODUK: SIMULASI DENGAN CAPACITATED LOT SIZING PROBLEM

Jurnal Riset Manajemen dan Bisnis (JRMB) Fakultas Ekonomi UNIAT ◽

10.36226/jrmb.v4i2.260 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 205-214

Author(s):

Erika Fatma

Keyword(s):

Production Cost ◽

Lot Sizing ◽

Setup Time ◽

Production Costs ◽

Total Production ◽

Product Cycle ◽

Lot Size ◽

Setup Costs ◽

Lot Sizing Problem ◽

Capacitated Lot Sizing

Lot sizing problem in production planning aims to optimize production costs (processing, setup and holding cost) by fulfilling demand and resources capacity costraint. The Capacitated Lot sizing Problem (CLSP) model aims to balance the setup costs and inventory costs to obtain optimal total costs. The object of this study was a plastic component manufacturing company. This study use CLSP model, considering process costs, holding costs and setup costs, by calculating product cycle and setup time. The constraint of this model is the production time capacity and the storage capacity of the finished product. CLSP can reduce the total production cost by 4.05% and can reduce setup time by 46.75%. Keyword: Lot size, CLSP, Total production cost.

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Effects of Cover Crops, Compost, and Vermicompost on Strawberry Yields and Nitrogen Availability in North Carolina

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech03447-16 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 604-613 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John E. Beck ◽

Michelle S. Schroeder-Moreno ◽

Gina E. Fernandez ◽

Julie M. Grossman ◽

Nancy G. Creamer

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Pearl Millet ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Pennisetum Glaucum ◽

Organic Production ◽

Organic N ◽

N Availability ◽

Soil N

Summer cover crop rotations, compost, and vermicompost additions can be important strategies for transition to organic production that can provide various benefits to crop yields, nitrogen (N) availability, and overall soil health, yet are underused in strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) production in North Carolina. This study was aimed at evaluating six summer cover crop treatments including pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), soybean (Glycine max), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), pearl millet/soybean combination, pearl millet/cowpea combination, and a no cover crop control, with and without vermicompost additions for their effects on strawberry growth, yields, nutrient uptake, weeds, and soil inorganic nitrate-nitrogen and ammonium-nitrogen in a 2-year field experiment. Compost was additionally applied before seeding cover crops and preplant N fertilizer was reduced by 67% to account for organic N additions. Although all cover crops (with compost) increased soil N levels during strawberry growth compared with the no cover crop treatment, cover crops did not impact strawberry yields in the first year of the study. In the 2nd year, pearl millet cover crop treatments reduced total and marketable strawberry yields, and soybean treatments reduced marketable strawberry yields when compared with the no cover crop treatment, whereas vermicompost additions increased strawberry biomass and yields. Results from this study suggest that vermicompost additions can be important sustainable soil management strategies for transitional and certified organic strawberry production. Summer cover crops integrated with composts can provide considerable soil N, reducing fertilizer needs, but have variable responses on strawberry depending on the specific cover crop species or combination. Moreover, these practices are suitable for both organic and conventional strawberry growers and will benefit from longer-term studies that assess these practices individually and in combination and other benefits in addition to yields.

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Progress towards no-till organic weed control in western Canada

Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems ◽

10.1017/s1742170511000500 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 60-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Steven J. Shirtliffe ◽

Eric N. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Faba Bean ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Green Manure ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Organic Production ◽

Field Pea ◽

Western Canada ◽

No Till ◽

Green Manure Crops

AbstractOrganic farmers in western Canada rely on tillage to control weeds and incorporate crop residues that could plug mechanical weed-control implements. However, tillage significantly increases the risk of soil erosion. For farmers seeking to reduce or eliminate tillage, potential alternatives include mowing or using a roller crimper for terminating green manure crops (cover crops) or using a minimum tillage (min-till) rotary hoe for mechanically controlling weeds. Although many researchers have studied organic crop production in western Canada, few have studied no-till organic production practices. Two studies were recently conducted in Saskatchewan to determine the efficacy of the following alternatives to tillage: mowing and roller crimping for weed control, and min-till rotary hoeing weed control in field pea (Pisum sativum L.). The first study compared mowing and roller crimping with tillage when terminating faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and field pea green manure crops. Early termination of annual green manure crops with roller crimping or mowing resulted in less weed regrowth compared with tillage. When compared with faba bean, field pea produced greater crop biomass, suppressed weeds better and had less regrowth. Wheat yields following pea were not affected by the method of termination. Thus, this first study indicated that roller crimping and mowing are viable alternatives to tillage to terminate field pea green manure crops. The second study evaluated the tolerance and efficacy of a min-till rotary harrow in no-till field pea production. The min-till rotary hoe was able to operate in no-till cereal residues and multiple passes did not affect the level of residue cover. Field pea exhibited excellent tolerance to the min-till rotary hoe. Good weed control occurred with multiple rotary hoe passes, and pea seed yield was 87% of the yield obtained in the herbicide-treated check. Therefore, this second study demonstrated that min-till rotary hoeing effectively controls many small seeded annual weeds in the presence of crop residue and thus can reduce the need for tillage in organic-cropping systems.

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Capacity Planning for Cluster Tools of Wafer Fabrication Plant

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.450.365 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 450 ◽

pp. 365-368

Author(s):

James C. Chen ◽

Chia Wen Chen ◽

Kou Huang Chen ◽

Chien Hsin Lin

Keyword(s):

Capacity Planning ◽

Production Costs ◽

Wafer Fabrication ◽

Total Production ◽

Output Rate ◽

Cluster Tools ◽

And Performance ◽

Using Data ◽

Capital Intensive

Wafer fabrication is a capital intensive industry. A 12-inch wafer fabrication plant needs a typical investment of US$ 3 billion, and the equipment cost constitutes about two-thirds to three-quarters of the total production costs. Therefore, capacity planning is crucial to the investment and performance of wafer fabrication plants. Several formulae are presented to calculate the required number of machines with sequential, parallel, and batch processing characteristics, respectively. An AutoSched AP simulation model using data from real foundry fabrication plants is used in a case study to evaluate the performance of the proposed formulae. Simulation results indicate that the proposed formulae can quickly and accurately calculate the required number of cluster tools leading to the required monthly output rate.

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The effects of days-open on milk yield and on breeding policy post partum

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100012204 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 109-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

R. Bar-Anan ◽

M. Soller

Keyword(s):

Milk Production ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Post Partum ◽

Economic Value ◽

Total Yield ◽

Annual Production ◽

Initial Yield ◽

Days Open

ABSTRACTThe effects of days-open on milk yields in current lactations and in following lactations were estimated from 71 911 current and 68 693 following lactation records. Yields were expressed as 305-day, total and annual records, where annual record = 365 × (total yield/days between calvings).The data were grouped according to current days-open, corrected for initial yield differences and analysed separately for heifers and cows in Moshav (moderate-yielding) and Kibbutz (high-yielding) herds. Current 305-day records increased by 15 to 18 kg milk/day-open up to 90 days-open, and 2 to 3 kg/day-open thereafter. In contrast, the effects of increasing days-open on annual yields were generally small and negative, being positive only for heifers up to 90 days-open. Thus 305-day records heavily under-rated annual yields of fertile cows. For current lactations, 70 to 100 days-open for heifers and 30 to 50 days-open for cows resulted in the highest annual production. Yields in following lactations were positively associated with days-open in the previous lactation. The effect was highest in high-yielding herds, suggesting that high-yielding cows respond positively to some rest between calvings.Combining the effects of days-open on current and following lactation yields and on the calf crop: in high-yielding herds heifers had the highest productivity when mated not earlier than 70 days post partum, while in moderately-yielding herds days-open did not affect productivity. Cows in high-yielding herds achieved highest productivity at 41 to 90 days-open, while cows in moderately-yielding herds were most productive when mated as early as possible.A comparison of the economic value of sire fertility and sire transmitting ability for milk production showed that fertility may often be over-rated.

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Energy efficiency of multivariate cultivation techniques in pasture forage production

Кормопроизводство ◽

10.25685/krm.2021.17.50.001 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 3-6

Author(s):

К.Н. Привалова ◽

Р.Р. Каримов

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Production Process ◽

Large Scale ◽

Exchange Energy ◽

Production Costs ◽

Energy Yield ◽

Total Production ◽

Forage Production ◽

Machinery Construction ◽

Natural Factors

Исследования по определению энергетической эффективности пастбищных систем со злаковыми и бобово-злаковыми травостоями проведены в Федеральном научном центре кормопроизводства и агроэкологии им. В. Р. Вильямса. В статье приведены результаты агроэнергетической оценки многовариантных пастбищных систем со злаковыми травостоями, созданными в 1946 году. Даны количественные показатели по сбору обменной энергии, совокупным затратам на её производство, окупаемости затрат в зависимости от системы ведения пастбищ. Изучена эффективность совокупных затрат в виде овеществлённого труда (на семена, удобрения, сельскохозяйственные машины, средства огораживания загонов и прочее) и живого труда (работы трактористов, пастухов и строителей и др.). Обоснована высокая агроэнергетическая эффективность изучаемых пастбищных систем благодаря мобилизации в продукционный процесс природных факторов, долевое участие которых в структуре производства обменной энергии составило 69–84%. Природные факторы, участвующие в продукционном процессе луговых агроэкосистем, характеризуются большим разнообразием. Это не только использование солнечной энергии и азотфиксация бобовыми травами, но и долголетие травостоев, самовозобновление фитоценозов, дерновообразовательный процесс (повышение плодородия почвы), получение дешёвого корма и улучшение здоровья животных при летнем выпасе. Роль возобновляемых природных факторов выявлена на основе балансового метода, принятого в экономике (по разнице сбора обменной энергии и антропогенных затрат). Благодаря ведущей роли природных факторов в структуре произведённой продукции агроэнергетический коэффициент окупаемости совокупных затрат антропогенной энергии (АК) за счёт сбора обменной энергии достигал 3–6 раз в среднем за 45 лет. Разработанные в результате долголетних исследований многовариантные энергосберегающие пастбищные системы обосновывают возможность рекомендовать их производству с учётом применения различного уровня энергозатрат. Ключевые слова: культурные пастбища, системы ведения, долголетние травостои, сбор обменной энергии, совокупные антропогенные затраты, окупаемость затрат. The investigation was conducted at the Federal Williams Research Center of Fodder Production and Agroecology and was aimed at testing energy efficiency of gramineous and legume-gramineous swards. This article presents the results obtained on pasture ecosystems with gramineous planted in 1946. Exchange energy yield, total production costs and economic effectiveness were analyzed. Total production costs comprised costs for seeds, fertilizers, machinery, construction materials, labor, etc. Introduction of natural factors into the production process resulted in higher energy efficiency. Their share amounted to 69–84% in the final exchange energy yield. There are a lot of natural factors that affect grass productivity such as solar energy, nitrogen-fixation, sward longevity and regeneration, soil fertility, low-cost feed production, and livestock health. The value of natural factors was determined according to the balance method (by the difference between exchange energy yield and anthropogenic costs). Since environmental factors had a leading role in the production process, the return rate raised by 3–6 times for 45 years due to exchange energy increase. Therefore, pasture ecosystems developed can be recommended for a large-scale forage production.

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Economic performance of organic vs conventional vegetables production in Gaza strip

مجلة جامعة فلسطين التقنية للأبحاث ◽

10.53671/ptukrj.v2i2.29 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 9-18

Author(s):

Ahmed Abu Shaban

Keyword(s):

Organic Farming ◽

Gaza Strip ◽

Farming System ◽

Organic Production ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

Production Costs ◽

Economic Potential ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Gross Margin ◽

Lower Production

Organic farming has achieved significant growth in developing countries. However, it is still in some areas such as Gaza strip at embryonic stage. Introduction and promotion of organic farming would need more information about economic feasibility of shifting from the existing conventional farms to organic farming system. This is the main aim of this study. Data was collected from 100 randomly selected farmers in southern area of Gaza strip using standard questionnaire. Additional focus group discussions were conducted for further qualitative analyses. Data was also collected from the organic farm of Safe Agriculture Association where vegetables are organically produced and marketed. Gross margin and comparative analyses were used to describe cost structure of conventional and organic production and to assess economic potentialities to shift to organic farming. Results varied among vegetable crops as some crops showed very high economic potential to shift to organic farming while other crops did not. Major reasons for crops with good potential were higher yield under organic farming, premium market prices and lower production costs. Major reasons for lower economic potential to shift were the significant lower yield and higher production costs. The study recommends further technical research to explore organic production techniques that allows for higher yield and lower production cost. The study also recommends further market research to investigate consumers' preferences and willingness to pay for organic products.

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