scholarly journals Bladder Cancer Sample Handling and Reporting: Pathologist's Point of View

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Mazzucchelli ◽  
Daniela Marzioni ◽  
Giovanni Tossetta ◽  
Laura Pepi ◽  
Rodolfo Montironi
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Tumor Type ◽  
Sample Handling ◽  
Adequate Information ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Cancer Sample ◽  
Histological Tumor Type ◽  
Pathological Report

The aim of this narrative review is to provide adequate information on handling and reporting of the bladder cancer samples to improve the closely collaboration between pathologists and urologists. The main (but not exclusive) research tool used was PubMed and 87 references were selected and quoted in the text. We have considered handling of biopsies, transurethral resection (TUR), and cystectomy specimens to summarize the different methods of sampling and the related issues. Moreover, we considered and discussed the main prognostic factors, such as histological tumor type, grade, and stage of bladder cancer, that should be described in the pathological report. In addition, critical issues encountered in the interpretation of histological samples were discussed.

scholarly journals Spotlight on PSMA as a new theranostic biomarker for bladder cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Maddalena Tumedei ◽  
Sara Ravaioli ◽  
Federica Matteucci ◽  
Monica Celli ◽  
Ugo De Giorgi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Radionuclide Therapy ◽  
Tumor Type ◽  
Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen ◽  
Bladder Tissue ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Specific Membrane ◽  
Psma Expression ◽  
Degree Of Extension

AbstractBladder cancer (BCa) patients are diagnosed by cytology and cystoscopy. However, these diagnostic tests bear some limitations. We sought for reliable biomarkers to better determine BCa extension. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) appears to fulfill this requirement in prostate cancer but its role in BCa has not been established yet. We then analyzed 87 bladder tissue samples from 74 patients assessing PSMA expression by immunohistochemistry. The median PSMA expression, exclusively found in tumor neovasculature, in terms of H-score significantly differed between non-tumor samples and tumor samples (p = 0.00288) showing a higher neovasculature-related PSMA expression. No differences were observed in relation to tumor type, grade and stage. BCa neovasculature-related PSMA overexpression may be useful in defining the degree of extension of the neoplasm. In addition, testing PSMA expression by immunohistochemistry may hold theranostic implications both considering anti-angiogenesis agents and radio-labelled PSMA ligands for intracavitary radionuclide therapy. In our opinion, BCa neovasculature-related PSMA overexpression may be considered an apt target for anti-angiogenesis and radionuclide treatment in BCa, once the evaluation of tumor-retention time for the appropriateness of long half-life therapeutic PSMA ligands as radionuclide treatment will be performed.

scholarly journals Encephalocele: know it to deal with it

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilkanth Laxman Pal ◽  
Ambika Sumeet Juwarkar ◽  
Sanjaya Viswamitra
Keyword(s):  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Imaging Protocol ◽  
Imaging Protocols ◽  
Associated Malformations ◽  
Associated Abnormalities

Abstract Background Encephaloceles refer to the herniation of intracranial contents through the defect in the dura and calvarium. This article aims to equip the radiologists with all the necessary information to approach a case of encephalocele in a systematic manner and report in an organized format. Thus reduce the reporting time without overlooking any detail. Main text An extensive literature review was performed searching through the standard textbooks and electronic databases to obtain thorough information on the various encephaloceles particularly from a radiological point of view. The author’s observations were also incorporated in the review. Among the available imaging modalities, magnetic resonance imaging is the most versatile and considered the imaging modality of choice because of superior anatomic resolution in the characterization of central nervous system malformation. This study provides the reporting radiologist with a methodical guide to approach a case of encephalocele discussing the imaging protocol, relevant anatomy, classification, associated abnormalities, and imaging prognostic factors. Conclusion Encephalocele has always been a subject of predicament for radiologists. Understanding the relevant terminologies, anatomy, imaging protocols, classification, associated malformations/anomalies, and imaging prognostic factors will help to methodically approach each case and provide a systematic and comprehensive report.

scholarly journals E-Commerce Calls for Cyber-Security and Sustainability: How European Citizens Look for a Trusted Online Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6752
Author(s):  
Idiano D’Adamo ◽  
Rocío González-Sánchez ◽  
Maria Sonia Medina-Salgado ◽  
Davide Settembre-Blundo
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Security ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Regulatory Policies ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Different Levels

The pandemic has changed the citizens’ behavior, inducing them to avoid any real contact. This has given an incredible impulse to e-commerce; however, the complexity of the topic has not yet been adequately explored in the literature. To fill this gap, this study has a twofold purpose: (1) to investigate how European countries comparatively perform in e-commerce, and (2) to describe what are the most important challenges for the further expansion of e-commerce. To this end, we adopted a hybrid methodology based on multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and a Likert scale survey. The first method allows to us rank the e-commerce performance of different European countries, while the second one looks at the problems and barriers that characterize online shopping. The results of the study show that European countries have different sensitivities to the issue of cyber-security, and among them it is possible to identify three groups with different levels of attention to the critical issues of e-commerce. The Netherlands, Sweden and Denmark belong to the group of countries most responsive to e-commerce. This request is part of a broader framework of transition toward sustainable development, i.e., a reliable digital environment where citizens and businesses can exercise their rights and freedoms in complete security. Finally, from a theoretical perspective, this paper adds a new baseline to the literature on the state of the art of e-commerce in Europe that addresses the effects of the pandemic. From a managerial point of view, decision makers can find in the results of this analysis a support for the setting of business strategies for the expansion of firms in certain markets and guidance for public authorities when defining regulatory policies for e-commerce.

Prognostic factors in patients with pelvic lymph node metastases of bladder cancer

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fleischmann ◽  
S. Madersbacher ◽  
G.N. Thalmann ◽  
R. Markwalder ◽  
U. Studer
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Node Metastases ◽  
Pelvic Lymph Node ◽  
Node Metastases

PO-1220: Organ-preserving treatment for muscleinvasive bladder cancer: outcomes and prognostic factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 152 ◽  
pp. S642-S643
Author(s):  
M. Franckena ◽  
N. Verschoor ◽  
J. Boormans ◽  
W. Heemsbergen
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Cancer Outcomes

scholarly journals Expression of Apoptotic Protease Activating Factor-1 in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands and its clinicopathological relevance

2020 ◽  
pp. 130-130
Author(s):  
Branko Dozic ◽  
Boban Anicic ◽  
Vladimir Sinobad ◽  
Nikola Mikovic ◽  
Srdjan Milanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Clinicopathological Parameters ◽  
Tumor Type ◽  
Immunohistochemical Expression ◽  
Apoptosis Pathway ◽  
Intrinsic Apoptosis Pathway ◽  
Histological Tumor Type

Background/Aim. Apoptotic Protease Activating Factor-1 (Apaf-1) is a key molecule in the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Some pathological conditions such as cancer, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases, are the result of disregulation in the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. The aim of this study was to analyse the immunohistochemical expression of Apaf-1 in ACC tumor cells of the salivary glands and its correlation with clinicopathological parameters (gender, age, localization, histological type and overall survival). Methods. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 50 human ACC of the salivary glands, male and female, average age 58 years, were used for our present study. We used the technique of tissue microarray (TMA blocks). Sections from the TMA mould, 5?m thick, were stained with the streptavidin-biotin immunohistochemical technique using primary antibodies specific for Apaf-1 (Leica Biosystems, Newcastle, UK). Stained tissue sections were analyzed by the light microscope (Olympus type BH-2). Based on the data collected, the database was created in SPSS software v. 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, ILL, USA), which was used for a further statistical analysis. The statistical data analysis included methods of descriptive and analytical (inferential) statistics. Results. The results of the immunohistochemical analysis of Apaf-1 expression in the samples of patients with ACC of the salivary glands were compared with the clinicopathological parameters of these patients. The immunohistochemical expression of Apaf-1 showed no statistical significance with regard to the patients gender (p=0.552), age (p=0.106), histological tumor type (p=0.654) and localization of ACC in the salivary glands (p=0.486). There was no statistically significant correlation observed between overall survival of ACC patients and Apaf-1 expression in tumor cells (p=0.340,Long-Rank test). Conclusion. With regard to ACC, Apaf-1 expression is not in correlation with clinicopathological parameters (gender, age, localization, histological tumor type, outcome of the disease, and overall survival). Therefore, we believe Apaf-1 cannot be regarded as an independent prognostic factor.

scholarly journals The role of matrix metalloproteinases in pathogenesis of human bladder cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sławomir Wątroba ◽  
Tomasz Wiśniowski ◽  
Jarosław Bryda ◽  
Jacek Kurzepa
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinases ◽  
Basement Membranes ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Neoplastic Processes ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Common Cancer ◽  
The World ◽  
Potential Factors

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in many physiological and pathological processes, including neoplastic processes. They belong to a group of enzymes called endopeptidases and have the ability to hydrolyze all proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM). They are produced in most connective tissue cells, macrophages, leukocytes, endothelial cells, microglial cells and in cancer cells. Neoplastic diseases are one of the main causes of death in Poland and in the world, therefore learning about the process of carcinogenesis seems to be particularly important. The process of carcinogenesis is currently widely studied and MMPs play one of the key roles in the development of cancer. They do this by regulating local tumor growth, stromal invasion, stimulating angiogenesis and metastasis formation. Bladder cancer is the 7th most common cancer in the male population and the 11th most common cancer in the world. In bladder cancer, most studies have been devoted to MMP-2 and MMP-9, that are enzymes responsible for the degradation of type IV collagen in the first place, which through the destruction of basement membranes and ECM, play an essential role in the tumor invasion process. Since bladder cancer is characterized by the ability to relapse, from the point of view of clinical practice it seems particularly important to develop a marker of early bladder tumor recurrence. MMPs detected in the urine and serum of patients with bladder cancer are potential factors that could play such a role.

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