scholarly journals Antimicrobial Usage Surveillance Through Sales at Veterinary Drug Shops Intended for Livestock in Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Thi Thu Ha ◽  
Chalalai Rueanghiran ◽  
Nguyen Thi Huong Giang ◽  
Doan Phuong Thuy ◽  
Doan Hoang Phu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Veterinary Drug ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Animal Body ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Drug Shops ◽  
Wide Range

There is a pressing need to establish surveillance systems for antimicrobial use (AMU) intended for animal production particularly in many low- and middle-income countries. This is an extremely challenging task, notably due to the wide range of animal species, production types and antimicrobials available in the market. In Vietnam, farmers commonly buy antimicrobials from veterinary drug shops. Therefore, veterinary drug shops are a potential target for data collection on AMU. We collected antimicrobial sales data at veterinary drug shops and estimated the amount of AMU in different animal species by antimicrobial active ingredient (AAI) class using different measurement metrics. We compiled information on all antimicrobials licensed in Vietnam and used this information to develop a mobile application to capture sales of antimicrobials intended for use in poultry, pig, and ruminant. We provided tablets with this application to 60 veterinary drug shops in two provinces of the country (Bac Giang in the north, Dong Thap in the south; three districts and 30 shops per province) for data collection over 3 weeks. Total sales of antimicrobials were extrapolated to 1 year, and these amounts were related to three different denominator estimates in each province including standing animal body weight, animal biomass, and Population Correction Unit (PCU). A total of 3,960 transactions [2,577 (median 75.5 per shop) in Bac Giang; 1,383 (median 28.5 per shop) in Dong Thap] of 831 different antimicrobial-containing products were recorded in the 3-week period. Sales of 57 AAIs belonging to 17 classes were recorded. In the three Bac Giang districts, we estimated that 242.0 kg of AAI were hypothetically sold over 1 year. Of those, 202.2 kg (83.6%) were intended for poultry, 19.8 kg (8.1%) for pigs, and 20.0 kg (8.3%) for ruminants. In Dong Thap, an estimated 48.4 kg of antimicrobials were sold, including 28.9 kg (59.7%) for poultry, 16.0 kg (33.1%) for pigs, and 3.5 kg (7.2%) for ruminants. After standardized by different animal population denominators, AMU in Bac Giang amounted to 1129.2 mg/kg standing animal body weight, 480.2 mg/kg biomass, and 636.1 mg/kg PCU. In Dong Thap, AMU figures were 1211.0 mg/kg standing animal body weight, 595.8 mg/kg biomass and 818.5 mg/kg PCU. We discuss the observed differences between species, location and metrics, as well as the potential advantages and limitations (including potential sources of bias) of this methodology and its applicability at country level. Retail level data collection can effectively be integrated into AMU surveillance systems that help identify priority AMU management areas (species, regions, and antimicrobial classes), establish national benchmarks and reduction targets.

Data capture for injury prevention

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvette Holder
Keyword(s):  
Missing Data ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Data Capture ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Coding Systems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Data Elements

More than a half-century of developments have expanded the demand for data for the prevention of injuries. This article follows the progress as data collection becomes more comprehensive, encompassing all types of injuries, in a wide range of economic and cultural environments. It describes the challenges of new developments and the responses to deal with them, challenges of poor coordination of data sources, sector ownership, non-uniformity and missing data elements that are critical for prevention. The tools and approaches that may be employed are outlined, from observatories to surveillance systems, from standardised injury coding systems such as the International Classification of External Cause of Injuries to manuals and guidelines for collecting injury data through surveillance and surveys. More and better data encourages greater utilisation which in turn identifies new issues to be addressed, a most exciting situation for any injury practitioner.

scholarly journals OptiFlex: Multi-Frame Animal Pose Estimation Combining Deep Learning With Optical Flow

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
XiaoLe Liu ◽  
Si-yang Yu ◽  
Nico A. Flierman ◽  
Sebastián Loyola ◽  
Maarten Kamermans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Pose Estimation ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Animal Body ◽  
Video Frames ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Evaluation Metric

Animal pose estimation tools based on deep learning have greatly improved animal behaviour quantification. These tools perform pose estimation on individual video frames, but do not account for variability of animal body shape in their prediction and evaluation. Here, we introduce a novel multi-frame animal pose estimation framework, referred to as OptiFlex. This framework integrates a flexible base model (i.e., FlexibleBaseline), which accounts for variability in animal body shape, with an OpticalFlow model that incorporates temporal context from nearby video frames. Pose estimation can be optimised using multi-view information to leverage all four dimensions (3D space and time). We evaluate FlexibleBaseline using datasets of four different lab animal species (mouse, fruit fly, zebrafish, and monkey) and introduce an intuitive evaluation metric—adjusted percentage of correct key points (aPCK). Our analyses show that OptiFlex provides prediction accuracy that outperforms current deep learning based tools, highlighting its potential for studying a wide range of behaviours across different animal species.

scholarly journals Multiresidue Method for Simultaneous Determination of Ten Quinolone Antibacterial Residues in Multimatrix/Multispecies Animal Tissues by Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection: Single Laboratory Validation Study

2005 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 1179-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Verdon ◽  
Pierrick Couedor ◽  
Brigitte Roudaut ◽  
Pascal Sandérs
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Veterinary Drug ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Porcine Liver ◽  
Acidic Aqueous Solution ◽  
Fish Flesh ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Quinolone antibacterials are veterinary drugs authorized for use in food animal production. The analysis of residual amounts of drugs in food from animal origin is important for quality control of products for consumers. For this purpose, Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) have been set up by a European Union Council Regulation on Veterinary Drug Residues (No. 90/2377/EEC and subsequent), and 8 quinolones received MRLs at concentration levels depending on both the matrix and the animal species of interest. A method was developed for screening and confirming 10 quinolone residues (ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, difloxacin, enrofloxacin, flumequine, marbofloxacin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, oxolinic acid, sarafloxacin) in a wide variety of matrixes of different animal species. It involves extraction of the residues from the biological tissues/fluids by acidic aqueous solution, centrifugation and filtration prior to injection on a C18 narrow-bore column, and detection through a 3-step-mode fluorescence detector. The method was validated during a 2-week study for a set of 8 species-matrixes (i.e., bovine raw milk, bovine muscle, porcine muscle, porcine kidney, porcine liver, fish flesh and skin, poultry muscle, whole egg). Residues were quantified down to 15 μg/kg with limits of detection and quantitation ranging from 4 to 11 and 13 to 36 μg/kg, respectively, which are sufficient compared to the wide range of MRLs set for these substances (from 30 μg/kg for danofloxacin in milk to 1900 μg/kg for difloxacin in poultry liver). The limit of performance of the method in terms of CCα and CCβ, the critical concentrations stated in the Decision No. 2002/657/EC and the ISO Standard No. 11843, has been calculated for the authorized (MRL) substances but only estimated in the case of the nonauthorized (non-MRL) substances.

scholarly journals Direct participation of people with communication disabilities in research on poverty and disabilities in low and middle income countries: A critical review

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0258575
Author(s):  
Caroline Jagoe ◽  
Caitlin McDonald ◽  
Minerva Rivas ◽  
Nora Groce
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Program Planning ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Direct Participation ◽  
Research Risks ◽  
Communication Disabilities ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Communication Demands ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Introduction An estimated 1 billion people with disabilities live in low and middle income countries, a population that includes people with communication disabilities (PwCD). PwCD are a heterogenous group with a wide range of abilities who may be underrepresented in research due to the communication demands involved in research participation. Methods A critical analysis of 145 studies from a previously published systematic review was undertaken with the aim of documenting the opportunities for direct participation of PwCD in research on poverty and disability in low- and middle- income countries. Results The key finding was the high risk of underrepresentation of PwCD in research on poverty and disability in LMICs, despite low rates of explicit exclusion (n = 8; 5.5%). A total of 366 uses of data collection tools were analysed (255 unique tools). The majority of data collection tools had high communication demands (92.9%), including those measuring disability (88.6%) and those assessing poverty (100%). Only 22 studies (15.2%) specifically included PwCD. A subset of these studies (n = 14) presented disaggregated data in a way that allowed for analysis of outcomes for PwCD, suggesting a clear intersection between poverty and communication disability, with findings related to general poverty indicators, reduced access to education, low levels of employment, and additional expenditure. Conclusions The findings suggest a systematic underrepresentation of PwCD in research on poverty and disability with substantial implications for future policy and program planning, directly affecting the availability and provision of services and resources for this population. A failure to provide adequate opportunity for participation of PwCD in research risks leaving those with communication disabilities behind in the pursuit of global poverty eradication.

scholarly journals resistancebank.org, an open-access repository for surveys of antimicrobial resistance in animals

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola G. Criscuolo ◽  
João Pires ◽  
Cheng Zhao ◽  
Thomas P. Van Boeckel
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Global Database ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
Resistance Rates

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing threat to the health of humans and animals that requires global actions. In high-income countries, surveillance systems helped inform policies to curb AMR in animals. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), demand for meat is rising, and developing policies against AMR is urgent. However, surveillance of AMR is at best nascent, and the current evidence base to inform policymakers is geographically heterogeneous. We present resistancebank.org, an online platform that centralizes information on AMR in animals from 1,285 surveys from LMICs. Surveys were conducted between 2000 and 2019 and include 22,403 resistance rates for pathogens isolated from chickens, cattle, sheep, and pigs. The platform is built as a shiny application that provides access to individual surveys, country-level reports, and maps of AMR at 10 × 10 kilometers resolution. The platform is accessed via any internet browser and enables users to upload surveys to strengthen a global database. resistancebank.org aims to be a focal point for sharing AMR data in LMICs and to help international funders prioritize their actions.

Registration of animal rabies in Krasnodar region

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-4
Author(s):  
Oleg Yu. Chernykh ◽  
◽  
Vadim A. Bobrov ◽  
Sergey N. Zabashta ◽  
Roman A. Krivonos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Natural Focus ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Epizootic Process ◽  
Krasnodar Region ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Reporting Data

Rabies remains a constant threat to humanity in many parts of the world. At the same time, scientifically grounded antiepizootic measures should be based on the peculiarities of the regional epizootology of this zooanthroponosis. The authors studied the epizootological and statistical reporting data of the Kropotkin Regional Veterinary Laboratory, presented an analysis of the registration of rabies in animals in Krasnodar region. From the obtained data, it should be noted that despite the wide range of animals involved in the epizootic process of rabies infection in Krasnodar region, dogs, cats and foxes play a major role in the reservation and spread of infection, which account for 78.6. Of the total number of registered cases, 15.5% falls on foxes, that indicates the natural focus of the disease, along with the manifestation of the disease in an urban form. At the same time, stray and neglected dogs and cats, which occupy a significant place among the total number of sick animals, are also sources and spread of the infection. Thus farm animals (8.3% of the total number of infected animals) are a biological dead end for the infection. Isolated cases of the disease were noted in muskrat, donkey, raccoon, raccoon dog, marten, ferret and jackal. The authors also established the specific morbidity of various animal species with rabies infection, that is an important aspect in the development and implementation of antiepizootic measures complex

scholarly journals Predictors of Contemporary under-5 Child Mortality in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Machine Learning Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1315
Author(s):  
Andrea Bizzego ◽  
Giulio Gabrieli ◽  
Marc H. Bornstein ◽  
Kirby Deater-Deckard ◽  
Jennifer E. Lansford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Learning Approach ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Machine Learning Approach ◽  
Operational Information ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Child Mortality (CM) is a worldwide concern, annually affecting as many as 6.81% children in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). We used data of the Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey (MICS) (N = 275,160) from 27 LMIC and a machine-learning approach to rank 37 distal causes of CM and identify the top 10 causes in terms of predictive potency. Based on the top 10 causes, we identified households with improved conditions. We retrospectively validated the results by investigating the association between variations of CM and variations of the percentage of households with improved conditions at country-level, between the 2005–2007 and the 2013–2017 administrations of the MICS. A unique contribution of our approach is to identify lesser-known distal causes which likely account for better-known proximal causes: notably, the identified distal causes and preventable and treatable through social, educational, and physical interventions. We demonstrate how machine learning can be used to obtain operational information from big dataset to guide interventions and policy makers.

scholarly journals 1174. Phase 2 STRIVE Clinical Trial of Rezafungin for Treatment of Candidemia and/or Invasive Candidiasis Demonstrates Consistent Trough Concentrations Across Diverse Patient Populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S612-S613
Author(s):  
Shawn Flanagan ◽  
Christopher M Rubino ◽  
Taylor Sandison
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Invasive Candidiasis ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Diverse Patient Populations

Abstract Background Rezafungin is a novel echinocandin antifungal in development for treatment as well as prevention (prophylaxis) of invasive fungal infections. STRIVE (NCT02734862) is a global, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase 2 trial evaluating safety and efficacy of IV rezafungin once weekly (QWk) for treatment of candidemia and/or invasive candidiasis compared with standard-of-care (IV caspofungin once daily with optional oral stepdown). Here we report pharmacokinetic (PK) data from the completed STRIVE trial analyzed by patient demographics at baseline. Methods Rezafungin Day 8 trough (Cmin) concentrations from patients treated with rezafungin were summarized categorically by race (black or white), sex (male or female), and geographic region (North America [NA], or Europe [EU]), or plotted versus continuous variables of age, body weight, body mass index (BMI), and body surface area (BSA). As the first dose of rezafungin was 400 mg for all rezafungin-treated patients, data from both dose groups (Group 1: 400 mg QWk; Group 2: 400 mg in Week 1 followed by 200 mg QWk) were combined in this analysis. Results Rezafungin mean Cmin (SD) values were 1.8 (0.7) and 2.3 (1.2) in black and white patients, 1.9 (1.0) and 2.6 (1.2) in males and females, and 1.9 (0.6) and 2.4 (1.3) in patients from NA and EU. There were small differences in point estimates between the groups, but there was a great deal of overlap and the differences are not expected to be clinically meaningful (Figure). Similarly, no trends in Cmin values were observed across a range of ages (20-80 years), weights (~40-155 kg), BMI (~15-65 kg/m2), and BSA (~1.4-2.4 m2). Figure Conclusion No meaningful differences in rezafungin Cmin values were observed in patients grouped by sex, race, or geographic region, or across a wide range of patient factors, including age and body weight and size. These findings indicate that a single rezafungin dose regimen can be expected to provide consistent PK across diverse patient populations. Disclosures Shawn Flanagan, PhD, Cidara Therapeutics, Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) Christopher M. Rubino, PharMD, Institute for Clinical Pharmacodynamics, Inc. (Employee)Spero Therapeutics (Grant/Research Support) Taylor Sandison, MD, MPH, Cidara Therapeutics, Inc. (Employee, Shareholder)

scholarly journals A global perspective on the issue of access to insulin

Diabetologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Beran ◽  
Maria Lazo-Porras ◽  
Camille M. Mba ◽  
Jean Claude Mbanya
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Multinational Companies ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Patient Access ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pricing And Reimbursement

AbstractThe discovery of insulin in 1921 changed the prognosis for people with type 1 diabetes. A century later, availability and affordability of insulin remain a challenge in many parts of the globe. Using the WHO’s framework on understanding the life cycle of medicines, this review details the global and national challenges that affect patients’ abilities to access and afford insulin. Current research and development in diabetes has seen some innovations, but none of these have truly been game-changing. Currently, three multinational companies control over 95% of global insulin supply. The inclusion of insulin on the WHO’s Prequalification Programme is an opportunity to facilitate entry of new companies into the market. Many governments lack policies on the selection, procurement, supply, pricing and reimbursement of insulin. Moreover, mark-ups in the supply chain also affect the final price to the consumer. Whilst expenses related to diabetes are mostly covered by insurance in high-income countries, many patients from low- and middle-income countries have to pay out of their own pockets. The organisation of diabetes management within the healthcare system also affects patient access to insulin. The challenges affecting access to insulin are complex and require a wide range of solutions. Given that 2021 marks the centenary of the discovery of insulin, there is need for global advocacy to ensure that the benefits of insulin and innovations in diabetes care reach all individuals living with diabetes. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Tobacco intervention research in low- and middle-income countries: lessons learned and future directions

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth D. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Tobacco Cessation ◽  
Tobacco Dependence ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Tobacco Intervention

Treating tobacco dependence is paramount for global tobacco control efforts, but is often overshadowed by other policy priorities. As stated by Jha (2009), “cessation by current smokers is the only practical way to avoid a substantial proportion of tobacco deaths worldwide before 2050.” Its importance is codified in Article 14 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), and in the WHO's MPOWER package of effective country-level policies. Unfortunately, only 15% of the world's population have access to appropriate cessation support (WHO, 2015). Moreover, parties to the FCTC have implemented only 51% of the indicators within Article 14, on average, which is far lower than many other articles (WHO, 2014). Further, commenting on the use of “O” measures (Offer help to quit tobacco use) in the MPOWER acronym, WHO recently concluded, “while there has been improvement in implementing comprehensive tobacco cessation services, this is nonetheless a most under-implemented MPOWER measure in terms of the number of countries that have fully implemented it” (WHO, 2015). To the detriment of global tobacco control efforts, only one in eight countries provides comprehensive cost-covered services, only one in four provide some cost coverage for nicotine replacement therapy, and fewer than one third provide a toll-free quit line (WHO, 2015).

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